AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH
Experiment Title: Construction of Diode and Transistor Logic Gates
Experiment No: 05 Date of Submission: 3\03\2024
Course Title: DIGITAL LOGIC AND CIRCUITS LAB Section: Q
Semester: Spring 2023-24 Course Teacher: S M TANVIR HASSAN SHOVON
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Group Name/No.: 06
No Name ID Program Signature
1 MOSTAFA SHARIAR RIFAT 22-49967-3 EEE
2 MD IMRAN HOSSEN RONY 22-49883-3 EEE
3 RAJIN AL FATEMI 22-49919-3 EEE
4 FMD MAHIR DAIYAN 22-49716-3 EEE
5 MD. ZIHAD HASAN 20-43655-2 CSE
6. SAIFULLA 22-49882-3 EEE
Faculty use only
FACULTY COMMENTS
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Introduction:
Part I: Construction of Diode Logic GatesIntroduction:
A diode is a two-terminal electrical device that allows current to flow in one direction but not the
other. It is like a pipe
with an internal valve that allows water to flow freely in one direction but shuts down if the
water tries to flow in another direction. The diode’s two terminals are called the anode and
cathode. In the diode symbol, the arrow points from the anode (the flat part of the triangle)
toward the cathode (the point of the triangle).
The device operates by allowing current to flow from the anode to the cathode, basically in the
direction of the triangle. Recall that current is defined to flow from the more positive voltage
toward the more negative voltage (electrons flowin the opposite direction). If the diode's anode
is at a higher voltage than the cathode, the diode is said to be forward biased, its resistance is
very low, and current flows. If the anode is at a lower voltage than the cathode, the diode is
reverse-biased, its resistance is very high, and no current flows. The diode is not a perfect
conductor, so there is a small voltage drop, approximately 0.7 V, across it.
In this group of experiments, we will implement some logic functions using the DL circuits and
discover the potentialbenefits and problems of using the DL logic.
Theory and Methodology:
Diode Logic OR Gate:
A Diode Logic (DL) OR gate consists of nothing more than diodes (one for each input signal)
and a resistor. Here, the 10 kΩ resistor (R) is added to provide a ground reference for the output
signal. If there are no input signals connected to the diodes, the output will be ground, or logic
0. Thus, an open input is equivalent to a logic 0 input and will have no effect on the operation
of the rest of the circuit. It is possible to add any number of input diodes to this circuit, each with
its separate input signal. However, two inputs are quite sufficient to demonstrate the operation
of the circuit.
Fig. 1 DL OR Gate
Assuming the diodes are ideal, the voltage-based truth table as given in Table 1 (a) is obtained.
The corresponding logic-based or binary truth table is given in Table 1 (b):
Table 1: (a) Voltage-based truth table, (b) Logic-based or binary truth table of DL OR gate
VA VB VY A B Y
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 5 5 0 1 1
5 0 5 1 0 1
5 5 5 1 1 1
Diode Logic AND Gate:
A Diode Logic AND gate consists of diodes (one for each input signal) and a resistor. As with
the DL OR gate, the 10KΩ resistor (R) provides a reference connection. Unlike the OR gate,
however, this is a reference to +5 volts, rather than to ground. If there are no input signals
connected to the diodes, the output will be +5 volts, or logic 1. Thus, an open input will not
affect the rest of the circuit, which will continue to operate normally. As with DL-OR gates, it
is possible to add any number of input diodes to this circuit, each with its separate input signal.
However, two inputs are quite sufficient to demonstrate the operation of the circuit.
(a)
b)
Fig. 2 DL AND Gate
Assuming the diodes are ideal, the voltage truth table of the above AND gate is as
given in the below table
Table 2: (a) Voltage-based truth table, (b) Logic-based or binary truth table of DL AND gate Tab
VA VB VY A B Y
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 5 0 0 1 0
5 0 0 1 0 0
5 5 5 1 1 1
Apparatus:
(1) 10 k ohm resistor (Color band: brown-black-orange).
(2) 1N914/1N4002 diodes or equivalent.
(3) Connecting wires.
(4) Trainer Board
Hardware Implementation And Simulation:
DL-OR
Figure 3: DL-OR implementation
Truth Table: DL-OR
S4 S7 LED-9
0 0 OFF(0)
0 1 ON(1)
1 0 ON(1)
1 1 ON(1)
DL-AND
Figure 4: DL-AND implementation
Truth Table: DL-AND
S4 S8 LED-8
0 0 OFF(0)
0 1 OFF(0)
1 0 OFF(0)
1 1 ON(1)
Result: In this part of this experiment, we implement some applications of AND, OR, two input
AND-OR by using diode. We successfully implemented the circuit and dot the result perfectly.
Here we used 2 switch to match the output using the table. There might be some error while
doing the experiment. There’s also some instrumental error [Link] current will flow through
one or both diodes if one or both inputs are set to logic"1" . This current flows through the resistor,
causing a voltage to emerge across its terminals, resulting in a logic "1" on the output. Only
when both inputs are in logic "0" (0 volts)do we receive logic "0" (0 volts) on the output. The
diodes do not conduct in this scenario, there is no current flowing through the resistor R, and no
voltage across its terminals. As a result, the voltage at V1 is the same as ground (0 volts). When
both inputs are at logic “1″, the two diodes are reverse biased and there is no current flowing to
ground. Therefore, the output is logic “1” because there is no voltage drop across the resistor R.
If one of the inputs is logic “0”, the current will flow through the corresponding diode and
through the resistor. Thus, the diode anode (the output) will be logic “0”. This method works
fine when the circuits are simple, but there are problems when you have to make
interconnections with such gates.
Part 2: Construction of Bipolar Transistor Logic Gate:
Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL): Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL) is a large step beyond Diode
Logic (DL). Basically, RTL replaces the diode switch with a transistor switch. If a +5v signal
(logic 1) is applied to the base of the transistor (through an appropriate resistor to limit base-
emitterforward voltage and current), the transistor turns fully on and grounds the output signal.
If the input is grounded (logic 0), the transistor is off and the output signal is allowed to rise to
+5 volts
Fig. 5: RTL Inverter
Diode-Transistor Logic: Diode–Transistor Logic (DTL) is a class of digital circuits built from
bipolar junction transistors (BJT), diodes and resistors; it is the direct ancestor of transistor–
transistor logic (TTL). DTL offers better noise margins and greater fan-outs than RTL, but
suffersfrom low speed (especially in comparison to TTL).
Transistor-Transistor Logic: We can think of a bipolar transistor as two diodes placed very close
together, with the point between the diodes being the transistor base. Thus, we can use transistors
in place of diodes to obtain logic gates that can be implemented with transistors and resistors
only;this is called transistor-transistor logic (TTL)
Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL):
The operation of Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL) is that whenever the HIGH input is given to any
one of the ECL circuits, it will make the transistors ON. So, this will pull the output, Vo, down to
LOW.
Similarly, when the LOW input value is given to all the transistors’ input then it will make all
the transistors OFF. So, it will make the output, Vo be pulled up to the HIGH value because of
the drop within 640 resistance.
Fig. 6 A 3-input ECL NOR gate
Apparatus:
• 2N4124 NPN silicon transistor (or equivalent).
• Resistors 15KΩ, 1KΩ, 4.7 KΩ
• Connecting wires.
• Trainer Board
Hardware Implementation and Simulation:
RTL Inverter
Truth Table: RTL Inverter
S4 LED
0 ON(1)
1 OFF(0)
Simulation
2-input DTL NAND GATE
Figure: 2-input DTL NAND
Truth Table: 2-input DTL NAND
S4 S8 LED-8
0 0 ON(1)
0 1 ON(1)
1 0 ON(1)
1 1 OFF(0)
Simulation: 2-input DTL NAND
2-input TTL NOR GATE:
Figure:2-input TTL NOR
Truth Table:2-input TTL NOR
S4 S8 LED-10
0 0 ON(1)
0 1 OFF(0)
1 0 OFF(0)
1 1 OFF(0)
Simulation:
3-input ECL NOR GATE:
Figure: 3-input ECL NOR gate
Simulation:
Results and Discussions:
In this part of this experiment, we implement some applications of AND, OR, two input AND-
OR by using transistors. We successfully implemented the circuit and dot theresult perfectly. Here
we used 2 switch to match the output using the table. There might be some error while doing the
experiment. There’s also some instrumental error occur when we implement RTL [Link]
RTL inverter had some malfunction. We used switchesfor different on and off input for getting
our expected [Link] (transistor-transistor logic) is a type of digital circuit made up of
resistors and bipolar junction transistors (BJT). Because transistors execute both the logic gating
(e.g., AND) and the amplification functions, it is termed transistor-transistor logic (contrast this
with RTL and DTL).TTL is a well-known integrated circuit (IC) family that is used in a broad
range of applications, including computers, industrial controls, test equipment and
instrumentation, consumer electronics, synthesizers, and so on. Even when not directly related
with TTL integrated circuits, the term TTL is occasionally used to signify TTL-compatible logic
levels, for example as a label on the inputs and outputs of electronic instruments.
Reference(s):
1. Thomas L. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 9th Edition, 2006, Prentice Hall, India.
2. Boylestad, Robert L. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory. Pearson Education, India, 2009.
