Signal Processing

BNS SHAHEED MOAZZAM, LEC-2024

Instructor: Prof. Dr. Ashoke Kumar Sen Gupta, EEE, CUET

Historical background
“To understand a science it is necessary to
know its history”
—Auguste Comte (1798–1857)

The telegraph was perfected by Samuel Morse, a painter. With the words “What hath
God wrought,” transmitted by Morse’s electric telegraph between Washington, D.C., and
Baltimore, Maryland, in 1844, a completely revolutionary means of real-time, long-distance
communications was triggered.

In 1875, the telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell, a teacher of the deaf.
The telephone made real-time transmission of speech by electrical encoding and replication
of sound a practical reality.

2
 On December 12, 1901, Guglielmo Marconi received a radio signal at Signal
Hill in Newfoundland; the radio signal had originated in Cornwall, England, 1700 miles
away across the Atlantic.

In 1904, John Ambrose Fleming invented the vacuum-tube diode, which paved the
way for the modern electronics.

The first all-electronic television system was demonstrated by Philo T. Farnsworth in

1928.

3
 Optical communication

Satellite
communication

Computer networks

Digital communication

4
Why this course important?

5
Typical Signal Processing Systems

6
Typical Communication Systems

Figure: The elements of Signal, System, and Communication

7
Typical Control Systems Systems

8
What will we learn?

9
Underlying Questions are…….

 What is a signal?

 What is signal processing?

 What is a system?
10
What is a signal?
A signal describes how some physical quantity varies over
time and/or space.

11
In mathematical sense, any physical quantity carrying
information that varies with one or more independent
variables. For instance:

12
 Some examples of signals include:
 Speech
 A voltage or current in an electronic circuit
 A position, velocity, or acceleration of an object (e.g.
RADAR pulse )
 Electrocardiogram (ECG), EEG…
 DNA sequence
 A force or torque in a mechanical system
 A flow rate of a liquid or gas in a chemical process
 Image
 Video
 Stock price 13
Fig. Speech signal Fig. ECG signal

14
What is signal processing?
 Manipulating a signal to change its characteristics
or extract information
 Performed by-
 Computer
 Special purpose integrated circuits
 Analog electrical circuits

15
Signal Processing Applications

16
Typical SP Problems-I

17
Typical SP Problems-II

18
Typical SP Problems-III

19
Signal Processing Philosophy

20
Modeling Issues

21
Language of Signal Processing

22
Summary

23
Notations and Basic Signal Properties
Recall that, in mathematical sense, any physical quantity
carrying information that varies with one or more
independent variables.

24
Five methods of classifying signals, based on different
features, are common:

 Continuous-time and discrete-time signals

 Even and odd signals
 Periodic signals, non-periodic signals
 Deterministic signals, random signals
 Energy signals, power signals
25
 Continuous-time (independent variable) and discrete-
time (independent variable) signals
 Continuous: take any value
 Discrete: limited set of values,
typically integers
 Notations
• continuous independent variable
• discrete independent variable
26
Often we obtain a discrete-time signal by sampling
a continuous-time signal

27
 Signals stored in a computer must be discrete!
 Common to connect samples with straight lines
• Visual clarity with large number of samples
• Use continuous-time axis labels to visualize as
continuous-time signal

Important: Discrete-time signals are

not digital signals!!!
28
29
 Periodic signals, non-periodic signals

A periodic signal x(t) is a function of time that satisfies the condition

x(t) = x(t + T) for all t
where T is a positive constant. For smallest value of T, the frequency is
called the “fundamental frequency”

30
In case of discrete-time signals, a discrete-time signal x[n] is said to be
periodic if :
x[n] = x[n + N] for integer n,

where N is a positive integer.

The smallest integer N for which Eq. is satisfied is called the fundamental
period of the discrete-time signal x[n].

31
► Determine the fundamental frequency of the discrete-time square wave shown in
Fig. 1.16.

32
 Even and odd signals

A continuous-time signal x(t) is said to be an even signal if :

x(-t) = x(t) for all t

A continuous-time signal x(t) is said to be an odd signal if :

x(-t) = -x(t) for all t.

 Even signals are symmetric about the vertical axis, or time origin.
 Odd signals are antisymmetric about the time origin.
 Similar remarks apply to discrete-time signals.

Examples(1.1,1.2) @ Simon Haykin

33
In the case of a complex-valued signal, we may speak of conjugate
symmetry. A complex-valued signal is said to be conjugate
symmetric if :

If, , then its conjugate,

34
Example

 What is the fundamental frequency of this wave? Express

the fundamental frequency in units of Hz and rad/s.

35
36
 Deterministic signals, random signals

37
38
39
40
41
42
43
Basic Signal Operations

44
45
46
Elementary Signals of interests
 Exponentials-represents decay or growth
 Continuous-time Exponentials
 Discrete-time Exponentials
 Exponentially-damped sinusoids
 Steps- represents sudden changes, as switch
 Impulses- represents perturbation, “kick the tires”

47
Fig: Continuous-time Exponentials

48
Fig: Discrete-time Exponentials

49
Fig: Exponentially-damped Sinusoids

50
Examples:
 Pluck guitar string
 Envelope of decay
 Exponentially damped sinusoid approximation

51
52
53
Continuous-time Elementary Signals
 Unit Impulse Signal (Dirac Delta Function),
 The unit impulse signal, has the value zero everywhere except
at , where its value is infinitely large in such a way that its total
integral is 1.

54
  We may consider as the building block of any continuous-time
signal, described by the shifting property:

This is very important equation in deriving convolution concept for LTI system!!! 55
 Unit Step Signal,

The unit step function has the form of:

As there is a sudden change from 0 to 1 at is not well defined.

56
 can be expressed in terms of as:

Conversely, we can use to represent :

57
 Sinusoid

58
59
For the complex-valued case, can be written as:

Using the Euler’s identity we can write:

A complex-sinusoid is also periodic with radian frequency .

60
From the Euler’s formula, we can write:

61
Basic Discrete-time Signals

 Unit Impulse (or sample)

 Unit Step
 Sinusoid

62
63
 serves as the building block of any discrete-time signal :

 can be expressed in terms of as:

 can be expressed in terms of as:

64
Let’s explore more:
 bounded/unbounded signal?
 power/energy signal?

 bounded/unbounded signal?
 power/energy signal?

 Let us construct some signal .

65
What is a system?

Fig.

66
 System
(H or T)

A System is an operator H (or T)

which maps input into output.
67
68
Fig.

Fig.

69
70
Fig. Hardware system of resistor-capacitor circuit

Fig. Pop-art production using an algorithm 71

System properties
 Linearity, Time Invariance and Causality are
properties that systems may possess and
systems which possess these properties are
particularly powerful for processing signals.

 So it is important to look at these properties of

systems.
72
 A system is linear if the principle of superposition applies

73
Examples: Check the linearity

74
75
76
 Time-invariance (Characteristics do not change over time)

A system is time-invariant if a time-shift of input causes a

corresponding shift in output.

77
More explanations

78
79
Example: Check the TI

80
 Causality (Present output does not depends on future input)

81
82
 Stability

83
Introduction to LTI System

Actually what does a system do?

1. Model a physical phenomenon

2. Implement desired characteristic

84
 )

Fig: In order to retrieve the

Fig: A physical phenomenon
original signal then we have
maps into a system model
to process signals
Let us design a system with the following function,
Four LTI System Descriptions
Computation Intuition
Difference
Equation ***** *
Impulse
Response *** ***
Frequency
Response * *****
System Function
(poles/zeros) * ****
87
Difference Equation description for LTI system

This is an important class of LTI systems. It can be used to:

 Model physical system
 Design filters
 Implement (compute) filters
𝑵 𝑴

𝒌 𝒌
𝒌 𝟎 𝒌 𝟎

88
Suppose,

Impulse response input, and

It can be solved as:

…………………………
89
Impulse Response description for LTI system

Why it is important?

The Impulse Response completely describes an important class of

systems- the output depends only on the input and impulse
response.

90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104