Assignment: -JAVA Programming Language Paper Code: - MCA-

47(iv)

Semester: - 4th Total Marks: - 30

Important Instructions

 Attempt all questions from each assignment given below.

 Each assignment carries 15 marks.
 All questions are to be attempted in legible handwriting on plane
white A-4 size paper and upload the scanned copy of the
assignments on student’s portal and 2 Copies are to be submitted to
the department.

Assignment – 01

Q1. Java is often described as "Write Once, Run Anywhere." Explain this
concept in detail. Discuss the role of the Java Compiler and the Java
Virtual Machine (JVM) in achieving this feature.

Ans.

"Write Once, Run Anywhere" – A Detailed Explanation

Java is widely recognized for its powerful slogan “Write Once, Run
Anywhere” (WORA). This phrase represents one of Java’s core strengths
—platform independence. It means that a Java program, once written
and compiled, can run on any device or operating system that has a Java
Virtual Machine (JVM), without requiring the programmer to rewrite or
recompile the code for each platform.

Understanding Platform Independence

Traditionally, programming languages like C or C++ produce platform-

dependent executables. If a program is compiled on Windows, it cannot
be run on Linux or Mac without recompilation. Java eliminates this
limitation by introducing a two-step execution process involving:

1. Java Compiler

2. Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

1. Role of the Java Compiler (javac)

  The Java compiler does not compile Java code directly into
machine language (which is hardware-specific).

 Instead, it compiles .java files into an intermediate form called

Bytecode, stored in .class files.

 Bytecode is a universal binary representation of the code. It is

not specific to any single operating system or hardware.

This is the first key step towards achieving WORA. Bytecode acts like a
bridge between human-readable code and machine-specific instructions.

2. Role of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

 The JVM is a platform-specific software that understands and

executes Bytecode.

 It interprets or compiles Bytecode into native machine code

for the specific operating system and hardware.

 Every device or OS must have its own JVM implementation, but

the Bytecode remains the same.

 This architecture ensures that the same .class file can be run
unchanged on any machine that has a compatible JVM.

Thus, the JVM is the engine that translates universal Bytecode into
platform-specific execution, completing the WORA promise.

Benefits of WORA

 Cross-platform compatibility: Developers don't have to rewrite

code for each platform.

 Cost-effective and time-saving: Reduces development and

testing efforts.

 Scalability and portability: Ideal for distributed and web-based

applications.

 Consistency: Ensures the same behavior across all environments.

Conclusion

The slogan “Write Once, Run Anywhere” defines Java’s strength in

platform independence. The Java Compiler transforms source code into
platform-neutral Bytecode, while the JVM executes that Bytecode on any
machine, regardless of its underlying system architecture. This layered
architecture is what makes Java a go-to language for cross-platform
software development in today’s diverse computing landscape.

Q2. Discuss in depth the four pillars of Object-Oriented Programming

(OOP) as implemented in Java: Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism,
and Abstraction. Provide real-world analogies to support your explanation.

Ans.

The Four Pillars of OOP in Java

Java, being an Object-Oriented Programming language, is built on four

foundational principles that help create modular, reusable, and organized
code. These principles are:

1. Encapsulation

2. Inheritance

3. Polymorphism

4. Abstraction

1. Encapsulation – “Hiding the Internal State”

Definition:
Encapsulation is the mechanism of binding data (variables) and
methods (functions) that operate on the data into a single unit
(class) and restricting direct access to some of the object’s components.

In Java, this is done using access modifiers like private, public,

protected, and default, and providing getters and setters for controlled
access.

Real-world analogy:
Think of a capsule or medicine tablet. The medicine (data) is hidden
inside the capsule, and the patient just consumes the capsule without
knowing the complex formulation inside. Similarly, in a car, you press the
accelerator, but you don’t need to know the internal mechanism of the
engine to make the car move.

Purpose:

 Prevents unauthorized access

 Promotes data integrity

  Makes maintenance easier

2. Inheritance – “Reusing Features”

Definition:
Inheritance allows a new class (subclass/child) to acquire the
properties and behaviors (fields and methods) of an existing class
(superclass/parent). In Java, this is achieved using the extends keyword.

Real-world analogy:
Consider a family tree. A child inherits traits from their parents. For
example, a sports car is a type of car, so it inherits basic functionalities
like steering, brakes, etc., but can also have additional features like turbo
mode.

Purpose:

 Promotes code reuse

 Establishes a natural hierarchy

 Facilitates extensibility and maintenance

3. Polymorphism – “Many Forms”

Definition:
Polymorphism allows objects to be treated as instances of their parent
class rather than their actual class. It enables a single action to
behave differently based on the object that performs it.

There are two types in Java:

 Compile-time polymorphism (Method Overloading)

 Runtime polymorphism (Method Overriding)

Real-world analogy:
A person can behave differently in different roles—a man can be a
father, a son, a teacher. Each role demands different behavior.
Similarly, the method draw() can behave differently in a class Circle,
Rectangle, or Triangle.

Purpose:

 Enhances flexibility

 Simplifies code through generalization

 Supports dynamic method dispatch at runtime

4. Abstraction – “Showing Only What’s Necessary”

Definition:
Abstraction means hiding the complex implementation details and
showing only the essential features of the object. In Java, abstraction
is achieved using abstract classes and interfaces.

Real-world analogy:
When you use a TV remote, you just press buttons to change channels or
volume—you don’t know (or need to know) how the remote communicates
with the TV internally. The interface (remote) is abstracted from its
complex inner workings.

Purpose:

 Reduces complexity

 Focuses on essential features

 Encourages a cleaner and more understandable code design

Conclusion

The four pillars of Object-Oriented Programming in Java work together to

create clean, maintainable, and scalable code.

Pillar What it does Real-world Analogy

Encapsulatio
Hides data inside a class Capsule or car engine
n

Family traits or vehicle

Inheritance Reuses code from parent classes
types

Polymorphis Allows same action to behave

A man in different roles
m differently

TV remote or car
Abstraction Shows only necessary details
dashboard
Q3. Compare and contrast the concepts of an abstract class and an
interface in Java. Highlight their similarities, differences, and typical use
cases in Java application design.

Ans.

✅ Abstract Class vs Interface in Java

Aspect Abstract Class Interface

A class that cannot be

A contract that defines
instantiated and may contain
Definition methods a class must
abstract (unimplemented)
implement.
methods.

Keyword abstract interface

Until Java 8: only abstract

Can have both abstract and methods.
Method
concrete (implemented) From Java 8: default, static,
Types
methods. private, and abstract
methods.

Can have instance variables Only public static final

Fields
with any access modifier constants (i.e., constants
(Variables)
(private, protected, public). only).

A class can extend only one A class can implement

Inheritance abstract class (single multiple interfaces
inheritance). (multiple inheritance).

Constructor
Can have constructors. Cannot have constructors.
s

Access All methods are public by

Can use all access modifiers.
Modifiers default (till Java 9).

When classes share a common When you need to define a

When to
base with some shared code contract without shared
Use
and state. code or state.

Real-World Abstract Class is like a Interface is like a

Aspect Abstract Class Interface

blueprint with partial rulebook or agreement,

implementation, e.g., a e.g., anything that can "fly"
Analogy
generic vehicle with base must implement fly()
functionality. method.

Interfaces gained more

Java Enhanced since Java 8 & 9
features, but are still
Version (default/static methods, private
primarily used for
Note methods).
contracts.

✅ Similarities

1. Both cannot be instantiated directly.

2. Both are used to achieve abstraction.

3. Both can contain abstract methods that must be implemented by

subclasses or implementing classes.

4. Both promote polymorphism by allowing objects to be referenced

by their abstract types.

✅ Differences (In a Nutshell)

 Abstract class can have partially implemented logic and

state.

 Interface is typically used when you only want to define a set of

method signatures (a contract), not implementation.

 Java allows a class to implement multiple interfaces, but only

extend one abstract class.

✅ Use Cases

Choose Abstract
Use Case Choose Interface
Class

Sharing code between

Yes No
related classes

Representing common
behavior across unrelated No Yes
classes
 Choose Abstract
Use Case Choose Interface
Class

Designing a base class No (unless using default

Yes
with default behavior methods in Java 8+)

No (only single
Yes (multiple interfaces
Need multiple inheritance inheritance
can be implemented)
allowed)

Creating a plugin system

Rare Very common
or API

✅ Example Analogy

 Abstract Class: Think of a Vehicle class that has some

implemented methods like startEngine(), and some abstract like
drive(). All specific vehicles (Car, Bike) inherit this.

 Interface: Think of a Flyable or Swimmable interface. Any class

(Bird, Airplane, Fish) can implement it to show that they can fly or
swim, even if they are unrelated.

✅ Conclusion

Both abstract classes and interfaces are essential tools in Java's OOP
toolkit. Use abstract classes when you're working with closely related
classes with shared logic, and use interfaces when you're defining a
common contract across unrelated classes or need to support
multiple inheritance.
 Assignment – 02

Q1. Describe Java's memory management process in detail. Explain the

roles of the heap, stack, garbage collection, and the lifecycle of an object
in Java.

Ans.

Memory Management in Java

1. Memory Areas in Java

Java’s memory management is divided into different areas that work

together to manage how memory is allocated and deallocated for objects
and methods. These areas primarily include:

 Heap Memory

 Stack Memory

 Method Area

 Program Counter Register

But, for most programming concerns, the Heap and Stack are the main
areas.

2. Heap Memory

Definition:
The Heap is the runtime memory area where Java objects are stored. It is
a shared memory area and is used for dynamic memory allocation. Every
time you create a new object, it is stored in the heap.

Characteristics:

 Dynamically allocated: Memory for objects is allocated at runtime

using the new keyword.

 Managed by the JVM: The JVM allocates memory from the heap
when you create objects and deallocates memory when objects are
no longer in use, through Garbage Collection.

 Large and slower: The heap is generally much larger than the
stack, but accessing it is slower because it involves searching for
free memory spaces.
  Memory fragmentation: The heap can get fragmented if memory
is frequently allocated and deallocated, which may affect
performance over time.

Role in Memory Management:

 Stores all instance variables and arrays (objects).

 Garbage collection (explained later) happens in the heap to free

up memory that is no longer in use.

3. Stack Memory

Definition:
The Stack is the memory area where method calls and local variables are
stored. The stack follows the Last In, First Out (LIFO) principle,
meaning that the most recently used data is popped off first.

Characteristics:

 Small and fast: The stack is smaller than the heap but faster to
access. This is because the stack works with a predefined memory
structure and doesn’t require searching for free spaces.

 Automatically managed: The JVM automatically allocates and

deallocates memory in the stack for method invocations.

 Stores primitive data types: Local variables (like int, float, etc.)
and references to objects are stored in the stack.

Role in Memory Management:

 Stores method call frames, which include:

o Method arguments

o Local variables (primitive types)

o Reference variables (addresses to objects in the heap)

 Once a method execution is completed, its frame is removed from

the stack (method pops off).

 Stack memory is automatically freed when the method

execution is complete, which makes it efficient in terms of memory
deallocation.

4. Garbage Collection
Definition:
Garbage Collection (GC) is a process by which the JVM automatically
identifies and reclaims memory that is no longer in use. It frees up heap
space by clearing objects that are no longer referenced by any part of
the program.

How it works:

 Mark-and-Sweep algorithm: The most common garbage collection

technique, where objects are marked as live or dead, and then the
dead objects are swept away to free up space.

 Generational garbage collection: Java divides the heap into

generations (Young, Old, and Permanent generations) for efficient
collection.

o Young generation: Where most objects are created. It has

frequent garbage collection.

o Old generation: Objects that survive multiple GC cycles are

promoted here. GC occurs less frequently.

o Permanent generation (removed in Java 8 and replaced

with Metaspace): Stores metadata about classes and methods.

Types of GC:

 Minor GC: Occurs in the Young generation and is relatively quick.

 Major GC: Occurs in the Old generation and can be slower because
it collects a larger set of objects.

 Full GC: Involves cleaning the entire heap, including both the Young
and Old generations.

Role in Memory Management:

 Automated memory management: It helps prevent memory

leaks by automatically reclaiming memory from objects that are no
longer needed.

 Ensures that memory usage stays within limits, optimizing overall

application performance.

5. The Lifecycle of an Object in Java

The lifecycle of an object refers to the stages through which an object

passes, from creation to garbage collection. This process involves:
 1. Object Creation:
When an object is created using the new keyword, memory is
allocated in the heap. The constructor is called to initialize the
object.

Example:

Car myCar = new Car();

1. Object Usage:
After creation, the object’s methods and fields can be accessed. A
reference to the object is stored in the stack (as a local variable or
instance variable), but the actual data is stored in the heap.

2. Object Becomes Unreachable:

When no references to the object exist (either due to reassigning
the reference or the method call stack unwinding), the object is
marked as eligible for garbage collection.

3. Garbage Collection:
The JVM periodically checks for unreachable objects. When an object
is no longer referenced, the garbage collector deallocates
memory used by the object, freeing up space in the heap.

4. Finalization (Optional):
Before the object is completely removed, Java provides a finalize()
method (deprecated in recent versions) that allows developers to
clean up resources. However, reliance on finalization is discouraged
due to its unpredictability.

Summary of Memory Management in Java

Area Purpose Memory Type

Stores all objects and arrays Large, slower, garbage-

Heap
dynamically. collected.

Stores method calls and local Smaller, faster,

Stack
variables. automatically managed.

Garbage Automatically frees up memory for Occurs in the Heap to

Collection unused objects. prevent memory leaks.

Involves creation, usage,

Object Objects are managed via
unreachability, and garbage
Lifecycle Heap & Stack.
collection.
Conclusion

Java’s memory management system is designed to efficiently allocate and

deallocate memory, ensuring that resources are used optimally. The
combination of heap for dynamic storage, stack for method execution,
and garbage collection for cleaning up unused objects ensures smooth
application performance. The lifecycle of an object is closely tied to
these memory areas, with the JVM overseeing memory allocation and
cleanup.

Q2. What is Exception Handling in Java? Discuss its importance in robust

application development. Explain the try-catch-finally mechanism and the
difference between checked and unchecked exceptions.

Ans.

Exception Handling in Java

Exception handling in Java is a powerful mechanism to handle runtime

errors, ensuring the normal flow of the application is maintained. In
simpler terms, an exception is an event that disrupts the normal
execution of a program, like attempting to divide by zero or accessing a
null reference. Java provides a built-in framework to handle such errors
gracefully, allowing developers to manage errors without crashing the
entire application.

Importance of Exception Handling in Robust Application

Development

1. Improved Program Flow: Without exception handling, when an

error occurs, the program will terminate unexpectedly. Exception
handling ensures that the program can recover from errors and
continue running or handle the error appropriately.

2. Maintainability: Code with proper exception handling is easier to

debug and maintain. By capturing errors, the developer can pinpoint
where the issue occurred and take corrective actions, without
impacting the entire system.

3. User Experience: Exception handling allows you to provide clear,

user-friendly messages instead of showing raw stack traces to end-
users, making the application more reliable and user-friendly.
 4. Separation of Error Handling from Normal Code: It separates
error-handling logic from the main business logic, making the code
cleaner and more understandable.

5. Prevents System Crashes: Instead of crashing the application on

encountering an error, exception handling can gracefully close
resources, log errors, or attempt recovery, ensuring system stability.

Try-Catch-Finally Mechanism

Java provides a structured way to handle exceptions using the try-catch-

finally block.

1. try Block:

 The try block is used to wrap the code that might throw an
exception. It tells the JVM, "Try to execute this block of code, and if
an exception occurs, jump to the catch block."

 If no exception occurs, the code within the catch block is skipped.

2. catch Block:

 The catch block is used to catch and handle the exception that is
thrown in the try block. It specifies the type of exception to catch
and provides a place to handle the error, such as logging the error
or providing a meaningful message to the user.

 A catch block can catch one or more types of exceptions, either

using separate blocks or a single block with multiple exception
types.

3. finally Block:

 The finally block contains code that is always executed after the try
block, whether an exception occurred or not. This block is used to
release resources (like file handles, database connections, or
network resources) and perform cleanup tasks.

 If no exception occurred, the finally block executes after the try

block. If an exception was caught, it will execute after the catch
block.

Syntax:

try {

// Code that may throw an exception

} catch (ExceptionType1 e1) {

 // Handle exception of type ExceptionType1

} catch (ExceptionType2 e2) {

// Handle exception of type ExceptionType2

} finally {

// Cleanup code, will always execute

Example:

try {

int result = 10 / 0; // This will cause an ArithmeticException

} catch (ArithmeticException e) {

System.out.println("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.");

} finally {

System.out.println("This block always executes, cleanup code.");

Key Points:

 The try block contains code that might throw an exception.

 The catch block handles the exception.

 The finally block always executes, providing a place to clean up

resources.

Checked vs Unchecked Exceptions

Java distinguishes between two types of exceptions: Checked

exceptions and Unchecked exceptions.

1. Checked Exceptions

 Definition: Checked exceptions are exceptions that must be either

caught or declared in the method signature using the throws
keyword. The compiler checks at compile-time whether these
exceptions are handled properly.

 Common Examples:

o IOException

o SQLException
 o FileNotFoundException

 When to Use:

o When an exception occurs due to conditions outside the

program's control (e.g., file not found, network error, etc.).

o Checked exceptions are typically used for errors that are

expected but cannot be avoided by the program (like I/O
operations).

 Handling Checked Exceptions:

o You must either handle the exception using a try-catch block

or declare it in the method signature with the throws keyword.

Example:

public void readFile(String fileName) throws IOException {

FileReader file = new FileReader(fileName);

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(file);

// Further code

2. Unchecked Exceptions

 Definition: Unchecked exceptions are exceptions that do not

require explicit handling (i.e., no throws declaration is needed).
They are derived from RuntimeException and are typically caused
by programming errors like logic mistakes or misuse of the API.

 Common Examples:

o NullPointerException

o ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

o ArithmeticException

 When to Use:

o When the error is a programming bug (e.g., dividing by zero,

accessing null objects).

o Unchecked exceptions typically arise from runtime errors

that are usually difficult to recover from or prevent using code.

 Handling Unchecked Exceptions:

 o Unlike checked exceptions, unchecked exceptions are
optional to handle. You may choose not to handle them if
you believe that the program will naturally fail or if the error is
too severe to recover from.

Example:

public void calculate(int[] numbers) {

System.out.println(numbers[5]); // This can throw

ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

Key Differences Between Checked and Unchecked Exceptions

Feature Checked Exceptions Unchecked Exceptions

Inherit from Exception

Inheritance but not from Inherit from RuntimeException.
RuntimeException.

Handling
Must be handled using
Requireme Optional to handle.
try-catch or throws.
nt

IOException, NullPointerException,
Examples SQLException, ArithmeticException,
FileNotFoundException. ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.

Errors that can be

When to Errors resulting from bugs or
anticipated or recovered
Use invalid program states.
from.

Conclusion

Exception Handling in Java is critical for building robust applications. It

allows the program to gracefully handle runtime errors, preventing
crashes and ensuring a smooth user experience. The try-catch-finally
mechanism ensures that exceptions are caught, handled, and resources
are cleaned up effectively.

 Checked exceptions are used for recoverable errors, often related

to external resources like files or databases.

 Unchecked exceptions usually reflect programming errors that

are typically not recoverable.
Q3. Explain the significance of multithreading in Java. Discuss the lifecycle
of a thread and the various thread states, including how synchronization
works in Java.

Ans.

Significance of Multithreading in Java

Multithreading is a technique in Java that allows multiple threads to

execute concurrently within a single process, thereby making better use of
CPU resources and improving the performance of applications, especially
in environments that require handling multiple tasks simultaneously (like
web servers or real-time applications).

Benefits of Multithreading in Java:

1. Improved Performance:

o In a multithreaded application, tasks can be divided into

smaller threads, allowing the CPU to process them in parallel
(if the system supports it), leading to faster execution.

o It’s particularly beneficial on multi-core processors where

threads can run simultaneously on different cores, effectively
utilizing the full processing power.

2. Better Resource Utilization:

o Multithreading helps in better CPU utilization. When one

thread is waiting for input/output (I/O) operations, another
thread can execute, preventing the system from being idle.

3. Simplified Program Structure:

o Instead of creating complex code for managing multiple tasks,

multithreading allows a simpler way to handle tasks
concurrently, using thread management mechanisms built
into Java.

4. Responsive UI:

o In GUI applications, multithreading helps maintain a

responsive user interface (UI). While one thread handles
the user interface, other threads can perform background
tasks like data fetching, file processing, or computations
without freezing the UI.

5. Concurrency:
 o Multithreading is essential in building applications that require
concurrency, such as web servers, game engines,
database management systems, and real-time
applications.

Lifecycle of a Thread in Java

A thread in Java goes through various stages during its lifetime. The
thread lifecycle consists of several states, and the thread transitions
from one state to another depending on the execution flow.

States of a Thread:

A thread can exist in one of the following states during its lifecycle:

1. New (Born):

o A thread is in the New state when it is created but not yet

started. At this point, the thread is not yet eligible for
execution.

o A thread enters this state when an instance of the Thread

class is created.

Thread thread = new Thread();

Runnable (Ready to Run):

 A thread is in the Runnable state when it is ready to be picked by

the thread scheduler to be executed.

 The thread may be in the runnable state even if it is not currently

running. This means the thread is eligible to run and can be running
or waiting for CPU time.

 A thread enters this state after calling the start() method.

thread.start(); // Moves the thread to the Runnable state

 Blocked:

 A thread enters the Blocked state when it wants to access a

resource that is locked by another thread, such as when a thread
tries to acquire a lock on a synchronized block that is already
acquired by another thread.

 The thread will remain blocked until the resource becomes available.

 Waiting:
  A thread enters the Waiting state when it is waiting indefinitely for
another thread to perform a particular action (like completing a
task).

 It can enter this state using methods such as wait(), join(), or

sleep().

synchronized (obj) {

obj.wait();

Timed Waiting:

 A thread enters the Timed Waiting state when it is waiting for a

specified amount of time. For example, calling the sleep() method
with a time argument or using join() with a timeout.

 This state allows the thread to resume after the time elapses.

thread.sleep(1000); // Thread will sleep for 1000 milliseconds (1 second)

Terminated (Dead):

 A thread enters the Terminated state when it has completed its

execution or when it is forcefully terminated. The thread cannot be
started again once it enters the terminated state.

 A thread moves to this state when the run() method finishes or

when an uncaught exception occurs.

Thread States Diagram:

New (Born) --> Runnable (Ready) --> Running

| |

Blocked <-- Waiting <--> Timed Waiting

Terminated (Dead)

Thread Synchronization in Java

Synchronization in Java is a technique used to control access to shared

resources by multiple threads. It ensures that only one thread at a time
can access a resource, which is particularly useful when threads share
data or resources.

Without synchronization, when multiple threads try to access and modify

shared data at the same time, it can lead to data inconsistency or race
conditions. Synchronization helps avoid such issues by ensuring that
only one thread can access the critical section of code at a time.

Why Synchronization is Needed:

Consider a scenario where two threads try to update the same bank
account balance simultaneously. Without synchronization, one thread
might read the balance, and before it writes the new balance, the second
thread may also read the balance and overwrite it, causing data
corruption.

How Synchronization Works:

1. Synchronized Methods:

o You can declare a method as synchronized by using the

synchronized keyword. This ensures that only one thread can
execute the method at any given time for an object.

public synchronized void deposit(int amount) {

this.balance += amount;

 

If a thread enters a synchronized method, all other threads that try to

access the same method are blocked until the first thread exits the
method.

 Synchronized Blocks:

 Instead of synchronizing the entire method, you can synchronize

only a part of the method using synchronized blocks. This allows
more granular control over which part of the code needs to be
synchronized.

public void deposit(int amount) {

synchronized (this) {

this.balance += amount;

You can synchronize on a specific object or class (using this or a specific

object) to control which resources are accessed by threads.
Locks:

In addition to the synchronized keyword, Java provides explicit locking

mechanisms using the Lock interface (like ReentrantLock), which allows
more advanced synchronization features like fair locking and the ability to
try for a lock with a timeout.

java

Copy

Edit

Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();

lock.lock();

try {

// Critical section

} finally {

lock.unlock();

Volatile Keyword:

The volatile keyword in Java ensures that a variable’s value is updated

directly in memory and is visible to all threads. It’s used for variables that
are shared between threads but does not synchronize methods.

java

Copy

Edit

private volatile boolean flag = true;

This guarantees that changes to the variable are visible to all threads, but
it does not provide full synchronization for method execution.

Conclusion

Multithreading in Java is a crucial concept for building responsive, high-

performance applications. It allows the system to handle multiple tasks
simultaneously, improving resource utilization and overall program
efficiency.

Thread Lifecycle: Threads can be in various states—New, Runnable,

Blocked, Waiting, Timed Waiting, and Terminated—as they transition
through different phases during their execution.
Synchronization: Synchronization is used to control access to shared
resources by multiple threads, ensuring data consistency and preventing
race conditions. Java provides multiple ways to synchronize access,
including synchronized methods, synchronized blocks, locks, and volatile
variables.