Arithmetic

1. Numbers

Number Properties
What numbers get bigger when you square them?
What numbers stay the same when you square them?
What numbers get smaller when you square them?
What numbers get bigger when you cube them?
What numbers stay the same when you cube them?
What numbers get smaller when you cube them?

Divisibility Rules
How do you know if a number is divisible by 3? (The sum of the digits is divisible by 3)
How do you know if a number is divisible by 4? (The number formed by the last 2 digits must
be divisible by 4)
How do you know if a number is divisible by 5? (The number must end with either 5 or 0)
How do you know if a number is divisible by 6? (The number must be divisible by 2 and 3)
How do you know if a number is divisible by 7?
How do you know if a number is divisible by 9? (The sum of the digits is divisible by 9)

■ The sum of all integers from 1 to n = [n (n+1)]/2.

■ (n3-n) is the product of three consecutive integers.
■ A number is said to be prime if it has only two different factors, the number itself and the
one.

■ Arithmetic sequence:

Tn = a + (n-1)d
Sn = (n/2) [2a + (n-1)d]

■ Geometric sequence:
■ Tn = a r (n-1)
n
■ Sn = a (r -1)
r-1

Odd + Odd = Even

Odd * Even = Even
Even - Even = Even
Even/Odd = (Even or Fraction)
Even * Even = Even
Odd + Even = Odd
Odd - Odd = Even
Odd/Odd = (Odd or Fraction)

Odd + Odd + Odd = Odd

Odd + Odd + Even = Even

 Even + Even + Even = Even

Even + Even + Odd = Odd

Perfect Squares
List all the perfect squares from 0 to 100 (0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100)
List all the perfect cubes from 0 to 200 (0, 1, 8, 27, 64, 125)

2. Exponents
Some important rules about powers and roots:
1) Xa x Xb = X(a+b)
2) Xa ÷ Xb = X(a-b)
3) (Xa)b = Xab
4) X-a = 1/ Xa
5) X½ = 2√X, X¼ = 4√X, Xa/b= b√Xa
6) Xzero = 1; x≠zero
7) (xy)a =xa ya
8) (x/y)a =xa /ya
9) If xa =xb a=b
10) If xa =ya x=y
11) (-ve)odd = -ve (remains –ve)
12) (-ve)even = +ve (became +ve)

In the fractions bases, the higher the power, the lower the total value of result, and vice versa :
(½)2> (½)3.

3. Ratios

If three things are in a ratio of 5:9:11, what does the total number of things have to be a
multiple of?

If the number of things represented by the 5 doubles, can you represent the new ratio as
10:9:11?

If you add 6 things to the number of things represented by the 9, can you represent the new
ratio as 5:15:11?

If the number of things represented by the 9 is reduced by one-third, can you represent the
new ratio as 5:7:11?

4. Percent Problems

What number should you always pick for percent problems?

What formula will give you the percent increase/decrease?

What formula will give you what percent the new quantity is of the old quantity?

Percent increase (decrease) = [(new – old)/old] x 100

5. Distance Problems (Distance, Rate & Time)

 Distance = Time x Speed
Rate = Distance / Time
Time = Distance / Speed
Average speed = Total distance / Total time

7. Work Problems
Rate = 1/ Time

8. Mixture
Weighted average = [v1w1+ v1w1] / [w1+w2]

11. Statistics:
What is the formula used to find out the average of a group of numbers? Average = Sum / number

● Mode is the most repeated number in the list

● Median is the middle number in an arranged list of numbers

The Pythagorean Theorem

In a right triangle, a2 + b2 = c2:

Some common triangles

{3, 4, 5}, {5, 12, 13}, {7, 24, 25}, {8, 15, 17}

30-60-90 Triangles

1:2:√3

45-45-90 Triangles

1: 1:√2 ratio for 45-45-90 triangles.

 Similar Triangles

For ABC ~ DEF, the corresponding angles are the corresponding sides are

AB/DE = BC/EF = CA/FD.

Figure Area Perimeter

Square S2 4S S for side

1/2 D 2 D for diagonal

Triangle 1/2 B x H Sum of all sides B for base, H for height

Rectangle LxW 2( L + W) L for length, W for width

Parallelogram BxH Sum of all sides Any side and the perpendicular segment on it

Trapezoid 1/2(B1+B2) x H Sum of all sides B1,B2 are the two bases, H is the height

Circle r2π rπ2 Perimeter of the circle is called circumference

Solid Surface area Volume

Cube 6 S2 S3

Rectangular solid 2( L x W + W x H + H x L) LxWxH

Cylinder r H + 2 π r 2 π2 r 2 Hπ

Sphere 4π r2 r 3π (4/3)

Area and the length of a sector

Only the
Sector curved path

The central = Length of sector = Area of sectorθ

angle of the
sector 360 2π r πr2

- All radii of the same circle are equal in length -

The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius at the point of the tangency
- If a circle is inscribed in a square, then; the diameter of the circle is equal to the side of the
square.

- If a circle is inscribed on a square, then; the diameter of the circle is equal to the diagonal
of the square.

Triangles

- The two base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal in measure

- The angles of the equilateral triangle are all equal to 60 o

- The sum of the measure of the interior angles of a triangle is equal to 180 o

- If two triangles are congruent, then their corresponding components are congruent

Parallelogram

- Each two opposite sides are equal in length

- Each two opposite sides are parallel

- Each two opposite angles are equal in measure

- Each two adjacent angles are supplementary

- The diagonal are bisecting each other

- The sum of the measure of the interior angles is 360 o

● Polygons are named according to the number of sides they have.

● The triangle is simplest polygon.
● The terms that apply to triangles can also be applied to polygons.

A diagonal of a polygon is a segment that joins two non consecutive vertices.

If the diagonals of a polygon is drawn from one vertex, then the sum of the
measures of the angles of the polygon can be calculated.
The number of diagonals in a polygon = n (n-3)/2
Theorem:
The sum of the measured angles of an n sided polygon is (n-2)180.

Theorem:
The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of a convex polygon
is an angle at each vertex is 360.

- A regular polygon is a polygon that is both equilateral and equiangular.

- A polygon is said to be regular if all its sides are equal, and all its angles are equal in
measure

- The sum of the measure of the interior angles of a polygon that has ( n ) sides is
 ( n – 2 ) x 180 o

:If the polygon is regular -

Then, the measure of the each angle = ( n – 2 ) x 180 o /n

Names of Polygons
Triangle 3 Heptagon 7

Quadrilateral 4 Octagon 8

Pentagon 5 Nonagon 9

Decagon 1
Hexagon 6
0

Special Types of Factoring

Difference of Squares x2 – y2 = (x + y)(x – y)

Perfect Square x2 + 2xy + y2 = (x + y)2

x2 – 2xy + y2 = (x – y)2

Difference of Cubes x3 – y3 = (x – y)(x2 + xy + y2)

Sum of Cubes x3 + y3 = (x + y)(x2 – xy + y2)