ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY walls, a gas and provide
oxygen to the body.
(MC 1 LEC & LAB)
AN OVERVIEW
Levels of Structural SIX LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL
Organization ORGANIZATION
Maintaining Life
The Language of ATOMS
Anatomy CELLS
Homeostasis TISSUES
ORGANS
ORGAN SYSTEMS
ORGANISMS
ANATOMY
Study of the structures and
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
shape of the body and parts Forms the external body
Observation is used to see t\he covering (skin) and includes
relationship of parts hair and fingernails.
Waterproofs the body.
GROSS ANATOMY Cushions and protects deeper
The study of body structures tissue from injury.
you can see with your naked Produces vitamin D with the
eye. help of sunlight.
Large Structures Excretes salts in perspiration.
Easily observable Helps regulate body
temperature.
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY Location of cutaneous nerve
receptors.
The structures are too small to
be seen with the naked eye. SKELETAL SYSTEM
Cells and tissues can be
viewed only with a microscope. Consists of bones, cartilages,
ligaments, and joints
PHYSIOLOGY Provides muscles attachments
for movement
The study of how the body and Protects vital organs
its parts work or function. Stores minerals
feature that enables them to
exchange Structures to MUSCULAR SYSTEM
determine what functions can
Skeletal muscles contract
occur.
(shorten)
For example, the air sacs of NERVOUS SYSTEM
the lungs have very thin cell
Skeletal muscles contract (or provides protection from
shorten) foreign invaders
Produces movements of bones
Fast-acting control system LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Consist of brain, spinal cord,
Includes lymphatic vessels,
nerves, and sensory receptors
lymph nodes, and lymphoid
Responds to internal and
organs
external stimuli
Complements the
Sensory receptors detect
cardiovascular system by
changes
returning leaked fluids back to
Messages are sent to the
bloodstream.
central nervous system
Lymph nodes and other
Central nervous system
lymphoid organs cleanse the
assesses information and
blood.
activates effectors (muscles
Houses white blood cells,
and glands)
which are involve in immunity
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Secretes chemical molecules,
Includes the nasal passages,
called hormones, into the
pharynx, larynx, trachea,
blood
bronchi and lungs
Body functions controlled by
Supplements the body with
hormones include:
oxygen
Growth
Removes carbon dioxide
Reproduction
Use of nutrients DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Endocrine glands include:
Pituitary glands Includes the oral cavity
Thyroids and parathyroids (mouth), esophagus, stomach,
Adrenal glands small and large intestines,
Thymus rectum, and accessory organs
Pancreas Breaks down food
Pineal glands Allows for nutrient absorption
Ovaries for females into blood
Testes for males Eliminates indigestible
materials as feces.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
URINARY SYSTEM
Includes heart and blood
vessels Includes the kidneys, ureters,
Heart pumps blood urinary bladder, and urethra
Vessels transports blood to Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
tissues Maintains acid-base balance
Blood transports: Regulates water and
Oxygen and carbon dioxide electrolyte balance
Nutrients Helps regulate normal blood
Hormones pressure
Blood also contains white
blood cells and chemicals that REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
For males, includes the testes, REPRODUCTION
scrotum, penis, accessory
gland, and duct system Occurs on cellular level or
Testes produce sperm organismal level
Duct system carries sperm On cellular level- new
to exterior cells are used for
For females, includes the growth and repair.
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus On organismal level-
and vagina the reproductive
Ovaries produce eggs system hand the task.
Uterus provides site of
development for fetus
MAINTAINING BOUNDARIES GROWTH
Boundaries separate the Increases cell size or body size
“inside” from the “outside”. (though increasing the number
of cells).
NUTRIENTS
MOVEMENT
Chemicals used for energy and
Locomotion cell building
Movement of substances Include carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids, vitamins, and
minerals
RESPONSIVENESS OXYGEN
(IRRITABILITY) Required for chemical
reactions
Ability to sense changes and
react Made available by the
cooperation of the respiratory
DIGESTION and cardiovascular systems.
Breakdown and WATER
absorption of nutrients
60-80% of the body weight
METABOLISM Most abundant chemical in the
human body
Chemical reaction within the Provides fluid base for the
body. body secretion and excretions.
Breaks down complex
molecules into smaller ones. NORMAL BODY
Produces energy (ATP) TEMPERATURE
Regulated by hormones
37 degrees Celsius (98.5 F)
EXCRETION Below this temperature,
chemical reactions slow and
Eliminates excreta (waste) stop.
from metabolic reactions
Waste may be removed in
urine, feces or sweat.
Above this temperature, LATERAL
chemical reactions act too
rapidly. Away from the midline of the
body; on the outer side of
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
INTERMEDIATE
Must be appropriate for gas
exchange. Between a more medial and a
more lateral structure.
Special terminology is used to
prevent misunderstanding BODY PLANES AND
SECTIONS
Exact terms are used for:
Sections are cuts along
Positions imaginary lines known as
Direction planes
Regions Three types of planes or
Structures sections exist at right angles to
one another.
BODY ORIENTATION AND
SAGITTAL PLANE
DIRECTION
Divides the body or organs into
SUPERIOR (cranial or left and right parts
cephalic)
MEDIAN OR MIDSAGITTAL
Toward the head or upper part PLANE
of the structure or the body;
above Divides the body or organ into
equal left and right parts
INFERIOR (caudal)
FRONTAL PLANE
Away from the head or toward
the lower part of the structure Divides the body into anterior
or the body; below and posterior parts
ANTERIOR TRANSVERSE PLANE
Structure that are most Divides the body into superior
forward: face, chest and and inferior parts
abdomen
POSTERIOR
Body structures that are
toward the backside of the
body.
MEDIAL
Toward or the midline of the
body; on the inner side of BODY CAVITIES
TWO INTERNAL CAVITIES
DORSAL ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
VENTRAL SUBDIVISIONS
Body cavities provide
FOUR QUADRANTS
varying degrees of
NINE REGIONS
protection to organs
within them
Dorsal body cavity has two
subdivisions:
1. CRANIAL CAVITY
Houses the brain
Protected by the skull
2. SPINAL CAVITY
Houses the spinal cord
Protected by the vertebrae OTHER BODY CAVITIES INCLUDE:
Ventral body cavity has two Oral and digestive cavities
subdivisions: Nasal cavity
Orbital cavity
1. THORACIC CAVITY Middle ear cavity
Cavity superior to the
diaphragm HOMEOSTATIS
Houses heart, lungs and Maintenance of relatively
other organs stable internal conditions
Mediastinum, the central A dynamic state of equilibrium,
region, houses heart, or balance
trachea, and other organs Necessary for normal body
Protected by the rib cage functioning and to sustain life
2. ABDOMINOPELVIC Main controlling
CAVITY Systems
Cavity inferior to the Nervous System
diaphragm Endocrine System
Superior abdominal cavity Homeostatic Imbalance
contains the stomach, A disturbance in
liver, and other organs homeostasis results in
Protected only by trunk disease.
muscles
Inferior pelvic cavity contains MAINTAINING
reproductive system, bladder HOMEOSTATIS
and rectum
Protected somewhat by All homeostatic control
bony pelvic mechanisms have at least 3
No physical structure components: receptor,
separates abdominal from control center and effector
pelvic cavities
RECEPTOR
Responds to changes in the
environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control
center along an afferent
pathway
CONTROL CENTER
Determines set point
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate
response
EFFECTOR
Provides a means for response
to the stimulus
Information flows from control
center to effector along
efferent pathway
FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Includes most homeostatic
control mechanism
Shuts off the original stimulus
to reduce its intensity
Works like household
thermostat
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
Rare in the human body
Increases the original stimulus
to push the variable farther
Reaction occurs at a faster
rate
In the body, positive feedback
occurs in blood clotting and
during the birth of a baby.
