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Table of Contents
Learning Network Programming with Java
Credits
About the Author
About the Reviewer
www.PacktPub.com
Support files, eBooks, discount offers, and more
Why subscribe?
Free access for Packt account holders
Preface
What this book covers
What you need for this book
Who this book is for
Conventions
Reader feedback
Customer support
Downloading the example code
Downloading the color images of this book
Errata
Piracy
Questions
1. Getting Started with Network Programming
Network addressing using the InetAddress class
NIO support
Using the URLConnection class
Using the URLConnection class with buffers and channels
The client/server architecture
Creating a simple echo server
Creating a simple echo client
Using Java 8 to support the echo server and client
UDP and multicasting
Creating a multicast server
Creating the multicast client
 Scalability
Creating a threaded server
Using the threaded server
Security
Creating a SSL server
Creating an SSL client
Generating secure keys
Summary
2. Network Addressing
Networking basics
Understanding network basics
Network architectures and protocols
Using the NetworkInterface class
Getting a MAC address
Getting a specific MAC address
Getting multiple MAC addresses
Network addressing concepts
URL/URI/URN
Using the URI class
Creating URI instances
Splitting apart a URI
Using the URL class
Creating URL instances
Splitting apart a URL
IP addresses and the InetAddress class
Obtaining information about an address
Address scoping issues
Testing reachability
Introducing the Inet4Address
Private addresses in IPv4
IPv4 address types
The Inet4Address class
Special IPv4 addresses
Introducing the Inet6Address class
Private addresses in IPv6
The Inet6Address class
 Special IPv6 addresses
Testing for the IP address type
Using IPv4-compatible IPv6 addresses
Controlling network properties
Summary
3. NIO Support for Networking
Java NIO
Introduction to buffers
Using channels with a time server
Creating a time server
Creating a time client
The chat server/client applications
The chat server
The chat client
Server/client interaction
The HelperMethods class
Handling variable length messages
Running the chat server/client application
Handling multiple clients
The parts server
The parts client handler
The parts client
Running the parts client/server
Asynchronous socket channels
Creating the asynchronous server socket channel server
Creating the asynchronous socket channel client
Other buffer operations
Bulk data transfer
Using a view
Using read-only buffers
Controlling socket options
Summary
4. Client/Server Development
The HTTP protocol structure
The nature of HTTP messages
Initial request line format
 Header lines
Message body
Client/Server interaction example
Java socket support for HTTP client/server applications
Building a simple HTTP server
Building a simple HTTP client
Client/server development using standard Java classes
Using the HttpURLConnection class
URL encoding
Using the HTTPServer class
Implementing a simple HTTPServer class
Managing response headers
Open source Java HTTP servers
Server configuration
Handling cookies
Summary
5. Peer-to-Peer Networks
P2P functions/characteristics
Applications-based P2P networks
Java support for P2P applications
Distributed hash tables
DHT components
DHT implementations
Using JDHT
Using FreePastry
The FreePastry demonstration
Understanding the FreePastryExample class
Understanding the FreePastryApplication class
Sending a message to a specific node
Summary
6. UDP and Multicasting
Java support for UDP
TCP versus UDP
UDP client/server
The UDP server application
The UDP client application
 The UDP client/server in action
Channel support for UDP
The UDP echo server application
The UDP echo client application
The UDP echo client/server in action
UDP multicasting
The UDP multicast server
The UDP multicast client
The UDP multicast client/server in action
UDP multicasting with channels
The UDP channel multicast server
The UDP channel multicast client
The UDP channel multicast client/server in action
UDP streaming
The UDP audio server implementation
The UDP audio client implementation
Summary
7. Network Scalability
Multithreaded server overview
The thread-per-request approach
The thread-per-request server
The thread-per-request client
The thread-per-request applications in action
Thread-per-connection approach
The thread-per-connection server
The thread-per-connection client
The thread-per-connection applications in action
Thread pools
The ThreadPoolExecutor class characteristics
Simple thread pool server
Simple thread pool client
The thread pool client/server in action
Thread pool with Callable
Using a Callable
Using a Future
Using the HttpServer executor
 Using a selector
Creating the selector
Registering a channel
Using the selector to support a time client/server
The channel time server
The date and time client application
The date and time server/client in action
Handling network timeouts
Summary
8. Network Security
Security
Secure communication terminology
Encryption basics
Symmetric encryption techniques
Generating a key
Encrypting text using a symmetric key
Decrypting text
Asymmetric encryption techniques
Generating and saving asymmetric keys
Encrypting/decrypting text using an asymmetric key
Saving asymmetric keys to a file
Creating a keystore
Creating and maintaining a keystore with keytool
Keytool command-line arguments
Creating and maintaining a keystore with Java
Symmetric encryption client/server
Symmetric server application
Symmetric client application
Symmetric client/server in action
Asymmetric encryption client/server
Asymmetric server application
Asymmetric client application
Asymmetric client/server in action
TLS/SSL
SSL server
SSL client
 SSL client/server in action
Secure hash functions
Summary
9. Network Interoperability
Byte order in Java
Interfacing with other languages
Interfacing with JVM based languages
Interfacing with non-JVM languages
Communication through simple sockets
The Java server
The C# client
The client/server in action
Interoperability through middleware
Creating a RESTful service
Testing the RESTful service
Creating a RESTful client
Summary
Index
Learning Network
Programming with Java
Learning Network
Programming with Java
Copyright © 2015 Packt Publishing

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Credits
Author

Richard M Reese

Reviewer

Daniel MÜHLBACHLER

Commissioning Editor

Veena Pagare

Acquisition Editors

Vivek Anantharaman

Rahul Nair

Content Development Editor

Arshiya Ayaz Umer

Technical Editor

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Copy Editor

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Proofreader
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Indexer

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Cover Work

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About the Author
Richard M Reese has worked in both industry and academia. For
17 years, he worked in the telephone and aerospace industries,
serving in several capacities, including research and development,
software development, supervision, and training. He currently
teaches at Tarleton State University, where he has the opportunity to
apply his years of industry experience to enhance his teaching.

Richard has written several Java books and a C Pointer book. He

uses a concise and easy-to-follow approach to topics at hand. His
Java books have addressed EJB 3.1, updates to Java 7 and 8,
certification, functional programming, jMonkeyEngine, and natural
language processing.

I would like to thank my daughter, Jennifer, for her numerous

reviews and contributions; my wife, Karla, for her continued
support; and to the staff of Packt for their work in making this a
better book.
About the Reviewer
Daniel MÜHLBACHLER got interested in computer science shortly
after entering high school, where he later developed web
applications as part of a scholarship system for outstanding pupils.

He has a profound knowledge of web development (PHP, HTML,

CSS/LESS, and AngularJS), and has worked with a variety of other
programming languages and systems, such as Java/Groovy, Grails,
Objective-C and Swift, Matlab, C (with Cilk), Node.js, and Linux
servers.

Furthermore, he works with some database management systems

based on SQL, and also some NoSQL systems, such as MongoDB,
and SOLR. This is also reflected in several projects that he is
currently involved in at Catalysts GmbH.

After studying abroad as an exchange student in the United

Kingdom, he completed his bachelor's degree at Johannes Kepler
University in Linz, Austria, with a thesis on aerosol satellite data
processing for mobile visualization. This is where he also became
familiar with processing large amounts of data.

Daniel enjoys solving challenging problems and is always keen on

working with new technologies, especially related to the fields of big
data, functional programming, optimization, and NoSQL databases.

More detailed information about his experience, as well as his

contact details, can be found at www.muehlbachler.org and
www.linkedin.com/in/danielmuehlbachler.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 To
The Right Revd.
JOHN
Lord Bishop
of
Carlisle
This Map Shewing the Tract
of
Solomons Fleet
in their three Years Voyage from
THE
Elanitic Gulf to Ophir and Tarshish
the Necessity of Employing in that
space of time
is Dedicated by his
Most Obedient Servant
James Bruce
 To
My Worthy
and
Learned Friend
The Honorable
Daines Barrington
This Plan of two Attempts
to Arrive at the Source of the

NILE

is dedicated by his most Obliged

and faithful Humble Servant

James Bruce

J. Walker, Sculpt. 81, Margaret Street, Cavendish Square.

 I N D E X.

A.
Abyssinia divided into provinces, vol. iii. 248
Abyssinians, list of their kings, i. 480
—— customs, iii. 262
—— manner of marrying, iii. 306
—— manner of baptism, iii. 324
—— mode of administering the sacrament of the supper,
iii. 334
—— religion, iii. 313
—— military force, iii. 308
—— practise circumcision, iii. 341
—— books, i. 493
—— when converted to Christianity, i. 504
Abreha makes war with the Arabians, i. 512
Abuna, law to bring him from Cairo, i. 534
Adelan, character, iv. 439
—— cavalry, beauty of, iv. 437
—— promises the author protection, iv. 441
Adowa, town, iii. 119
Agageers, account of them, iv. 298
Agows, i. 401
Alexander attempts to discover the source of the Nile,
iii. 607
Alexandria, i. 10
Algiers, the author made consul there, Introd. 6.
Ali Bey, account of him, i. 28
Alphonso Mendes, patriarch, enters Abyssinia, ii. 349
—— violent conduct, ii. 355
—— banished from Abyssinia, ii. 402
Alvarez, account of his journal, ii. 150
—— his account of Abyssinian baptism, iii. 227
Amda Sion, his licentious conduct, ii. 6
—— attacks Adel, ii. 15
—— defeats the Moors, ii. 16
—— kings of Hadea, and Fatigar, ii. 22
—— the king of Adel, ii. 30
—— silences the murmurs of his army, ii. 41
—— defeats the rebels, ii. 43
Amhara, account of, i. 401, and iii. 254
Amlac, Icon, restored to the kingdom, ii. 2
Arabia, its climate and productions, i. 373
Aroossi, iii. 572
Ashkoko, app. 139
Axum, capital of Tigre, iii. 129
—— when and by whom built, i. 378
—— Chronicle, i. 398

B.
Baalbec, description of, Introd. 58
Babelmandeb, account of, i. 311, 314
Bæda Mariam banishes his brothers to Wechne, ii. 80
—— his character, ii. 90
Bacuffa, character, ii. 595
—— annals of his reign imperfect, ii. 596
—— singular accidents of his life, ii. 597, 598
Baharnagash, i. 483
Balessan, balm, or balsam, vol. i. p. 374
—— description of it, Appen. 16
Banja, battle of, iii. 374
Begemder, province of Abyssinia, iii. 253
Beja, i. 86
Bengazi, Introd. 43
Beni Koreish, i. 521
Bermudes made patriarch of Abyssinia, ii. 169
—— makes submission of Abyssinia to the see of Rome,
ii. 170
—— procures assistance for Abyssinia, ii. 178
—— violent conduct, ii. 195
—— leaves Abyssinia, ii. 198
Beyla, Shekh of, sends a moullah to Teawa in favour of
the author, iv. 385
—— author’s friendly reception there, iv. 411
—— description of, iv. 414
Binny, appen. 211
Booted Lynx, appen. 146

C.
Cairo, government, i. 24
Cambyses, his expedition into Africa, i. 450
Camera obscura, description of one used by the author,
Introd. 8
Candace, queen, i. 505
Canja, description of, i. 43
Caretta, or sea-tortoise, app. 215
Carnac, and Luxor, ruins there, i. 13, 139
Carthage, ruins of, Introd. 21
Cæsar, his desire to know the source of the Nile, iii. 612
Cerastes, or horned viper, Appen. 158
Chendi, iv. 529
Chiggre, valley, iv. 559
Christopher Father, account of him, Introd. 18
—— procures letters for the author to Abyssinia, i. 35
Christopher de Gama, his gallant behaviour, ii. 186
—— death, ii. 187
Claudius, prosperous beginning of his reign, ii. 179
—— defeats the Moors, ii. 191
—— slain by Nur, ii. 203
Cleopatra encourages trade, i. 467
Constantina, Introd. 26
Cosseir, description of, i. 189
Covillan Peter, his character, ii. 104
—— sent to Abyssinia, ii. 106
—— sends dispatches to Portugal, ii. 108
Cush peoples Abyssinia, i. 376
Cusso, or Bankesia Abyssinica, Appen. 73
Cyrus, his expedition, i. 449

D.
Dahalac, island, i. 348
Damot, province of Abyssinia, iii. 257
—— massacre there, i. 526
Dancali, kingdom, ii. 82
Darius, his expedition, i. 454
David III. defeats the Moors, ii. 137
—— distresses his Portuguese allies, ii. 136
—— attacked and defeated by the Moors, ii. 161
—— distresses of the king, ii. 163
—— fortitude, ii. 166
David IV. assembles the clergy, ii. 577
—— puts to death the Catholic priests, ii. 580
—— calls a second meeting of the clergy, ii. 588
—— insulted by them, ii. 589
—— punishes them, ii. 590
—— poisoned, ii. 591
Desan, cape, i. 443
Dembea, province, iii. 258
Dendera, ruins, i. 103
Denghel Sertza, defeats the Moors, ii. 228
Denghel Sertza defeats the Turks, vol. ii. p. 233
—— his death and character, ii. 235
Diodorus Siculus, his account of Meroe, iv. 542
Dixan, town, iii. 85
Dugga, ruins, Introd. 23

E.
Eagle, Golden, appen. 155
—— Black, appen. 159
Egyptians, customs of, iii. 290
Egypt, not the gift of the Nile, iii. 672
El Adda, app. 193
Elephant, manner of hunting him described, iv. 296
Enoch, book of, i. 497
Ensete, app. 36
Ergett Y’Dimmo, app. 34
Ergett el Krone, app. 35
Erkoom, app. 169
Esther, Ozoro, marries Michael, ii. 699
—— her cruelty to the murderers of Mariam Barea, ii.
700
Ethiopia, that word ill applied, has rendered the
scripture obscure, i. 405 to 410
Eudoxus, his first voyage, i. 465
—— second voyage, i. 466
—— sails round Africa, i. 467
Excision practised by the Abyssinians, iii. 347

F.
Facilidas, his prudent conduct, ii. 374
—— defeats the rebel Serca Christos, ii. 386
—— banishes the Catholics, ii. 402
—— his death and character, ii. 418
Falasha or Jews, their language, i. 404
—— account of them, i. 484
Farek, or Bauhinia Acuminata, Appen. 57
Fasil Waragna, made governor of Damot, ii. 673
—— quarrels with Ras Michael, ii. 697
—— defeated by him, ii. 705
—— defeated at Fagitta, ii. 714
—— defeated at Limjour, iii. 460
—— makes peace with the king, iii. 466
—— author’s interview with him in his camp, iii. 510
—— gives the author leave to visit the sources of the
Nile, iii. 530
—— his artful conduct with Socinios, iv. 35
—— declares for Tecla Haimanout, iv. 43
Fatima, queen, surrenders to the Abyssinians, ii. 303
—— prudent conduct with Socinios, ii. 305
Fennec, Appen. 128
Ferriana, account of, Introd. 33
Fidele, the Shekh of Teawa his character, iv. 352
—— the author’s first interview with him, iv. 357
—— his deceitful conduct, iv. 362
Fit-Auraris, account of that officer, iii. 400
Fly, tsaltsalya, zimb, or cynomyia, i. 388
—— its wonderful effect, i. 388, 389
—— mention made of it by Isaiah, app. 390
Foosht, island, i. 329
Funge, iv. 458
—— slavish character, iv. 459
Frumentius converts Abyssinia to Christianity, i. 509
Furshout, i. 114

G.
Gafats, account of them, i. 402
Gaguedi, Appen. 52
Galla, account of that nation, i. 402. ii. 216
Gawa, ruins, vol. i. p. 96
Geesh, province conferred on the author, iii. 472
Geeza, Pyramids, i. 41
—— not the ancient Memphis, i. 59
Geez language of the shepherds, i. 424, 5
Gerri, iii. 667 iv. 517
Gibbertis, account of them, ii. 9
Gingiro, kingdom, i. 320
Gir Gir, or Geshe el Aube, appen. 47
Gojam, province of Abyssinia, iii. 256
Gondar account of it, iii. 380
Goog, village, iv. 20
Guangoul, description of him, iv. 99
Gurague, their mode of stealing, iv. 148
Gusho, his character, ii. 700
—— conspires against Michael, iii. 375
—— deceives Fasil, iii. 465
—— marches to Gondar, iii. 481
—— author’s interview with him, iii. 482
—— defeated at Serbraxos, iv. 144
—— offers the king terms of peace, iv. 146
—— refused, iv. 151
—— the author’s second interview with him, iv. 204
—— his army invests Gondar, iv. 229
—— forces Michael’s army to surrender, iv. 231
—— created Ras, iv. 240
—— his bad conduct, iv. 244
—— flies from Gondar, iv. 246
—— taken and put in irons, iv. 247
—— released, iv. 260

H.
Habesh, meaning of that word, i. 397
Halouan, island of the Nile, i. 71
Hanno’s periplus explained, ii. 552
—— vindicated, ii. 564
Henry king of Portugal, his ardour for promoting
science, ii. 95
—— attempts a passage round Africa, ii. 96
—— sends an embassy to Abyssinia, ii. 103
Herodotus, passage of his explained, ii. 562
—— account of the Nile’s rise, iii. 685
Hieroglyphics founded on observation of the dog star, i.
412
—— absurd opinion concerning them, i. 415
Hor-Cacamoot, account of that place, iv. 324
Hyæna, description of, appen. 107
Hybeer, iv. 536

I.
India, account of its climate and productions, i. 371
Indian trade origin of it, i. 373
—— fluctuating state, i. 447
—— hurt by the expedition of the Persians, i. 448
—— lost in the time of the Romans, i. 470
Iscander makes war with Adel, ii. 116
—— slain by Za Saluce, ii. 118
Israelites, probable course of their journey from Egypt,
i. 230
Iteghe, her power, i. 507

J.
Jahaleen Arabs, iv. 456
Janni, his kind reception of die author, iii. 120
Jemma river, beauty of, iv. 12
Jerboa, description of, appen. 121
Jidda description of, i. 265
Joas confers his favour on the Galla, ii. 670
—— disgusts Mariam Barea, ii. 675
—— his army defeated, ii. 679
—— claims the protection of Michael, ii. 680
—— rupture with Michael, ii. 701
—— attempts to assassinate him, ii. 703
—— assassinated by Michael, ii. 706
Judith massacres the royal family, vol. i. p. 526
—— transmits the crown of Abyssinia to her posterity, i.
527

K.
Kantuffa, description of, appen. 49
Kol-quall tree, appen. 41
Konfodah, i. 297
Koran, account of, i. 522
Koscam, author’s transactions there, iii. 211
—— palace, description of it, iv. 271
Kuara, province of Abyssinia, iii. 259
Kuara tree, appen. 65

L.
Lalibala, his attempt to change the course of the Nile, i.
529
Lamalmon, iii. 183
Languages, specimens of various, i. 401, 2
Letters, origin of, i. 420
—— not given by God to Moses, i. 421
—— altered by Moses, i. 422.
Loheia, i. 302

M.
Maffudi, character of him, ii. 115
—— defeated by Naod, ii. 123
—— rewarded by the Turks, ii. 136
—— slain, ii. 140
Mahomet pretends to be a prophet, i. 520
Mahomet Bey Abou Dahab, interview with him, iv. 625
—— permits the English to trade to Suez, iv. 633
Maitsha, account of that province, iii. 546 and iv. 23
Marble mountains, i. 187
Mariam Barea, associated with the party of the Iteghe,
ii. 671
—— quarrels with Michael, ii. 674
—— deprived of his government, in 675
—— his character, ii. 676
—— remonstrates against the king’s conduct, ii. 677
—— defeats the Galla, ii. 680
—— defeated by Michael, ii. 693
—— put to death by the king, ii. 695
Masuah, island, iii. 1
—— diseases, iii. 33
—— trade and music, iii. 51, 52
Menas, king, banishes the Portuguese priests, ii. 210
Menilek son of Solomon, i. 480
Meroe when built, i. 378
—— island, situation of, iii. 644, and iv. 539
Michael Suhul, governor of Tigre, refuses to obey the
king’s orders, ii. 649
—— taken prisoner, ii. 650
—— advances in the king’s favour, ii. 652
—— restored to his government, ii. 654
—— called by the king to defend him against Mariam
Barea, ii. 680
—— marches to Gondar, ii. 681
—— restores order in the capital, ii. 684
—— marches against Mariam Barea, ii. 686
—— defeats him, ii. 693
—— rupture with the king, ii. 704
—— defeats Fasil, ii. 705
—— assassinates the king, ii. 706
—— puts Hannes II. to death, ii. 709
—— defeats Fasil, ii. 715
—— author’s first interview with him, iii. 217
Michael Suhul his character, vol iii. p. 226
—— conspiracy formed against him, iii. 375
—— forced to leave Gondar, iii. 479
—— cruelty on his return to Gondar, iv. 72, 5
—— impolitic conduct, iv. 111
—— defeats Gusho and Powussen at Serbraxos, iv. 144
—— retreats to Gondar, iv. 224
—— made prisoner, iii. 240
Mocha, meaning of that name, i. 442
Mohannan, the ancient Memphis, i. 54
Montes Lunæ of the ancients, i. 378
Moroc, description of, appen. 178
Mudgid cuts off the royal family at Wechne, ii. 169

N.
Nacueta Laab resigns the crown of Abyssinia, i. 532
Nagashi what, i. 524
Narea, kingdom, account of, ii. 312
Nearchus sails from India to the Persian Gulf, i. 455
—— enters the Red Sea, i. 456
Nebuchadnezzar, dispute about his canonization, iii. 367
Nero attempts to discover the source of the Nile, iii. 613
Niger, cause of its increase, iii. 719
—— not a branch of the Nile, iii. 720
Nile description of the cataract above Syene, i. 156
—— discovery of its sources, iii. 580
—— attempted by the ancients, iii. 606
—— description of its sources, iii. 634
—— course of that river, iii. 644
—— names, iii. 654
—— cause of its inundation iii. 658
—— inquiry if possible to change its course, iii. 712
—— great cataract, iii. 425
—— memorable passage of, iii. 448
Nilometer, iii. 690
—— changed by Omar, iii. 716
Norden’s voyage, account of, iii. 630
Nuba, their character, iv. 419
—— religion, iv. 420
—— author kindly received by them, iv. 423
Nucta, iii. 716

O.
Omar conquers Egypt, iii. 689
Ombi, men-eaters, i. 142
Ophir, voyage to, account of, i. 433
Osiris not the sun, but the dog-star, i. 412
Oustas usurps the throne, ii. 540
—— favourable to the Catholic religion, ii. 569
—— deposed, ii. 572

P.
Paez Peter enters Abyssinia, ii. 244
—— converts Za Denghel, ii. 245
—— builds a convent at Gorgora, ii. 266
—— converts Socinios, ii. 344
—— his death and character, ii. 344
—— his pretensions to discover the source of the Nile
confuted, iii. 617
Palestine, various nations fled from it, i. 399
Palmyra, ruins, introd. 57
Papyrus, ships made of it, i. 370
—— description of it, app. 1
Petronius Arbiter improves Egypt, iii. 696
Polygamy, cause of its origin, i. 281
Poncet sent to Abyssinia, ii. 467
—— account of his travels, ii. 469
—— recovers the king of Abyssinia, ii. 478
Poncet, his journal vindicated, vol. ii. p. 492
Portugal, attempts to discover the East Indies, ii. 96
—— sends an embassy to Abyssinia, ii. 103
—— receives an embassy from Abyssinia, ii. 133
—— sends a reinforcement to David III., ii. 142
—— unsuccessful issue of the expedition, ii. 157
—— sends a second reinforcement to the king of
Abyssinia, ii. 181
Pox, small, when introduced, i. 514
Ptolemy I. encourages the Indian trade, i. 457
—— II. his magnificent procession, i. 458
—— invades Ethiopia, i. 462
—— III. conquers Ethiopia, i. 463

R.
Rachamah, description of, appen. 163
Rack tree description of, appen. 44
Ras el Feel, the author made governor of that province,
iii. 364
Ras Sem account of, Introd. 39
Red Sea, cause of that name, i. 237
Rhinoceros, hunting of him described, iv. 296
—— description of that animal, appen. 85
Roderigo de Lima attempts to enter Abyssinia, iii. 628
Rosetto, i. 20
Roule M. le Noir sent to Abyssinia, ii. 501
—— imprudent conduct at Sennaar, ii. 507
—— assassinated, ii. 508

S.
Saba, queen of, i. 471
—— visits Jerusalem, i. 472
—— has a son to Solomon, i. 476
—— founds the Abyssinian Monarchy, i. 476
Salama Abba, character of, iii, 201
——- condemned and executed, iv. 68
Samen, province of Abyssinia, iii. 252
Sancaho, iv. 376
Sand, pillars of, iv. 553-6
Sassa, append. 27
Sennaar, author arrives there, iv. 428
—— character of its king, iv. 430
—— account of his wives, iv. 418
—— treacherous conduct to the author, iv. 453
—— list of its kings, iv. 464
—— government, iv. 479
—— forces, iv. 480
—— climate, diseases, iv. 481
Serbraxos, first battle of, iv. 140
—— second battle of, iv. 165
—— third battle of, iv. 199
Sesostris improves Egypt, i. 368
Shangalla, account of that nation, ii. 546
—— division of their country, iv. 327
Shaw, Dr. his mistake about Egypt, iii. 700
Shalaka Welled Amlac, account of him, iv. 2
—— —— —— author’s reception at his house, iv. 6
Shell-fish found in the desert, iv. 339
Sheregrig, description of, append. 182
Shepherds, account of that people, i. 384
—— their various names, i. 385
—— habitation, i. 386
—— subdue Egypt, i. 395
Shoa, kingdom, iii. 255
Sid el Coom, iv. 460
Simoom, description of that poisonous wind, iv. 341
Sire, town of, iii. 152
—— province of Abyssinia, iii. 252
Sittinia, queen, iv. 531
Slave-trade, its origin, i. 392
Socinios claims the crown, ii. 250
—— defeats his rival Jacob, 259
—— the Galla, 275
Socinios crowned at Axum, ii. 278
—— expedition against Sennaar, ii. 298
—— subdues Fatima queen of the Shepherds, ii. 302
—— converted to the Catholic religion, ii. 308
—— sends ambassadors to Rome, ii. 309
—— openly professes the Catholic religion, ii. 344
—— bigotted conduct, ii. 552
—— limits the power of the Catholics, ii. 359
—— grants the Abyssinians full exercise of their own
religion, ii. 396
—— death and character, ii. 397
Sofala, the Ophir of the ancients, i. 438
Spaitla, Introd. 30
Strabo, his account of Meroe, iv. 544
Suez, directions how to sail there, i. 223
Sugar canes, plantations of them in Upper Egypt, i. 81
Syene, or Assouan, i. 154
—— assumed by Eratosthenes for measuring an arch of
the meridian, i. 160

T.
Tacazze river, iii. 156, 7
—— why called Siris, i. 379
Taranta, mountain, iii. 76
Tarshish, i. 439
Tecla Haimanout I. writes in favour of Du Roule, ii. 517
—— quells a rebellion, ii. 530
—— assassinated, ii. 532
—— II. his character, ii. 709
—— the author’s first interview with him, iii. 230
—— cruelty, iv. 65
—— dangerous situation at Serbraxos, iv. 169
Tcherkin, iv. 293
Teawa, description of it, iv. 350
Teff, appen. 76
Terfowey wells, iv. 465
—— dangerous situation of the author there, iv. 566
Tesfos Ayto, governor of Samen, joins Gusho, iv. 189
—— his army cut off, iv. 192
Thebes when built, i. 380
—— destroyed by the Shepherds, i. 394
—— ruins of, i. 122
—— sepulchres, i. 125
—— description of two harps found there, i. 130
Theodorus, king, opinion about him, ii. 64
Tifilis executes the regicides, ii. 534
—— defeats the rebel Tigi, ii. 532
Tigre, province, iii. 251
Time, Abyssinian manner of computing it, iii. 351
Tot, who, i. 416
Towash Mahomet, iv. 490
—— slain in the desert, iv. 586
—— account of him, iv. 610
Trade-winds, i. 431
Troglodyte Cushites, their settlement, i. 376
—— their progress, i. 383
Tunis, Introd. i. 21
Tyre, Introd. i. 59
Tzana Lake, description of, iii. 386

W.
Waalia, append. 186
Waldubba, monks of, iii. 177
Walkuffa, append. 67
Wanzey tree, account of, app. 54
War of the Elephant, i. 510
Wechne, royal family banished there, ii. 415
Welleta Girgis, or Socinios, made king, iii. 482
—— author interview with him, iv. 46
Welleta Girgis flies from Gondar, iv. 51
Welled Sidi Boogannim, tribe of Arabs, introd. 24
Woodage Asahel, his character, iii. 421
—— reveals Fasil’s plans, iv. 32
—— bravery, iv. 200
—— slain, iv. 201
Wooginoos, or Brucea Antidysenterica, app. 69

Y.
Yambo, i. 247
Yasine, his attention to the author, iv. 329
Yasous I. his expedition to Wechne, ii. 428
—— defeats the Galla, ii. 434
—— his son rebels against him, ii. 513
—— death and character, ii. 516
Yasous II. rebellion in the beginning of his reign, ii. 616
—— defeats the Arabs, ii. 632
—— addicted to building, ii. 634
—— attacks Sennaar, ii. 636
—— defeated, ii. 639
—— irritated at the Naybe of Masuah, ii. 646
—— summons Michael Suhul to Gondar, ii. 649
—— takes him prisoner, ii. 650
—— makes a second expedition against Sennaar, ii. 655
Yasous Amha, prince of Shoa, iv. 93
—— gives the author the annals of Shoa, iv. 96
—— his account of the nations near Shoa, iv. 97
Yasous, Kefla, discovers Fasil’s stratagem, iii. 453
—— marches to Delakus, iii. 456
—— crosses the Nile, iii. 457
Yemen once subject to Abyssinia, i. 518

Z.
Za Denghel restored to the throne, ii, 242
—— converted to the Catholic faith, ii. 245
Za Selasse rebels, ii. 247
—— defeats and slays Za Denghel, ii. 250
—— defeated, ii. 257
—— joins Socinios, ii. 258
—— death and character, ii. 268, 9
Zague, prince of, slain, ii. 689
Zara Jacob, sends ambassadors to the council of
Florence, ii. 69
—— persecutes the idolaters in Abyssinia, ii. 70
Zebee river, ii. 318
Zerah, i. 406
Zipporah, wife of Moses, i. 406
Zumrud, Jibbel, voyage there, i. 204
 ERRATA.
INTROD. p. ix. l. 1. for Abbé Vertot, read Abbé la Pluche.

—— p. xix. l. 6. for whole of it, read whole journey.

VOL. i. p. 115. l. 7. for plantions, read plantations.

—— p. 148. l. 25. for or field m the desert, read or field, in the

desert.

—— p. 152. l. 13. for kioosk, read kiosk.

—— p. 214. l. 21. for pafter, read after.

—— p. 236. l. 5. for sometimes read sometime.

—— p. 281. l. 21 for un unanswerable, read an unanswerable.

—— p. 284. l. 1. dele the star.

—— p. 284. l. 5. for may have changed, the proportion read may

have changed the proportion.

—— p. 398. l. 10. dele the star.

—— p. 444. l. 2. for Babelmandeb, read Babelmandel.

VOL.ii. p. 159. l. 4. for from Hamazen the 12th day, read from
Hamazen; on the 12th day.
—— p. 620. l. 27. for and same sincerity, read and with the same
sincerity.

—— p. 660. l. 2. for 1768, read 1769.

—— p. 692. l. 27. for right wing, read left.

—— p. 693. l. 3. for the right read the left.

VOL. iii. p. 128. l. 21. for eighth read eighteenth.

—— p. 270. l. 9. for touch, read touches.

—— p. 340. l. 2. for bless, read bliss.

—— p. 340. l. 2. for is it, read it is.

—— p. 528. l. 2. for met, read meet.

—— p. 702. l. 27. for 23-3/5 inches, read 26-7/12 inches.

—— p. 702. l. 28. for 24-7/10 inches, read 24-9/12 inches.

—— p. 723. l. 19. for tree, read trees.

VOL. iv. p. 5. l. 3. for most, read must.

—— p. 152. dele last line.

—— p. 205. l. 27. for Tecla Mariam, read Sertza Denghel.

—— p. 206. l. 5. for Tecla Mariam, read Sertza Denghel.

—— p. 277. l. 1. for king’s wing, read king’s right wing.

—— p. 618. l. 12. for Seliman, read Ismael.

VOL. v. p. 70. l. 27. for bark, read root.

—— p. 75. l. 17. for flower, read coral.

—— p. 83. l. 15. for seeho, read secho.

—— p. 105. l. 24. for seem, read seems.

—— p. 129. l. 28. for disingeniousness, read disingenuousness.

—— p. 132. l. 22. for sweetish, read Swedish.

—— p. 135. l. 3. for Φοινιε read Φοινιξ.

 FOOTNOTES:
1 Signifying a fig-tree, from the multitude of figs which grow
round the trunk.

2 Sir Joseph Banks.

3 Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xiii. cap. 11.

4 Melch. Guilandin. Philosoph. and Medic. Lausanne, Ann.

1576 8vo.

5 Anac. Ode. iv.

6 Theoph. Hist. plant. lib. iv. cap. 9.

7 Joseph. lib. xii. p. 405.

8 Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 13. cap. 11.

9 Plutarch in Agesilao.

10 Athen. lib. 15.

11 Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xiii. cap. 11.

12 Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xiii. cap. 21.

13 Herodot. lib. xi.

14 Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xiii. cap. 12.

15 Plin. lib. xiii.cap. 13.

16 Sir Joseph Banks shewed me a slip of paper which he got

from an Italian gentleman, made, if I remember, of a
cyperus found in the river or lake of Thrasymene. I do not
recollect the process, but the paper itself was infinitely
superior to any I had seen attempted, and seemed to
possess a great portion of flexibility, and was more likely
to answer the purposes of paper than even the old
Egyptian, if it had been dressed up and finished.

17 Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xiii. cap. 13.

18 Plin. lib. xiii. cap. 13.

19 Scruples about cleanness.

20 Plin. lib. 13. ut. sup.

21 Plin. lib. xiii. cap. 11.

22 Ibid. id.

23 Mr Adamson, interpreter to the French factory of Seide, a

man of great merit and knowledge in natural history,
brother to the naturalist of that name, who has wrote the
voyage to Senegal, and particularly an account of the
shells of those seas, full of barbarous words, and liberal
ideas.

24 Dec. 22d, 1610.

25 Purchas, chap. xi. §. 3.

26 Joseph. Antiquit. lib. v.

27 Gen. chap. xxxvii. ver. 25.

28 Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xii. cap. 25.

29 They were murdered at Azab, see vol. I. p. 319.

30 Theophrast. hist. plants, lib. iii. cap. 8. lib. iv. cap. 2. Plin.
Nat. Hist. lib. xiii. cap. 9. J. Bauh. lib. iii. cap. 86.

31 Psalm xcii. ver. 10.

32 Vol. iii. p. 220.

33 Numb. chap. xxiii. ver. 22.

34 Job, chap. xxxix, ver. 9.

35 Job, chap. xxxix. ver. 10.

36 Isaiah, chap. xxxiv. ver. 7.

37 Isaiah, chap. vii. ver. 18. and 19.

38 Exod. chap. viii. ver. 22.

39 Deut. chap. xxxiii. 17. Psalm xxii. 21.

40 This shews that the Mosaic pavement of Præneste is not a

record of Alexander’s expedition into India, as Doctor
Shaw has pretended, sect. vii. p. 423.

41 Martial de Spectac.

42 See Supplement to Chambers’s Dict.

43 Vid. Buffon Hist. rhinoceros, p. 225. Edwards, p. 25. and

26.

44 Chardin, tom. iii. p. 45.

45 Tran. Phlisoph. No. 470.

46 Boch. vol. I. cap. xxxiii.

47 Buffon vol. IX. 4to.

48 Clem. Alexan. lib. ii. Pædagog. cap. 10.

49 Kemp. p. 411. and 412.

50 Herod. Melp. sect. 192.

51 Theoph. apud Elian. Hist. Anim. lib. xv. cap. 26.

52 Arist. de Mareb. Egypt. lib. vi.

53 Isaiah, chap. xvi. ver. 17.

54 Sparman, vol. II. p. 186.

55 Supplement to Tom. iii. p. 148.

56 Vol. I. p. 248.

57 Sparman’s voyage to the Cape, vol. ii. p. 185.

58 P. 185.

59 Sparman, vol. II. p. 185.

60 Clem. 1. part 1.

61 Vid. Epist J. Caii, Angli ad Gesnerum.

62 Meninx Ins.

63 Psalm civ. ver. 18.

64 Prov. chap. xxx. ver. 24.

65 Prov. chap. xxx. ver. 26.

66 Chap. iii. ver. 26.

67 Chap. xlix. ver. 15.

68 Chap. iv. ver. 10.

69 Hieroglyph. lib. i. cap. ix.

70 Plut. In quest. Rom. quest. 93.

71 Lib. xvii.

72 Chil. 12. hist. 439.

73 In Valentin. cap. 10.

74 Lib. i. Contra Celsum.

75 In hexaem homil. 8.

76 In hexaem, page 27.

77 Deut. chap. xiv. ver. 13.

78 Exod. chap. xix. ver. 4.

79 Buffon, Plan. Enlum. 389.

80 Vide Plutarch de Iside.

81 Sparman’s voyage, vol. ii. p. 192.

82 Buffon, plan. enlum. 626.

83 Buffon, plan. enlum. 326.

84 Vol. i. book 2. p. 388.

85 Chap. xli. ver. 26.

86 Prosp. Alpin. lib. iv. cap. 4.

87 Jerem. chap. viii. ver. 17.

88 Psalm ix. ver. 13.

89 It is to be observed here, it is the Greek text that calls it

Basilisc. The Hebrew for the most part calls it Tsepha,
which are a species of serpents real and known. Our
English translation, very improperly, renders it Cockatrice;
a fabulous animal, that never did exist. I shall only further
observe, that the basilisc, in scripture, would seem to be a
snake, not a viper, as there are frequent mention made of
their eggs, as in Isaiah, chap. lix. ver. 5. whereas, it is
known to be the characteristic of the viper to bring forth
living young.

90 Elian. Hist. lib. i. cap. 25. Horia. hieroglyph. lib. ii. chap.
65.

91 Lucan. lib. ix.

92 Mart. lib. xii. and lxvii. epig.

93 Juv. sat. xi.

94 Vell. Pat. lib. ii. cap. 56.

95 See Proverbs, chap. xxxi. verse 10. But in Job, where all
the variety of precious stones are mentioned, the
translator is forced, as it were unwillingly, to render
Peninim pearls, as he ought indeed to have done in many
other places where it occurs. Job, chap. xxviii. verse 18.
 96 Bochart reads this Lala falsely, mistaking the vowel point a
for u, but there is no such word in Arabic.

97 The Spaniards have no gold ducats, so this must have

been silver, value about a crown, so that the sum-total
was L. 10 Sterling.

Transcriber’s Note:
Errata for this volume has been incorporated into the text.

Index items out of order moved.

Obvious printer errors corrected silently.

Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.

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