Stores minerals
The Human Muscular system
Skeletal muscles contract
shorten)
(or
Body: An Produces movement of bones
Orientation Nervous system
Fast-acting control system
Consists of brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sensory receptors
Responds to internal and external
Anatomy stimuli
Anatomy Sensory receptors detect changes
Study of the structure and shape of Messages are sent to the central
the body and its parts nervous system
Observation is used to see sizes and Central nervous system assesses
relationships of parts information and activates effectors
(muscles and glands)
Gross anatomy
Large structures Endocrine system
Easily observable Secretes chemical molecules, called
hormones, into the blood
Microscopic anatomy Body functions controlled by
Structures are too small to be seen hormones include:
with the naked eye Growth
Cells and tissues can be viewed only Reproduction
with a microscope Use of nutrients
.
Physiology Endocrine glands include:
Physiology 1. Pituitary gland
Study of how the body and its parts 2. Thyroid and parathyroids
work or function 3. Adrenal glands
4. Thymus
Structure determines what functions can 5. Pancreas
occur 6. Pineal gland
For example, the air sacs of the lungs have 7. Ovaries (females) and testes
very thin walls, a feature that enables them (males)
to exchange gases and provide oxygen to
the body Cardiovascular system
Includes heart and blood vessels
Levels of Structural Heart pumps blood
Vessels transport blood to
Organization tissues
Six levels of structural organization
Blood transports:
1. Atoms/Chemical
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
2. Cells
Nutrients
3. Tissues
Hormones
4. Organs
Blood also contains white blood cells
5. Organ systems
and chemicals that provide
6. Organisms
protection from foreign invaders
Organ System Overview Lymphatic system
Integumentary system Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph
Forms the external body covering nodes, and lymphoid organs
(skin) and includes hair and Complements the cardiovascular
fingernails system by returning leaked fluids
Waterproofs the body back to bloodstream
Cushions and protects deeper tissue Lymph nodes and other lymphoid
from injury organs cleanse the blood
Produces vitamin D with the help of Houses white blood cells, which are
sunlight involved in immunity
Excretes salts in perspiration
Helps regulate body temperature Respiratory system
Location of cutaneous nerve Includes the nasal passages,
receptors pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
and lungs
Skeletal system Gases are exchanged with the blood
Consists of bones, cartilages, through air sacs in the lungs
ligaments, and joints Supplies the body with
Provides muscle attachment for oxygen
movement Removes carbon dioxide
Protects vital organs
Site of blood cell formation
Digestive system On organismal level—the
Includes the oral cavity (mouth), reproductive system handles
esophagus, stomach, small and the task
large intestines, rectum, and Growth
accessory organs Increases cell size or body size
Breaks down food (through increasing the number of
Allows for nutrient absorption into cells)
blood Hormones play a major role
Eliminates indigestible material as
feces
Survival Needs
Urinary system Nutrients
Includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary Chemicals used for energy and cell
bladder, and urethra building
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Include carbohydrates, proteins,
Maintains acid-base balance lipids, vitamins, and minerals
Regulates water and electrolyte Oxygen
balance Required for chemical reactions
Helps regulate normal blood Made available by the cooperation of
pressure the respiratory and cardiovascular
systems
Reproductive system Water
For males, includes the testes, 60 to 80 percent of body weight
scrotum, penis, accessory glands, Most abundant chemical in the
and duct system human body
Testes produce sperm Provides fluid base for body
Duct system carries sperm to secretions and excretions
exterior Normal body temperature
For females, includes the ovaries, 37ºC (98.6ºF)
uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina Below this temperature, chemical
Ovaries produce eggs reactions slow and stop
Uterus provides site of Above this temperature, chemical
development for fetus reactions proceed too rapidly
Atmospheric pressure
Must be appropriate for gas
Maintaining Life: Necessary Life exchange
Functions
Maintaining boundaries The Language of Anatomy
Boundaries separate the “inside” Special terminology is used to prevent
from the “outside” misunderstanding
Movement Exact terms are used for:
Locomotion Position
Movement of substances Direction
Responsiveness (irritability) Regions
Ability to sense changes and react Structures
Digestion
Breakdown and absorption of Anatomical position
nutrients Standard body position used to
avoid confusion
Terminology refers to this position
Necessary Life Functions regardless of actual body position
Metabolism—chemical reactions within the Stand erect, feet parallel, arms
body hanging at the sides with palms
Breaks down complex molecules facing forward and thumbs pointing
into smaller ones away from the body
Builds larger molecules from smaller
ones Directional Terms
Produces energy (ATP) Directional terms
Regulated by hormones Explain location of one body
Excretion structure in relation to another
Eliminates excreta (waste) from
metabolic reactions 1. Superior (cranial or cephalic): toward the
Wastes may be removed in urine, head or upper part of a structure or the
feces, or sweat body; above
Reproduction 2. Inferior (caudal): away from the head or
Occurs on cellular level or toward the lower part of a structure or the body;
organismal level below
On cellular level—new cells 3. Anterior (ventral): toward or at the front of
are used for growth and the body; in front of
repair 4. Posterior (dorsal): toward or at the backside
of the body; behind
5. Medial: toward or at the midline of the body;
on the inner side of
6. Lateral: away from the midline of the body; Inferior pelvic cavity contains
on the outer side of reproductive organs, bladder, and
7. Intermediate: between a more medial and a rectum
more lateral structure Protected somewhat by bony
8. Proximal: close to the origin of the body part pelvis
or point of attachment to a limb to the body No physical structure separates
trunk abdominal from pelvic cavities
9. Distal: farther from the origin of a body part
or the point of attachment of a limb to the body Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions
trunk Four quadrants
10. Superficial (external): toward or at the Nine regions
body surface Other body cavities include:
11. Deep (internal): away from the body Oral and digestive cavities
surface; more internal Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Regional Terms Middle ear cavities
1. Anterior (ventral) body landmarks
2. Posterior (dorsal) body landmarks Homeostasis
Homeostasis—maintenance of relatively
Body Planes and Sections stable internal conditions
Sections are cuts along imaginary lines A dynamic state of equilibrium, or
known as planes balance
Three types of planes or sections exist as Necessary for normal body
right angles to one another functioning and to sustain life
1. A sagittal section divides the body (or Main controlling systems
organ) into left and right parts Nervous system
2. A median, or midsagittal, section divides Endocrine system
the body (or organ) into equal left and right Homeostatic imbalance
parts A disturbance in homeostasis results
3. A frontal, or coronal, section divides the in disease
body (or organ) into anterior and posterior
parts Maintaining Homeostasis
4. A transverse, or cross, section divides the All homeostatic control mechanisms have at
body (or organ) into superior and inferior least three components: receptor, control
parts center, and effector
1. Receptor
Body Cavities Responds to changes in the
Two internal body cavities environment (stimuli)
1. Dorsal Sends information to control
2. Ventral center along an afferent
Body cavities provide varying degrees of pathway
protection to organs within them 2. Control center
Dorsal body cavity has two subdivisions Determines set point
Cranial cavity Analyzes information
Houses the brain Determines appropriate
Protected by the skull response
Spinal cavity 3. Effector
Houses the spinal cord Provides a means for
Protected by the vertebrae response to the stimulus
Information flows from control
Ventral body cavity has two subdivisions center to effector along
separated by the diaphragm efferent pathway
1. Thoracic cavity
2. Abdominopelvic cavity Feedback Mechanisms
Negative feedback
1. Thoracic cavity Includes most homeostatic control
Cavity superior to the diaphragm mechanisms
Houses heart, lungs, and other Shuts off the original stimulus or
organs reduces its intensity
Mediastinum, the central region, Works like a household thermostat
houses heart, trachea, and other Positive feedback
organs Rare in the human body
Protected by the rib cage Increases the original stimulus to
2. Abdominopelvic cavity push the variable farther
Cavity inferior to the diaphragm Reaction occurs at a faster rate
Superior abdominal cavity contains In the body, positive feedback
the stomach, liver, and other organs occurs in blood clotting and during
Protected only by trunk the birth of a baby
muscles
