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Assignment 3

This document contains 10 questions related to thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and quantum physics. Question 1 asks to calculate partition functions for two particles in four energy states obeying fermion and boson statistics. Question 2 asks to write the energy levels and partition functions for two atoms in four energy states obeying classical, fermion, and boson statistics. Question 3 relates to relativistic particle density of states and partition function. The remaining questions cover topics like molecular beam speed distributions, blackbody radiation, photon gas in the universe, chemical equilibrium conditions, semiconductor electron density, and a Fermi gas partition function expression.

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Stephen Tan
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157 views

Assignment 3

This document contains 10 questions related to thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and quantum physics. Question 1 asks to calculate partition functions for two particles in four energy states obeying fermion and boson statistics. Question 2 asks to write the energy levels and partition functions for two atoms in four energy states obeying classical, fermion, and boson statistics. Question 3 relates to relativistic particle density of states and partition function. The remaining questions cover topics like molecular beam speed distributions, blackbody radiation, photon gas in the universe, chemical equilibrium conditions, semiconductor electron density, and a Fermi gas partition function expression.

Uploaded by

Stephen Tan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHY3602 Assignment 2

Semester 1 2007/8

1. Consider two identical particles which are to be placed in four single-particle states. Two of these states have energy 0, one has energy , the last has energy 2 . Calculate the partition function given that the particles are (a) fermions and (b) bosons. 2. Consider a system of two atoms, each having only four single-particle states of energies 0, , 2 , and 3 . The system is in contact with a heat bath at temperature T . Write down the energy levels and the partition function given that the particles obey (a) classical statistics because the particles are distinguishable; (b) Fermi-Dirac statistics because they are indistinguishable Fermi particles, which implies that two atoms have to be in different single-particle states; (c) Bose-Einstein statistics because they are indistinguishable Bose particles, which implies that the two atoms can be in the same single-particle states. Zero spin can be assumed. 3. According to the theory of relativity, the energy , of a particle of rest mass m , and momentum p = k is 2 = p 2 c 2 + m 2 c 4 . (a) What is the density of states in energy of a relativistic particle ( p 2 m2c 2 ) enclosed in a volume V ? (b) Give an expression for the partition function of an ideal gas of N relativistic particles at high temperature. 4. The oven in a simple molecular beam apparatus contains H2 molecules at a temperature of 300K and at a pressure of 1 mm of mercury. The hole in the oven has a diameter of 100 m which is much smaller than the molecular mean free path. Calculate: (a) the distribution in speeds of the molecules in the beam; (b) the mean speed of the molecules in the beam; (c) the most probable speed of molecules in the beam; (d) the average rotational energy of the molecules; (e) the flux of molecules through the hole. (A pressure of 760 mm of mercury is equivalent to 1.013 105 Nm 2 ).

5. Calculate the average reciprocal speed u 1 of a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution for a particle of mass m in three dimensions. 6. Suppose u ( ) d is the energy density per unit volume emitted by a black body in the wavelength range to + d . At what wavelength does u ( ) have its maximum value? Take the radiation from the Sun to be black body radiation with a maximum in u ( ) at 480 nm . What is the temperature of the Sun?

7. Imagine the Universe to be a spherical cavity with radius 1026 m . If the temperature in the cavity is 3 K , estimate the total number of thermally excited photons in the Universe, and the energy content of these photons. Use: x2 x3 dx = 2.40411 ; ex 1 e x 1 dx = 6.49394 . 0 0
8. Consider the reaction 3 O2 2 O3 .

Identify the stoichiometric coefficients. What is the condition for chemical equilibrium between oxygen and ozone? 9. Suppose that there is a density nD of electron donors in a semiconductor. Determine the electron density ne = nD + nh by using the condition for chemical equilibrium. 10. Obtain an expression for for a Fermi gas at high temperatures when n(k ) is given by n ( k ) = e ( ( k ) ) / k BT e 2 ( ( k ) ) / k BT + .

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