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The Complete Manual
The essential handbook for Python users
Master
Python
today!
Welcome to
Python The Complete Manual
Python is a versatile language and its rise in popularity is
certainly no surprise. Its similarity to everyday language has
made it a perfect companion for the Raspberry Pi, which
is often a irst step into practical programming. But don’t
be fooled by its beginner-friendly credentials – Python has
plenty of more advanced functions. In this bookazine, you
will learn how to program in Python, discover amazing
projects to improve your understanding, and ind ways
to use Python to enhance your experience of computing.
You’ll also create fun projects including programming
a quadcopter drone and sending text messages from
Raspberry Pi. Let’s get coding!
Python The Complete Manual
Imagine Publishing Ltd
Richmond House
33 Richmond Hill
Bournemouth
Dorset BH2 6EZ
+44 (0) 1202 586200
Website: www.imagine-publishing.co.uk
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Aaron Asadi
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Ross Andrews
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Alex Hoskins
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Perry Wardell-Wicks
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James Sheppard
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Distributed in Australia by
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Disclaimer
The publisher cannot accept responsibility for any unsolicited material lost or damaged in the
post. All text and layout is the copyright of Imagine Publishing Ltd. Nothing in this bookazine may
be reproduced in whole or part without the written permission of the publisher. All copyrights are
recognised and used specifically for the purpose of criticism and review. Although the bookazine has
endeavoured to ensure all information is correct at time of print, prices and availability may change.
This bookazine is fully independent and not affiliated in any way with the companies mentioned herein.
Python is a trademark of Python Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries.
Python © 2016 Python Inc
Python The Complete Manual First Edition © 2016 Imagine Publishing Ltd
Part of the
bookazine series
Contents
What you can ind inside the bookazine
Code
& create
with
Python!
6
Get started
with
Python 8 Masterclass
Discover the basics of Python
7
Always wanted to have a go at programming? No more
excuses, because Python is the perfect way to get started!
Python is a great programming language for both beginners and experts. It
is designed with code readability in mind, making it an excellent choice for
beginners who are still getting used to various programming concepts.
The language is popular and has plenty of libraries available, allowing
programmers to get a lot done with relatively little code.
You can make all kinds of applications in Python: you could use the
Pygame framework to write simple 2D games, you could use the GTK
libraries to create a windowed application, or you could try something
a little more ambitious like an app such as creating one using Python’s
Bluetooth and Input libraries to capture the input from a USB keyboard and
relay the input events to an Android phone.
For this tutorial we’re going to be using Python 2.x since that is the
version that is most likely to be installed on your Linux distribution.
In the following tutorials, you’ll learn how to create popular games using
Python programming. We’ll also show you how to add sound and AI to
these games.
8
Get started with Python Getting started
9
Hello World
Let’s get stuck in, and what better way than with the programmer’s
best friend, the ‘Hello World’ application! Start by opening a terminal.
Its current working directory will be your home directory. It’s probably
a good idea to make a directory for the iles that we’ll be creating in
this tutorial, rather than having them loose in your home directory.
You can create a directory called Python using the command mkdir
Python. You’ll then want to change into that directory using the
command cd Python.
The next step is to create an empty ile using the command ‘touch’
followed by the ilename. Our expert used the command touch
hello_world.py. The inal and most important part of setting up the
ile is making it executable. This allows us to run code inside the hello_
world.py ile. We do this with the command chmod +x hello_world.
py. Now that we have our ile set up, we can go ahead and open it up
in nano, or alternatively any text editor of your choice. Gedit is a great
editor with syntax highlighting support that should be available on any
distribution. You’ll be able to install it using your package manager if
you don’t have it already.
Our Hello World program is very simple, it only needs two lines.
The irst line begins with a ‘shebang’ (the symbol #! – also known
10
Get started with Python Getting started
#!/usr/bin/env python2
print(“Hello World”)
As well as these main data types, there are sequence types (technically,
Tip a string is a sequence type but is so commonly used we’ve classed it
At this point, it’s worth explaining as a main data type):
that any text in a Python ile
that follows a # character will be
ignored by the interpreter. This List Contains a collection of data in a speciic order
is so you can write comments in
your code. Tuple Contains a collection immutable data in a speciic
order
12
Get started with Python Getting started
You could
hello_list = list()
also create the
hello_list.append(“Hello,”)
same list in the
hello_list.append(“this”)
following way
hello_list.append(“is”)
hello_list.append(“a”)
hello_list.append(“list”)
13
Getting started Get started with Python
We might as well as we# are using the same variable name as the
create a dictionary previous list.
while we’re at it.
Notice how we’ve hello_dict = { “first_name” : “Liam”,
aligned the colons “last_name” :
below to make the “Fraser”,
code tidy “eye_colour” : “Blue” }
Remember
that tuples are print(str(hello_tuple[0]))
immutable, # We can’t change the value of those elements
although we like we just did with the list
can access the # Notice the use of the str function above to
elements of them explicitly convert the integer
like so # value inside the tuple to a string before
printing it.
Let’s create a
sentence using
the data in our print(hello_dict[“irst_name”] + “ “ + hello_
hello_dict dict[“last_name”] + “ has “ +
hello_dict[“eye_colour”] + “ eyes.”)
A much tidier way
of doing this would
be to use Python’s print(“{0} {1} has {2} eyes.”.format(hello_
string formatter dict[“irst_name”],
hello_dict[“last_name”],
hello_dict[“eye_colour”]))
14
Get started with Python Getting started
Indentation in detail
Control structures
In programming, a control structure is any kind of statement that can
change the path that the code execution takes. For example, a control
structure that decided to end the program if a number was less than 5
would look something like this:
#!/usr/bin/env python2
import sys # Used for the sys.exit function
int_condition = 5
if int_condition < 6:
sys.exit(“int_condition must be >= 6”)
else:
print(“int_condition was >= 6 - continuing”)
The path that the code takes will depend on the value of
the integer int_condition. The code in the ‘if’ block will only be
executed if the condition is true. The import statement is used to
load the Python system library; the latter provides the exit function,
allowing you to exit the program, printing an error message. Notice
that indentation (in this case four spaces per indent) is used to indicate
which statement a block of code belongs to. ‘If’ statements are
probably the most commonly used control structures. Other control
[liam@liam-laptop Python]$ ./
construct.py
How many integers? acd
You must enter an integer
[liam@liam-laptop Python]$ ./
construct.py
How many integers? 3
Please enter integer 1: t
You must enter an integer
Please enter integer 1: 5
Please enter integer 2: 2
Please enter integer 3: 6
Using a for loop
5
2
6
Using a while loop
5
2
6
#!/usr/bin/env python2
ints = list()
These are used
to keep track
count = 0
of how many
integers we
currently have
17
Getting started Get started with Python
if isint == True:
# Add the integer to the collection
ints.append(new_int)
# Increment the count by 1
By now, the
user has given count += 1
up or we have
a list filled with
integers. We can
print(“Using a for loop”)
loop through
for value in ints:
these in a couple
print(str(value))
of ways. The first
is with a for loop
# Or with a while loop:
print(“Using a while loop”)
# We already have the total above, but knowing
18
Get started with Python Getting started
def modify_string_return(original):
original += “ that has been
modified.”
# However, we can return our local copy to the
We are now outside caller. The function# ends as soon as the return
of the scope of statement is used, regardless of where it # is in
the modify_string the function.
function, as we have
return original
reduced the level of
indentation
test_string = “This is a test string”
The test string
won’t be changed modify_string(test_string)
in this code print(test_string)
test_string = modify_string_
return(test_string)
print(test_string)
Author: E. T. A. Hoffmann
Language: Finnish
KIUSANHENKI
Satu
Kirj.
E. T. A. HOFFMANN
Ensimäinen luku.
Toinen luku.
Kolmas luku.
Neljäs luku.
Viides luku.
Kuudes luku.
Seitsemäs luku.
Kahdeksas luku.
Yhdeksäs luku.
Viimeinen luku.
Pian hän sai kuitenkin kylliksi voimaa avata solmusta köyden, jolla
oli kiinnittänyt puuvasun selkäänsä, ja hinata itsensä ruohikkoon,
joka oli aivan lähellä. Sitten puhkesi hän äänekkääseen valitukseen:
Kun nyt, kuten sanottu, vaimo oli mieli karvaana vaipunut syvään
uneen ja hänen pikkupoikansa oli kierittänyt itsensä aivan hänen
viereensä, tapahtui että neiti Ruusunihana, läheisen luostarin
johtajatar, kulki tietä pitkin palaten kävelyretkeltä. Hän pysähtyi, ja
hurskas ja säälivä kun oli luonteeltaan, tuli hyviin liikutetuksi
nähdessään edessään olevan kurjuuden.
"En tahdo!"
Heidän oli kuljettava pappilan ohi. Silloin sattui, että pappi seisoi
kotinsa ovella nuorimman poikansa, kuvankauniin, kultakutrisen,
kolmivuotiaan poikasen kanssa. Kun hän näki vaimon tulevan
raskaan puuvasun ja pikku Sakeuksen kanssa, joka roikkui hänen
esiliinassaan, huusi hän:
"Hyvää iltaa, Liisa muori! Miten voitte? Teillähän on
kannettavananne liian raskas taakka. Tuskin enää pääsette
eteenpäin. Tulkaa tänne ja levätkää vähän tällä penkillä oveni
edessä. Palvelijani saa tuoda teille raikasta juomaa."
"Oi, rakas herra pastori", alotti hän viimein haikealla äänellä, "ei
suinkaan sellainen Jumalan mies kuin te pilkkaa onnetonta vaimo-
parkaa, jota taivas, Herra tietää miksi, on rangaissut tällä kauhealla
vaihdokkaalla."
"Oi isä kulta, sinä olet niin kiltti ja kohtelet lapsia niin hyvin, että
heidän täytyy varmasti kaikkien rakastaa sinua oikein sydämestään."
*****
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