SEPERATION OF CORE LOSSES OF 1-PHASE TRANSFORMER AIM: To separate the core losses of a given single phase transformer.

APPARATUS:

S.NO

APPARATUS

RANGE

TYPE

QUANTITY

1. 2. 3. 4.

Voltmeter Ammeter Watt meter Rheostat

( 0-300)V (0-5)A 300V/5A L.P.F 570/1.2A 290/2.8A 18/12A (0-9999)RPM

5.

Tacho meter

THEORY: Due to rotations of iron core of the armature in the magnitude flux of the field poles there are some losses taking place continuously in the core known as iron losses or core losses. The iron losses consists of 1.Hysteresis losses. 2.Eddy current losses. HYSTERESIS LOSS: This losses is due to the reversal of magnetization of the armature core passes under N&S of the rotation pole alternately. The core under goes one complete cycle of magnetic reversal after passing under one pair of poles. If P is the number of poles , N is the armature speed in RPM then frequency of magnitude reversals in f=PN/120

The losses depends up on the volume and grade of iron ,maximum value of flux density Bmax and frequency of magnetic reversals. For normal flux densities,hysteresis losses is given steinmetz formulae, according to this formulae. Wh = B 1.6max V watts V = volume of the core in m3 = steimmetz hysteresis coefficient. These losses can be minimized by detected proper magnetic materials which has low hysteresis losses. EDDY CURRRENT LOSS(We): When the armature core rotates it also cuts the magnetic flux , hence an emf is induced in the body of the core according to the law of electro magnetic induction this emf through small sets up large current in the body of the core due its small resistance this current is known as eddy current . We = K B 2max f2 t2 v2 watt Where Bmax =Maximum flux density. f =Frequency. t = Thickness of material. v = Volume of armature core. It is seen from above that this loss varies directly as the squire of the thickness of laminations, Hence it should be kept as small as possible.

PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Keep the motor armature rheostat in maximum position and motor field rheostat in minimum position. 3. Switch on dc supply to the motor. 4. Start the motor with the help of 3-point starter. 5. Adjust the speed of the motor to rated value with the help of motor field &armature rheostat. 6. Now switch on the supply to the excitation of alternator circuit and adjust the alternator field rheostat to rated voltage which is suitable to Lv side of transformer. 7. Calculate the speed of different frequencies are 55HZ,52HZ,47HZ,45HZ etc. 8. Note down the readings of the voltmeter,ammeter,wattmeterand measure the speed. 9. Now vary the motor armature rheostat until the motor speed to reduce to required value . 10.Again calculate the speed at different frequencies. 11.Note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, and wattmeter for different frequencies. 12.Keep the rheostat to initial position and switch off the supply of the excitation of the motor. CALCULATIONS: Wi = Af+Bf2 Wi/f = A+Bf Wi = Core losses or iron losses. Af = Hysteresis losses. Bf2 = Eddy current losses. N = 120f / p, poles = 4 Hysteresis losses Wh = Af

Eddy current losses We = Bf2 Core losses = Wh + We

TABULAR FORM:

s.no

I V N amps volts rpm

F hz

W W/F V/f watts Watt/hz Volt/hz Wh

We

PRECAUTIONS: 1.Avoide loose connections. 2.Take the readings with out parallax error. 3.Double check the circuit before giving the supply. 4.The motor armature rheostat in maximum position and motor field rheostat in minimum position.

RESULT:

NO LOAD &BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON 3- SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR AIM: To conduct no load and blocked rotor test on 3- slip ring induction motor and find efficiency ,slip for a 3- slip ring induction motor. APPARATUS:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. 2. 3.

Voltmeter Ammeter Watt meter

( 0-600)V (0-10)A 600V/10A 150V/20A (0-9999)RPM 415/0-470V

4. 5.

Tacho meter 3- variable

THEORY: The performance characteristics of an induction motor are derivable from a circular locus. The data necessary to draw the circle diagram may be found from no-load and blocked rotor test. NO-LOAD TEST : The practice , not possible to run the induction motor synchronous speed. Instead the motor is run with out any external mechanical load on it. The speed of rotor would not be synchronous but very much near to it . So that for all practical purpose. The speed may be assumed synchronous speed.

The no-load test is carried out rated voltage. The input power is measured by two wattmeters. Current Io by ammeter and voltage by volt meter. As the motor is running light load. The power factor would be low i.e less than 0.5. Hence total power input will be different of two wattmeter readings W1&W2. The total power will be Wo. No-load Wo to the rotor consists of , 1. Small stator cu loss + small rotor loss. 2.Stator core loss. 3. Core due to friction and windage. Wo = 3VLIocoso coso = Wo / 3VLIo

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST: It is a short circuit test. In this rotor is blocked mechanically and then we applied armature voltage till the ammeter shows the rated current. If the normal voltage is applied to the stator, then ISN = Is X V/Vs Power factor on short circuit is found from Ws = 3Vs Is coss coss = Ws /3Vs Is

PROCEDURE: NO LOAD TEST: 1. 2. 3. 4. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. for the no load test load is not applied on the rotor pulley. By varying the 3 Auto transformer, apply the rated voltage. Note down the readings of no load voltage, no load current and wattmeter readings.

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST: 1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. 2. Connect the load at the output terminals. 3. Vary the 3 Auto transformer until the ammeter reads the rated current. 4. Note the readings of voltmeter, Ammeter and wattmeter.

MODEL CALCULATION: NO LOAD TEST: WO = W1 +W 2 coso = Wo / 3VLIo BLOCKED ROTOR TEST: Wsc = Ws /3Vs Is Short circuit input current ISN = ISC x VO/VSC Short circuit input power WSN = 3 VO ISN cossc Output power = Full load output power/ power scale

TABULAR FORM: NO LOAD TEST:

S.NO IO(Amp) VO(Volts) W1(Watts) W2(Watts)

W1+ W2

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

S.NO Isc(Amp) Vsc(Volts) W1(Watts) W2(Watts)

W1+ W2

PRECAUTIONS: 1.Avoide loose connections. 2.Take the readings with out parallax error. 3.Double check the circuit before giving the supply. 4.The motor armature rheostat in maximum position and motor field rheostat in minimum position.

RESULT:

BREAK TEST ON 3- INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM: To plot the various performance characteristic curves of a 3- induction motor by conducting the break test on it.

APPARATUS:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. 2. 3.

Voltmeter Ammeter Watt meter

( 0-600)V (0-10)A 600V/10A UPF (0-9999)RPM

4.

Tacho meter

THEORY: It is a direct test on a induction motor . In this load applying a brake to the pulley mounted on the motor shaft. The brake band is fixed ith the help of the belt with spring balance . One end of the belt is fixed spring balance S1 &other is connected to spring balance S2. The motor is run & the load on the motor is adjusted till it carries its full load current . Let S1 ,S2 are readings of balances . The net pull on band due to friction at the pulley is (S1 -S2) lag Wt or 9.81(W1 -W2) If r = Radius of the pulley in meters. N = motor of pulley speed in rpm. Shaft torque Tsh = 9.81 (S1 -S2) r N-M Output power = Tsh 2N/60 = 2NT/60 Watts. Input power = VI Watts.

Slip: The difference between synchronous speed Ns 7 actual speed N of the motor expressd as a 5 of N is called slip. % Slip = Ns - N/ Ns x100 Torque: It is proposal to product of armature current and flux. Ta Ia PROCEDURE: 1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. 2. Make sure that motor is at the no-load . 3. 3- supply is given to stator by closing TPST switch and start the motor with the help of star-delta starter. 4. Gradually applying the load on motor pulley step wise increases. 5. Take the readings of ammeter, voltmeter,wattmeter, spring balance and speed of motor for each load. 6. Increase the load up to full load current of the motor and take of ammeter, voltmeter,wattmeter, spring balance and speed of motor for each load. 7. Supply is switched off after removing the load on motor pulley. 8. Calculate torque and efficiency and after calculations graph is plotted between speed,torque,current,slip,power factor, efficiency to output. MODEL CALCULATION: Torque = 9.81(S1-S2) r n-m Power factor cos = cos[tan-1 3(W1-W2)/ (W1+W2)] Efficiency = output/ input x100 Output power = 2NT/60 Input power = W1+W2 %Slip = NS-N/NS

TABULAR FORM:

S.NO

V I N Spring volts amp rpm balance W1 W2 Input T P.f %Slip (W ) nm Output cos (W) S1 S2 kg kg

PRECAUTIONS: 1.Avoide loose connections. 2.Take the readings with out parallax error. 3.Double check the circuit before giving the supply. 4.The motor armature rheostat in maximum position and motor field rheostat in minimum position.

RESULT:

SCOTT CONNECTIONS BY USING TWO 1- TRANSFORMER AIM: To study Scott connection and compare currents in the primary and secondary by drawing vector diagram in balance load and un balanced.

APPARATUS:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1.

Voltmeter

(0-300)V ( 0-600)V (0-5)A (0-10)A 3KW

2.

Ammeter

3.

Load 3- auto transformer

4.

415V/0-470V

THEORY: This is a connection in which conversion of power 3- to 2- is accomplished with the help of two transformers since it was first proposed by Charles scott. It is frequently referred to as scott connection. One of the transformer has center tap both on primary winding is known as the main transformer. Other transformer 86.65 tap and is known as teaser transformer . One end of teaser primary is joined to the center tap on primary. Let the teaser transformer secondary supply a current I2T at unity power factor . If we neglect magnetizing current Io then teaser primary current.

I1T = I2T x Transformation ratio = I2T x N2/3 N1 /2 = 2/3 x I2T = 1.15 x I2T Where K= N2/ N1 = Transformation ratio of main transformer. The total current I1M in each half of the primary main transformer consists of two parts . These are given bellow. 1. One part is that which is necessary to balance the main secondary current I2M . Its value is, I2M = I2M x N2/ N1 PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram . 2. Switch on the 3- power supply by closing TPST switch . 3. Auto transformer output voltage is adjusted to supply rated voltage of 415v to the primary of main and teaser transformer. 4. For the balanced loads apply equal resistance loads across main and teaser transformer secondary. 5. Record ammeter and voltmeter readings of primary and secondary. 6. Repeat the process in step wise up to rated load current of transformer. 7. For un balance loads apply . 8. record ammeter and voltmeter readings of primary and secondary. 9. Repeat above step by applying un equal loads at different points. 10.Calculate primary current (I1) by consisting of secondary current (I2) at different loads and compare with readings obtain by phase diagram and calculations.

MODEL CALCULATION: K = V2/V1 I2T = P/COS V

BALANCED LOADS: Line current IA = I B = I1T2 + ( IM)2 K of teaser transformer , K = 1.15 = K IR = I1T = 1.15 K I2T IB = IY = I1M = ( K I2M )2 +(1/2 I1T) 2

UNBALANCED LOADS: Line current IA = I B = I1T2 + ( IM)2 K of teaser transformer , K = 1.15 = K IR = I1T = 1.15 K I2T IB = IY = I1M = ( K I2M )2 +(1/2 I1T) 2

TABULAR FORM: BALANCED LOADS:

S.NO VL(V)

IR(A) IY(A) IB(A) I2T(A) I2M(A) V2T(V) V2M(V)

UNBALANCED LOADS:

S.NO VL(V)

IR(A) IY(A) IB(A) I2T(A) I2M(A) V2T(V) V2M(V)

PRECAUTIONS: 1.Avoide loose connections. 2.Take the readings with out parallax error. 3.Double check the circuit before giving the supply. RESULT:

REGULATION OF 3- ALTERNATOR BY SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDENCE & MMF METHOD

AIM: To find the regulation of 3- alternator by synchronous impedance &MMF method. APPARATUS:

S.NO

APPARATUS

RANGE

TYPE

QUANTITY

1. 2.

Voltmeter Ammeter

( 0-600)V (0-10)A (0-5)A 360 /1.2A 290/2.8A 18/12A (0-9999)RPM

3.

Rheostat

4.

Tacho meter

THEORY: Regulation : It is clear that with change in load there is a change in terminal voltage of an alternator . The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the change in voltage when full load is removed divided by rated terminal voltage . % Regulation = Eo V/V Synchronous impedance method:

It is also known as emf method .In this method following procedure steps are. 1. Occ is plotted from given data . 2. Similarly Sc is drawn from the short circuit data .It is a straight line passing through the origin. E1 = Zs I1 Zs = E1 (open circuit)/ I1 (short circuit) 3. Calculate Xs = Zs 2- Ra2 4. Eo = (V Cos + IRa )2 + (V Sin +I Xs)2 5. % Regulation = Eo V/V x100 Mmf method: It is also known as ampere turns method ,In this method also utilize the oc & sc data. In this method following procedure steps are involved , 1. Occ is plotted from given data . 2. Similarly Sc is drawn from data. It is a straight line passing through the origin both these curves are drawn on common base of field current . 3. Find IFT = If 12 + If 22 2 If 1 If 2 Cos(180-(90+) Take the corresponding readings voltages for IFT 4. % Regulation = Eo V/V x100

PROCEDURE: OPEN CIRCUIT TEST: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. A dc shunt motor is used as an prime mover to the alternator . 3. Start the dc shunt motor (prim mover) by closing DPST switch & 3-point starter. 4. A 220V dc supply is given to field winding as shown in circuit diagram. 5. By increasing the field rheostat of alternator , note up to rated line voltage &field current . 6. Draw the open circuit characteristics graph between field current (If) and phase voltage (Eph). SHORT CIRCUIT TEST: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. In this method stator winding is short circuited through ammeter. 3. By adjust the rated field current to zero by drawing the field rheostat. 4. By increasing the field rheostat & note down If and short circuit current (ISC). 5. Note down the readings of ISC & If up to rated current . 6. Armature resistance is find out by using multimeter. 7. Effective resistance Rac =1.6 xRdc. 8. Draw the graph between ISC & If . MODEL CALCULATION: EMF METHOD: Impedance Zs = V1/I1 Reactance Xs = ZS2 - RAC2 EO = (V cos + IR)2 + (Vsin + I XS)2 % Regulation = Eo - V/V

MMF METHOD: EPH = V + I a Ra cos If = If12 + If22 + 2 If1 If2 cos (180-(90+ ))

TABULAR FORM: OC TEST:

S.NO

If(Amps)

EPH(Volts)

SC TEST:

S.NO

If(Amps)

EPH(Volts)

PRECAUTIONS: 1.Avoide loose connections. 2.Take the readings with out parallax error. 3.Double check the circuit before giving the supply. 4.The motor armature rheostat in maximum position and motor field rheostat in minimum position.

RESULT:

OC &SC TEST ON 1- TRANSFORMER AIM: To find the regulation and efficiency of a given 1- transformer by conducting oc & sc tests. APPARATIS:

S.NO

APPARATUS

RANGE

TYPE

QUANTITY

1. 2.

Voltmeter Ammeter

( 0-150)V (0-20)A (0-2)A

3.

wattmeter

150V/5A LPF 150V/20A UPF

THEORY: The performance of a 1- transformer can be calculated on the basis of its equivalent circuits. Which contain four main parameters. The equivalent resistance R01 as referred to primary (or secondary R02) . The equivalent leakage reactance Xo as referred to primary (or secondary).These parameters can be easily determined by two tests . 1. Open circuit test. 2. Short circuit test.

Open circuit test:

1. The purpose of this test is to determine no load loss or core loss & no load Io which is helpful in finding Xo Ro. 2. One winding of the transformer which over is convenient but usually high voltage winding is left open and other is connected to its supply of normal voltage & frequency. 3. Wattmeter , voltmeter & ammeter are connected in the low voltage winding in the present case. 4. With normal voltage applied to the primary normal flux will be set up in the core . Hence normal iron loss will occur . Which are recorded by the wattmeter. 5. If W is the wattmeter reading then, W =V1 IO CosO CosO = W / V1 IO I = IO Sin O Iw = IO COS O Xo = V1/ I Ro = V1/ Iw Short circuit test: 1. This is an economical method for determining the following. 2. Equivalent impedance (Z1 or Z02) , leakage reactance (X01 or X02) & Total resistance (R01 or R02) of the transformer as referred to the winding in which the measuring instruments are placed. 3. Copper loss at full load . This loss is used in calculating the efficiency of a transformer. 4. In this test the one winding is usually the low voltage winding is solidly short circuited by a thick conductor.

5. Since in this test the applied voltage is a small percentage of the normal voltage , the mutual flux is also a small percentage of its normal value. 6. Hence core losses are small with the result that the wattmeter reading represent .The full load copper loss or I2 R loss for the whole transformer i.e both primary and secondary copper loss. 7. If Vsc is the voltage required to calculate rated load currents then Z01 = VSC/I1 W = I12 R01 R01 = W/ I12 X01 = Z012 R012 PROCEDURE: OC TEST: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. First make the auto transformer output voltage zero & HV open. 3. Give the supply by closing DPST switch &adjust output voltage of the autotransformer equal to rated LV winding. 4. Note down readings of wattmeter , no-load voltage (Vo) & no-load current (Io). SC TEST: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. First make the auto transformer output voltage is zero. 3. Adjust the auto transformer output voltage such that rated current flows in HV side. 4. Take the readings of power , short circuit current & short circuit voltage. 5. Calculate the parameters of equivalent circuit , efficiency & % regulation on 1- transformer for given load &power factor.

MODEL CALCULATIONS: OC TEST: Coso = WO/VO IO Sino = 1- Cos 2 o RO = VO / IO Coso XO = VO / IO Sino K = V2/V1 SC TEST: Z02 = VSC /I SC R02 = WSC / ISC 2 X02 = Z02 2 - R 02 2 R01 = R02 /K2 X01 = X02 /K2 Efficiency = X KVA Cos/ X KVA Cos + Wi + X2 Wcu X 100 % Regulation = I2 (R02 Cos + X02 Sin)/ V2 X 100

TABULAR FORM: OC TEST:

S.NO

VO (Volts)

IO (Amps)

WO (Watts)

SC TEST:

S.NO

VO (Volts)

IO (Amps)

WO (Watts)

PRECAUTIONS: 1.Avoide loose connections. 2.Take the readings with out parallax error. 3.Double check the circuit before giving the supply. 4.The motor armature rheostat in maximum position and motor field rheostat in minimum position.

RESULT:

SUMPNERS TEST ON PAIR OF 1- TRANSFORMERS AIM: To determine the efficiency & regulation of a 1- transformer at different loads by conducting sumpners test. APPARATUS:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1.

Voltmeter

(0-600)V ( 0-150)V (0-5)A (0-20)A 150V/5A 150V/20A 415V/0-470V

2.

Ammeter

3.

wattmeter 3- auto transformer

4.

THEORY: This test is also known as back to back test. It provides data for finding regulation & efficiency under load condi tons and is employed only when two similar transformers are available . One transformer is loaded all the other hand both are connected to supply .The power taken from the supply the supply is that necessary for supplying the losses of both transformer and are negligible loss in the control circuit. When the primary of two transformers are connected in parallel across the same supply switch S open the wattmeter W1 reads core loss of the both transformer .

Secondarys are so connected that their potentials are in opposite direction to each other. Hence W1 reads the core loss and W2 reads full load copper loss .Applying rated voltage all primary side with the help of auto transformer . The voltmeter reading s across the switch it will read zero . But it reads other value than switch OFF the power supply & reverse the terminals of the transformer.

PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Apply rated voltage on primary side with help of auto transformer. 3. observe that the readings of voltmeter across the switch S is zero or not. If it reads other value than switch OFF the power supply and reverse the any one of secondary of transformer terminals. 4. Now close the switch by increase 1- variac from zero position up to attaining rated secondary current from the secondary circuit. 5. The readings of two watt meters will directly give the iron & copper loss of both transformer. 6. Note down the voltmeter & ammeter readings of both primary secondary. 7. Core loss & copper loss of each transformer is calculate by dividing by 2. 8. Calculate regulation of each transformer. MODEL CALCULATIONS: Coso = WO/VO IO IW=IO Coso I = IO Sino

RO = VO / IW XO = VO / I R02 = RSC = WSC / ISC 2 ZSC = VSC /I SC X02 = XSC= ZSC 2 - RSC 2 Efficiency = X KVA Cos/ X KVA Cos + Wi + X2 Wcu X 100

TABULAR FORM:

S.NO VO(Volts) IO(Amps) WO(Watts) VSC(Volts) Isc(Amps) Wsc(Watts)

PRECAUTIONS: 1.Avoide loose connections. 2.Take the readings with out parallax error. 3.Double check the circuit before giving the supply. 4.The motor armature rheostat in maximum position and motor field rheostat in minimum position.

RESULT:

DETERMINATION OF Xd & Xq BY SLIP TEST AIM: To determine the values of Xd & Xq by conducting slip test on 3- salient pole transformer. APPARATUS:

S.NO

APPARATUS

RANGE

TYPE

QUANTITY

1. 2.

Voltmeter Ammeter

( 0-150)V (0-5)A

3.

Rheostat

18/12A 570/1.2A

4.

Tacho meter

(0-9999)RPM

THEORY: In this test the value of Xd & Xq can be determined by synchronous machine given by a separate prime movers at a speed slightly less that synchronous speed. The field winding is left open & balance voltages of reduced magnitude around 25% of rated value & rated frequency i.e applied across the armature terminals under this condition the relative velocity between field poles & rotating armature .Flux is equal to the difference between the synchronous speed and rotor speed Ns N i.e slip speed .

At one instant when the peak of armature flux wave is in line with field poles or direct axiss the reluctance offered by the small air gap is minimum .At this instant the applied terminals voltage per phase divided by corresponding armature current per phase gives at this reactance. Xd = Vmax /Imin After one quarter of slip cycle the peak value of the alternator flux adder all the entire poles or q-axiss of the field poles. The reluctance offered by long reluctance is maximum . At this instant the ratio of armature terminals voltage per phase to corresponding armature current per phase to given axis.

PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. By using the DPST switch give the supply to the motor. 3. By varying armature or field rheostat adjust the prime mover speed less than the synchronous speed.(i.e slip <1) 4. Give the 25% of full load voltage to stator terminals by varying 3- variac. 5. Take minimum & maximum values of voltage and current values . 6. Switch OFF supply after adjusting variac & rheostat to its original position. 7. Repeat the experiment by changing applied Ac 3- voltage at 100V,70V, 50V . Find Xd & Xq of the machine. MODEL CALCULATIONS: Xd = Vmax/ ph / Imin X q = Vmin / ph / Imax

TABULAR FORM:

S.NO

Vmin(Volts)

Vmax(Volts)

Imin (Amps)

Imax (Amps)

PRECAUTIONS: 1.Avoide loose connections. 2.Take the readings with out parallax error. 3.Double check the circuit before giving the supply. 4.The motor armature rheostat in maximum position and motor field rheostat in minimum position.

RESULT:

NO LOAD & BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON 1- INDUCTION MOTOR AIM: To find the parameters & equivalent circuit of a 1- induction motor by conducting no load blocked rotor test on it. APPARATIS:

S.NO

APPARATUS

RANGE

TYPE

QUANTITY

1.

Voltmeter

( 0-300)V (0-150 ) V (0-15)A (0-10)A

2.

Ammeter

3.

wattmeter

300V/10A LPF 150V/20A UPF

THEORY: No load test: Purpose of this test is to deter mine no load loss or core loss at no load current Io which is helpful for finding Xo & Ro. One winding of the transformer which ever is convenient but usually high voltage winding is left open and the other is connected to its supply at normal voltage & frequency . A wattmeter W and voltmeter V & all ammeter are connected . WO = VO IO COS O COS O = WO / VO IO Magnetizing component I = IO Sin O Xo = VO/ I

Working component Iw = IO COS O Ro = VO/ Iw Blocked rotor test: It is also known as short circuit test . This test is used to find 1. Short circuit current with normal voltage applied to stator . 2. Power factor on short circuit. Both values are used in construction of circle diagram. 3. Total leakage reactance X01 of the motor as referred to primary . 4. Total resistance of the motor R01 as reforod to primary. PROCEDURE: NO LOAD TEST: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Before giving supply , remove the load on the motor. 3. Give the 1- supply to the motor circuit and by varying the auto transformer give the rated voltage in the voltmeter. 4. Note down the no load current & power in ammeter & wattmeter. BLOCKED ROTOR TEST: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Before giving supply tightly fix the rotor with the help of belt. 3. Give the supply to circuit & varying the ammeter & up to attaining rated current in the circuit. 4. Note down the readings of voltmeter , ammeter & wattmeter.

MODEL CALCULATIONS: NO LOAD TEST: Coso = WO/VO IO IW=IO Coso

I = IO Sino RO = VO / IW XO = VO / I BLOCKED ROTOR TEST: R02 = RSC = WSC / ISC 2 ZSC = VSC /I SC X02 = XSC= ZSC 2 - RSC 2 R2' = R01 - R 1 X1 = X 2' = XSC /2 Slip, S = Ns Nr /Ns XO/2 = R2' /2(2-S) = X 2' /2 = TABULAR FORM: NO LOAD TEST: S.NO VO(Volts) IO(Amps) WO(Watts)

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

S.NO VSC(Volts) Isc(Amps) Wsc(Watts)

PRECAUTIONS: 1.Avoide loose connections. 2.Take the readings with out parallax error. 3.Double check the circuit before giving the supply. 4.The motor armature rheostat in maximum position and motor field rheostat in minimum position.

RESULT:

V AND INVERTED V CURVES

AIM: To draw the V and inverted V curves of a given synchronous motor.

APPARATIS:

S.NO

APPARATUS

RANGE

TYPE

QUANTITY

1. 2.

Voltmeter Ammeter

( 0-600)V (0-5)A (0-10)A (0-20)A

3.

Wattmeter

600V/10A UPF 600V/10A LPF 230V/60watts 250V/3kw

4.

Lamps Load

5.

THEORY: When the power input to the motor is constant the armature current increases . When the excitation is either decrease or increase from the normal value . The graphically relation between the armature current Ia and the excitation current If curves resembles the shape of V & therefore known as the V-curves of synchronous motor . It is from that the current drawn by the motor is minimum at unity power factor is either leading or lagging . Under lagging power factor the synchronous motor takes lesses field current for a given armature current as compare to the field current under leading power factor.

The relationship between power factor &field current . The curve resembles & shape as inverted V curve . It is known as inverted V curves of synchronous motor. PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. A rated Dc supply is given to the Dc shunt motor is started with the help of 3-point starter. 3. Adjust the speed of the motor to a rated value by adjusting its field rheostat. 4. Exciting field winding of synchronous motor by the Dc supply to this circuit by closing the DPST switch2. 5. Observe the reading of voltmeter that is the voltage of bus bars between the lines. 6. The synchronous motor voltage is meet by voltmeter. 7. Adjust the excitation of synchronous motor such that the voltmeter V1 connected across armature terminals should be equal to the bus bar voltage. 8. The synchronous motor is acting as a synchronous generator un till its operation ,when synchronization occur that is all the 6lamps bright at one time & dark at another time. 9. Adjust the speed of the Dc motor slightly such that the dark period of lamp should be more at this condition DPST switch closed. 10.Now , the supplied Dc motor is taken OFF. 11.By this synchronous generator will convert to synchronous motor & synchronous Dc motor is converted into Dc generators. 12.By changing the excitation (If) the readings of ammeter & wattmeter readings are taken.

MODEL GRAPHS:

TABULAR FORM:

S.NO If(Amps) W1(Watts) W2(Watts) IA(Amps) Coso

PRECAUTIONS: 1.Avoide loose connections. 2.Take the readings with out parallax error. 3.Double check the circuit before giving the supply. 4.The motor armature rheostat in maximum position and motor field rheostat in minimum position.

RESULT: