Design Assignment TU Noord: February 2012

CIE4491 Fundamentals of Urban Drainage
Design Assignment
TU Noord
Dr.Ir. J.A.E. ten Veldhuis
February 2012
Table of Contents
1.
The Assignment
1.1. Introduction
1.2.
Design requirements
1.3.
Preliminary design
1.4.
Detailed design
1.5.
SOBEK model calculations
1.6.
Evaluation of design calculations rational method versus Sobek model calculations
1.6.
Final report
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
Project Description
Project Area
Catchment area and characteristics
Surface Water
Ground levels and ground water levels
Pumping station
Drinking water consumption
Rainfall data
Specific design requirements
Additional specific design requirements
3. Calculations
3.1.
Wastewater production (dry weather flow)
3.2.
Stormwater discharge
3.3.
The catchment areas
3.4.
Hydraulic calculations
3.5.
Design of the overflow construction
3.6.
Water quality aspects
3.7.
Cost calculations
10
10
10
12
13
14
15
15
4.
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
Layout and Design

The preliminary layout
Dimensioning of the sewer sections
Final layout
16
16
16
17
5.
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.

Milestones, Objectives and Deliverable Items

19
Set-up of group assignment project (SU)
19
Baseline Review (BR)
19
Preliminary design review (PDR)
19
Final review (FR)
19
Final presentation (FP) 20
Appendix
21
CIE4491
Fundamentals of Urban Drainage
Design Assignment
Responsible chair:
Urban Drainage
Principal tutor:
Dr.Ir. J.A.E ten Veldhuis

E-Mail: J.A.E.tenVeldhuis@TUDelft.nl
Room: HG 4.65
Case:
TU Noord
Design objective:
Ensuring a proper urban drainage situation in a new or

redevelopment area by designing an efficient and robust
system for collection and transport of wastewater and stormwater and for control of groundwater levels, taking into
account environmental, social and economic requirements.
Learning objectives:
After successful finishing of the design assignment the student should be able to:
-- apply acquired knowledge and skills to make a preliminary design of an urban drainage system for a new development area as well as for an existing urban area that
is to be redeveloped;
-- know what data are needed for urban drainage system
design, how these data can be obtained, and what data
sources can be consulted;
-- write a comprehensible report about the design process
that explains the choices made, clarifies design calculations and presents the final outcomes.
1.
The Assignment
1.1.
Introduction
This design assignment is an integral part of the lecture series on the Fundamentals of Urban Drainage
(CIE4491) which aims at providing the student with the necessary theoretical background to design an
urban drainage system for the collection and transport of wastewater and rainwater in a new development or a redevelopment area, taking into account environmental, social and economic requirements.
For this assignment, three real cases in and around Delft have been selected: the Westerkwartier residential area, the Poptahof commercial centre and surrounding redevelopment area, and the TU-Noord
residential area. This allows the students to go out and get an impression of the situation on site.
The design assignment is conceived for groups of 3 students and the workload is an estimated 56 hours
(2 ECTS) per student. The design process follows four basic steps:
-- preparation of a detailed list of design requirements for the urban drainage system;
-- preliminary design of three system alternatives: draft layouts and calculation of design parameters;
-- detailed design of three system alternatives: fi nal layout and detailed design of main stormwater
transport line;
-- evaluation and discussion of the three system alternatives.
1.2.
Design requirements
A detailed list of design requirements must be prepared that will serve as a starting point for the design
of the new urban drainage system. Design requirements and criteria stated in this manual should be
taken into consideration and choices in the design should be justified in the design report. Furthermore,
additional basic data required for the design may be collected in the field or taken from textbooks.
The required return period for flooding is to be decided upon by the team; the chosen return period
must be motivated in the final design report.
1.3.
Preliminary design
Every group designs three alternatives for the given design situation, one of which must be a combined
sewer system and one should be a sustainable system, taking into account aspects such as restoration
of natural water flows and minimum energy consumption.
The preliminary design includes a description of system principles and main components and a draft
lay-out on the map of the case study area. The team will develop criteria for the evaluation of the
preliminary design alternatives. Each group then evaluates the pros and cons of the three alternatives;
based on this evaluation one alternative is recommended. Possible evaluation criteria are: robustness
(ability to cope with unpredictable circumstances, e.g. exceptionally heavy storms, wrong connections,
discharge of toxic or aggressive substances), impact on surface and groundwater quality, costs and
aesthetics.
The preliminary design alternatives will be discussed with the supervisor in week 3 of the course period
(see course schedule)
1.4.
Detailed design
The group chooses a preferred alternative out of the three preliminary designs. This choice is to be motivated in the final design report. A detailed design, including hydraulic calculations, must be prepared for
the chosen alternative. The design calculations are to be made based on the rational method. The area
is to be split into several subareas for which the run-off coefficients must be estimated. The detailed
Design Assignment TU Noord
design must be made for one of the three alternatives. A cost calculation based on given unit prices
must be made for the detailed design alternative.
1.5.
SOBEK model calculations
Based on the detailed design, a SOBEK model is to be built for the system. A SOBEK workshop will
be organised in week 4 of the course period (see course schedule) to get acquainted with the model.
Based on the SOBEK model of the design alternative, the following calculations are to be conducted:
-- Rainfall input: design rainfall intensity used in rational method calculations
-- Rainfall input: design storms T=2 yrs (STNBUI08), T=5 yrs (STNBUI09) and T=10 yrs (STNBUI10)
-- Implement at least two changes in the system to increase the return period of flooding (from 2 to
5 yrs or 5 to 10 yrs).
-- In case no flooding occurs for STNBUI10 in your current design: implement at least two changes
to make the design more efficient and reduce overdimensioning (in the end, the system should be
able to cope with STNBUI10)
1.6.
Evaluation of design calculations ration method versus Sobek model calculations
Include one chapter in the final design report that describes assumptions made with regard to Rational
method calculations and Sobek model input (infiltration, runoff coefficients, roughness factor etc.) and
that presents the results of both calculations.
For the Sobek model calculations, comment on the differences between rainfall inputs, at what locations flooding occurs and what are the effects of changes to the system to increase the return period
of flooding.
In addition, comment on the differences between results of the calculation methods, what insights can
be gained from each of the methods.
The design calculations will be discussed with the supervisor in week 5 or 6 of the course period (see
course schedule).
1.7.
Final report
The end product is one combined design report per group and one presentation per group at the minisymposium taking place at the end of the period.
The final report should at least include the following deliverables:
-- list of design requirements and criteria with respect to the future situation;
-- motivated choice of a return period to be applied for the hydrodynamic calculations;
-- calculation of design parameters that are needed for the design (wastewater production, IDF-curve,
stormwater discharge, catchment areas);
-- draft layout of the three alternative future sewer systems on the city map including:
the location of a pumping station,
main sewer pipes and overflow constructions,
direction of flow in the pipes,
indication of the surface areas discharging to the main sewers;
-- final layout for detailed design:
complete sewer system with directions of flow in the sewers,
main sewer(s), including the location of manholes,
catchment areas with respective surface area and the run-off coeffi cient,
length, diameter and invert level of each section of the main sewer(s),
-- hydraulic calculations for the detailed design and discussion of possible flooding and capacity
problems;
-- longitudinal section of the main sewer (for a separate sewerage system: of the rain water system)
(horizontal scale 1:2000, vertical scale 1:200), which should at least include:
ground level,
top and invert levels of the sewer pipes,
water gradient curve during the discharge of storm water,
exact location of the manholes;
-- conclusions and recommendations
2.
TU Noord
Design a new sewer system for the Rotterdamseweg Noord and the Zeehelden areas. Scattered parts of
the sewer system in this area have been replaced in the past; these parts are to remain and are to be
incorporated in the design of the new system.
2.1.
Project Area
The project area has both residential as non-residential areas (TU-buildings and small industries) and a
total surface of about 106 ha. It consists of three areas main areas, the Rotterdamseweg Noord area,
the Koningsveld area and the Zeehelden area and the area between the Jaffalaan, the Julialaan and the
Michiel de Ruiterweg. The Rotterdamseweg Noord area is mainly industrial and has only 29 inhabitants.
The Zeehelden area and the Koningsveld area are mainly residential and have 1530 and 750 inhabitants
respectively.
The exact project area lies in the draining area Zuidplantsoen next to the TU-Delft campus and is enclosed by the Schie on the west and north side, by the Mijnbouwplein, Michiel de Ruyterweg, Jaffalaan
and Rotterdamseweg on the east side (with all these roads included in the area) and the Kruithuisweg
viaduct on the south side. The project area is shown in Figure 1 where the project area boundary is
drawn with a red line and the different subareas are separated with grey lines.
Figure 1: Map of the TU Noord area (Source:

Google Maps)
Figure 2: Target water levels in the project area
In the current situation of the Rotterdamseweg Noord area the main sewer goes from the southern part
of the Rotterdamseweg trough the Cornelis Drebbelweg, the Leeghwaterstraat, the Jaffalaan and the
Michiel de Ruyterweg to the pumping station Zuidplantsoen. In this situation the Cornelis Drebbelweg
and the Leeghwaterstraat are still part of the general sewer system while in the future this will become
part of the TU-Delft system, the new design has to be adapted to this situation. Furthermore a new
residential area with up to 220 houses will be developed next to the Rotterdamseweg. The area south
of the the Julianalaan will also be redeveloped in the future. It can be assumed that an additional 100
houses will be built here. Both are drawn as green areas in figure 1.
The sewer system in the Koningsveld area has recently been replaced and is to be remain and incorporated in the design of the new system, you can find the current system in the Autocad file sewersystemZeehelden.dwg on Blackboard. The sewer system in the Zeehelden area does have to be renewed. One
of the main problems in this area is the absence of surface water. Furthermore there has often been
problems with water on the street on the Diamantpad.
In the area of the Mijnbouwplein and Michiel de Ruyterweg there will be a tramway in the future. The
sewer system should give a solution to the pollution of storm water from the tramway. In the past this
area has had some problems with flooding after large rainfall events which is the direct motivation for
an investigation of the sewer system in this area. The new design should provide a solution for this
problem.
2.2.
Catchment area and characteristics
A map with impervious surfaces in the TU Noord area can be found on blackboard (filename: Catchment TU Noord.pdf). For the net yet developed areas it can be assumed that 80% will be impervious.
There is one sewer overflow in the current system at the Prins Berhardlaan/Jaffalaan with its weir crest
depth at NAP -1.04 m and a crest width of 1m. The location of this overflow is indicated in figure 1 with
an orange dot.
The main sewer in the Rotterdam Noord area also gets three injections from other areas at dry weather
flow. Together these injections enter the project area at the south end of the Rotterdamseweg, see blue
arrow in figure 1. The injections together make up for a 102 m3/h .
2.3.
Surface Water
In this area different target water levels are maintained. In the southern part the target water level is
NAP -3.02 m and close to the Jaffalaan it is NAP -2 and around the Zuidplantsoen pumping station NAP
-1.49 m, see figure 2. The Schie has a surface water level of NAP -0.43 m.
2.4.
Ground levels and ground water levels
The ground levels in the project area can be assumed to be at NAP+0.10 m. In this area groundwater
levels have been monitored on different places. Graphs showing the groundwater fluctuations can be
found on Blackboard. An example of the Rotterdamseweg 70 is given in figure 3.
Figure 3: 2 years series of groundwater levels at the Rotterdamseweg 70.
2.5.
Pumping station
The combined sewer system in the project area is currently transported to the Zuidplantsoen pumping
station which has a capacity of 2500m3/h. It can be assumed that the pumping station capacity is sufficient for the receiving water from this area.
2.6.
Drinking water consumption
For the calculation of the wastewater production it can be assumed that the water consumption per
inhabitant is 140 litres per day, which are consumed over a period of 10 hours. The water losses amount
to 20 litres per day per inhabitant. The total industrial area along the Rotterdamseweg has an annual
water consumption of approximately 47500 m3.
2.7.
Rainfall data
Precipitation data from 4 automatic rain gauges in the vicinity is provided in a separate file on Blackboard (knmi_rainfall data for stations 210_330_344_348). Given the distance between the rain gauges,
data from the gauges can be considered independent. Based on these rainfall data partial series can
be derived for 5, 15, 30 and 60 minute intervals by applying a peak over threshold method. The partial
series are to be used to construct Intensity Duration Frequency curves (IDF-curves) for return periods
of 1, 2, 5 and 10 years.
The sewage system needs to be designed for a certain return period of rainfall, for example once every
year or every two years. Corresponding rainfall intensities are to be derived from the IDF-curves.
2.8.
Specific design requirements
-- The available storage capacity needs to be sufficient to store stormwater from the area equivalent
to a T=10 years storm: 36 mm.
-- Flooding frequency needs to be brought down to at least once per 2 years (or lower,
-- Parts of the sewer system that have been replace recently must be maintained and incorporated into
the new design
-- Rotterdamseweg serves as flood defence structure to separate the Schie river from the polder areas
to the east. This protection function is to be maintained.
-- Stormwater runoff from the tramline cannot be directly discharged to surface water; it needs to undergo some kind of treatment
-- The situation of the existing sewer with a diameter of 1000 mm at the Jaffalaan/Rotterdamseweg
crossing and of the pressure main from the Zuidplantsoen pumping station must be taken into account in the design of the longitudinal profile of the sewer systems
-- Infiltration in the area is possible at a limited number of locations, because of the soil characteristics.
A geological map is provided that can be used to identify potential locations for infiltration
-- There is lack of storage capacity for stormwater in the area; stormwater storage in the area needs
to be maximised
2.9.
Additional specific design requirements
-- The group is required to qualitatively discuss the advantages and drawbacks of reusing or renewing
the existing sewer system (i.e. costs, dimensions, existing house connections, sustainability etc.);
-- The group is required to qualitatively discuss possible solutions for the problem of existing combined
house connections (for the design of separate systems, it can be assumed that all houses will have
separate wastewater and stormwater connections);
-- The group is required to qualitatively discuss the potential effects of climate change on the design.
3.
Calculations
3.1.
Wastewater production (dry weather flow)
The wastewater production can be calculated based on the number of inhabitants and the drinking
water consumption, taking into consideration water losses and possible infiltration of ground water. The
urban drinking waterASSIGNMENT
consumption comprises
both domestic and industrial usage. Water
losses occur
CT4490
DESIGN
AND
when drinking water does not end up in the sewage system, e.g. water used to wash cars or to water
the garden. Leakage out of the sewage system is negligible. In sewers with an invert level below the
peak factor:
ground water level, infiltration
of ground water occurs.
CALCULAT
2.5
The wastewater production
=
p 1.5is +subject to a significant diurnal pattern, as can be seen in Figure 4. In order
Qav peak factor can be estimated as:
to account for this effect, a so-called
=
p 1.5 +
2.5
Qav
with:
p = peak factor
Qav= average waste water production in l/s
(1)
with:
p = peak factor Using table B2 in appendix B the wastewater production can be determined for the design of the s
waste water production in l/s
Qav = average dailysystem.
Qav
Figure
4 Wastewater
production
in 24
Figure
4: Typical diurnal
pattern
of hours
wastewater production.
Alternatively, it is often assumed that the daily wastewater production takes place within ten hours of
3.4 Storm water quantities
the day. This is equivalent to a peak factor of p = 2.4.
The precipitation data is based on measurements in Lelystad from 1970 through 1984. Based on
Stormwatermeasurements partial series have been derived for rain periods of 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes.
discharge
The sewage system needs to be designed for the transportation of an amount of water that has a
Not all water is actually
being discharged towards the sewage system. Stormwater that falls on pervious
return period, for example once every year or once every two years (see 3.6 for further informat
areas, such as public gardens, private gardens, etc., is assumed to infiltrate into the ground. Water that
falls on impervious areas,
such as roofs and roads, is assumed to fully flow into the sewage system.
Not all water is actually being discharged towards the sewage system. Storm water that falls at un
The percentage of water
that flows into the sewage system therefore depends upon the percentage of
areas, such as public gardens, private gardens, etc, is supposed to infiltrate into the ground. Wa
impervious area in a neighbourhood,
often expressed as a run-off coefficient between 0 and 1 (0=100%
falls at paved areas, such as roofs and roads, is supposed to fully flow into the sewage system. T
pervious, 1=100% impervious).
centage of water that flows into the sewage system therefore depends upon the percentage of
area in a neighbourhood, often expressed as a run-off coefficient between 0 and 1 (0=100% un
Rational Method 1=100% paved)
3.2.
The discharge of water

a downstream
section
of a sewagesection
systemofisa the
sum system
of discharges
of allof discharges of
Theindischarge
of water
in a downstream
sewage
is the sum
sections situated upstream
of this section.
principle
of This
adding
valuesofisadding
the basis
of the
so-called
tions situated
upstreamThis
of this
section.
principle
values
is the
basis of the so-called r
rational method. The method.
rational method
can be
used to
calculate
indischarges
a branchedinsewage
system.
The rational
method
can
be useddischarges
to calculate
a branched
sewage system. Fo
For more complex systems,
computer modelling software has been developed (e.g. Sobek, Infoworks).
complex systems, computer modelling software has been developed (e.g. Sobek, Infoworks).
The following relation between discharge and rain intensity is assumed:
10
Qn = i (m Fm )
m =1
with:
The following relation between discharge and rain intensity is assumed:

n
Qn = i (m Fm )
(2)
m =1
with:
Qn =
i =
m =
Fm =
the
the
the
the
discharge in the system at a location with n upstream sections in l/s

precipitation intensity in l/(sha)
run-off coefficient of the catchment area that discharges towards sewer section m
ASSIGNMENT
CT4490 towards sewer section m in
DESIGN
AND CALCULATIO
catchment area (impervious
area) that discharges
ha.
= the catchment
area (paved area) that discharges towards sewer section m in ha.
The rational method is based on theFmfollowing
assumptions:
-- The rain is spread evenly over the
catchment area, in other words the rain intensity is constant over
The rational method is based on the following assumptions:
the catchment area.
- The rain is spread evenly over the catchment area, in other words the rain intensity is consta
catchment
area;
-- The intensity is constant for the the
duration
of the
rainfall.
- The intensity is constant for the duration of the rainfall;
-- The maximum discharge at a random
location P in the sewer system (see Figure 5) is a function of
- The maximum discharge at a random location P in the sewer system (see figure 5) is a functio
the average precipitation intensity
that
associated
with the
needed with
for the
a rain
to travel
average is
precipitation
intensity
that time
is associated
timedrop
needed
for a rain drop to travel f
from the furthest location in the furthest
systemlocation
to location
in combination
the time needed
for aneeded
rain for a rain drop to
in theP,
system
to location P,with
in combination
with the time
thevia
sewer
the earth surface.
drop to get into the sewer system
thesystem
earth via
surface.
Furthest location
hallo
5 -Travel
Figure Figure
5: Travel
route.route
The above-mentioned amount of time is called conce

time (tc):
tc = to + td
to = The amount of time it takes a raindrop to get into the
system via the surface. For this assignment it is assumed
= 5 minutes and remains constant.
td = The amount of time it takes a drop of rain to travel f
furthest location in a sewer system to the location under con
tion. This amount depends upon the velocity of flow in the
and therefore upon the diameters of the pipes. The rain i
used in the calculations of the critical flow depends upon t
centration time.
Rainfall depth-duration-frequency curves are frequently u

the design of sewer systems (see figure 6) when apply
rational method. These curves are of the form:
R = a . (tr)b
with:
R = rainfall in mm
The above-mentioned amount of time
is called concentration time (tc):
t=
t0 + td
c
a = constant with for each return period a specific value

b = constant, 0<b<1
tr = duration of rainfall in h
(3)
Rainfall depth-duration-frequency curves do not represent actual rain storms !
with:
They exclusively give information on the frequency of a certain amount of rain (R) during a certain
a raindrop
get intois the
sewer
system
the period,
surface.
this
t0 = The amount of time it takes
of time
(tr). Thisto
frequency
always
expressed
as via
a return
e.g.For
once
every two years (T=2
return
is associated
with a different
rainfall depth-duration curve.
assignment it is assumed that
to period
= 5 minutes
and remains
constant.
td = The amount of time it takesFor this assignment it is necessary to know the intensities, which occur with a certain return per
a drop of rain to travel from the furthest location in a sewer system
for
a certain
durationupon
of rainfall.
These intensities
can
besewderived from the rainfal
to the location under consideration.RThis
amount
depends
the velocity
of flow in
the
T = n duration-frequency curves:
i T =n =
ers and therefore upon the diameters
of the pipes. The rain intensity used in the calculations of
tr
the critical flow depends upon the concentration
time.
with:
iT=n = the precipitation intensity in mm/h, for return period T
Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF)
RT=n =Curve
the amount of precipitation in mm, for return period T
tr = the rainfall duration in h
For this assignment it is necessary to
the intensities
which occur with a certain return period and
n know
= the return
period in years
for a certain duration of rainfall. These intensities can be derived from the rainfall data.
Depending on the function and development of the catchment area, a sewer system is designe
intensity that occurs with an acceptable return period. A sewer system will never be designed for
11
Depending on the function and development of the catchment area, a sewer system is designed for
an intensity that occurs with an acceptable return period. A sewer system will never be designed for a
maximum expected rainfall, mainly for reasons of cost.
The design intensities can be determined using the rain data by the following steps:
-- Determine the desired return period.
ASSIGNMENT CT4490
DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS
-- Derive the rain intensity in l/(s.ha) for different rainfall durations and draw a graph for intensity vs.
duration.
-- Using this intensity-duration-frequency curve, the corresponding design intensity for each concentration time can be determined.
Intensity,
l/(s.ha)
Neerslagintensiteit,
l/(s.ha)
160
T=1
T=1 jaar
year
T=2year
jaar
T=2
120
ASSIGNMENT
CT4490
80
DESIGN AND CALCULATIO
40
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Duration
of rainfall,
Regenduur,
min min
Figure
Example
two intensity-duration-frequency
curves.
Figure 7 6:
-Example
of two of
intensity-duration-frequency
curves
3.3.
The catchment areas
Figure 2 -Standard representation of sewer information
The amount of stormwater that is discharged into the sewer system depends on the size and characteristics of the catchment. Stormwater
that falls on pervious areas largely infiltrates into the ground,
3.2 The catchment areas
whereas stormwater that falls on impervious areas (streets, side-walks, roofs) runs off and predomiThe amount of storm water that is discharged into the sewage system depends on the size and cha
nantly enters the sewer system.
acteristics of the catchment area. Storm water that falls on unpaved areas largely infiltrates into the
ground, whereas storm water that falls on paved areas (streets, side-walks, roofs) runs off and pred
For hydraulic calculations it needs
to enters
be known
which system.
part of a catchment area runs off towards which
inantly
the sewage
section of the sewer system. An
example of a method of allocating catchment areas to a specific sewer
For hydraulic calculations it needs to be known which part of a catchment area runs off towards wh
section is shown in Figure 7. section of a sewer pipe. An example of a method of allocation of catchment areas to a specific sew
section is shown in figure 3.
11
Figure37: -Allocation
One method
of allocating
catchment
Figure
of catchment
area
areas to specific sewer sections.
3.3 Wastewater production
12
The wastewater production can be calculated based on the number of inhabitants and the drinking w
consumption, taking into consideration water losses and possible infiltration of ground water.
The urban drinking water consumption comprises both the usage by companies and industries and b
population. Water losses occur when drinking water does not end up in the sewage system, e.g. w
used to wash cars or to water the garden.
A laundry using large amounts of water is located at the Grote Markt. Besides the normal wastew
production, an extra discharge of wastewater flows here into the sewage system, spread out evenly
3.4.
Hydraulic calculations
Hydraulic calculations are useful to understand and evaluate the systems behaviour given the load applied. In this assignment, hydraulic calculations are made for all three design alternatives.
The diameters of sewer pipes in combined sewage systems are actually based on the discharge of storm
water since for heavy rainfall the amount of storm water significantly exceeds the dry weather flow. In
the Netherlands it is common that combined sewage systems and rain water systems completely fill up
during rainfall. For the determination of the pipe diameters, the principles of hydraulics of flow through
completely or partially filled pipes are used.
The head loss for flow through full pipes can be described using the Darcy-Weisbach formula:
h =
L u2
D 2g
(4)
with:
h = head loss in m water column
= friction factor (dimensionless)
L = length of pipe, m
D = diameter of pipe, m
u = velocity of flow, m/s
g = acceleration of gravity, m/s2
The friction factor can be calculated using the formula of White-Colebrook:
2.51
k
=
2 log
+
Re 3.71D
(5)
with:
Re = the Reynolds number = uD/
= kinematic viscosity
k = wall roughness, m
Equation (5) can be used for any kind of pipe, that is, for all wall roughnesses. The first term between
the brackets relates to hydraulically smooth pipes, the second one to hydraulically rough pipes. Concrete
sewer pipes (k = 1.5 mm) can be considered hydraulically rough, so that the first term can be neglected
(the maximum error that is introduced is 2.5%).
Hence, the friction factor for hydraulically rought pipes can be calculated as:
3.71
= 2 log
k /D
(6)
Rewriting the formula of Darcy-Weisbach (4) as function of the flow velocity yields:
u=
2gDI
(7)
with:
I = the hydraulic gradient = h/L
13
Substitution of and Re= uD/ yields the formula for the velocity of flow:
3.71
u = 2 2gDI log
k /D
(8)
The discharge can be calculated for full pipes using:
Q = u 14 D2
(9)
For each combination of pipe diameter D and gradient I, the discharge Q and velocity of flow u can be
calculated using above-mentioned formulae for a completely filled pipe.
The kinematic viscosity depends on the temperature and is defined as:
497 10 6
(T + 42.5)1.5
(10)
with:
T = temperature in C
Based on above-mentioned formulae, pairs of values for Q and u were calculated for a water temperature of 10 C and a wall roughness of 1.5 mm. These values are provided in Appendix H.
With a given discharge Q, designing comes down to determining the right diameter in combination with
the right gradient. As a first approach the following rule is often used:
i=
1
D
(11)
with:
i = slope or gradient
D = pipe diameter in mm
3.5.
Design of the overflow construction
An overflow construction can be implemented as a rectangular overflow weir. For this construction the
following formula applies:
Q = 1.86Bh3 / 2
(12)
with:
Q = overflowing discharge, m3/s
B = width of the weir crest, m
h = overflow height, m
For alternative forms of an overflow construction, please refer to literature for the correct discharge
formulae.
When designing multiple overflow constructions one should realise that a certain part of the total
catchment area discharges through a particular overflow during rainfall. Moreover, a certain amount of
water is being pumped towards the wastewater treatment plant. The discharge through the overflow
construction(s) is therefore the total discharge minus the maximum pump capacity.
14
3.6.
Water quality aspects
A simplified and qualitative evaluation of water quality aspects can be made by accounting for three
types of substances, and the impact of different urban drainage systems on surface and groundwater
bodies.
Organic matter (COD) can cause oxygen depletion in surface water. Furthermore, nutrients (nitrogen
and phosphorus) and micro-pollutants (heavy metals, polycarbons, pesticides, etc.) can deteriorate water quality. Finally, bacteria present in the wastewater can be a health-risk.
Table 1: Qualitative evaluation of the impact of different sewer systems on surface and ground water bodies.
Impact on surface water
Impact on soil and/or groundwater
COD and nutrient supply
Heavy metal
pollution
Microbial
contamination
COD and nutrient supply
Heavy metal
pollution
Microbial
contamination
Combined sewer system with

combined sewer overflows
(discharge to surface water)
low frequency,
high concentrations
low frequency,
high concentrations
low frequency,
high concentrations
none
none
none
Separate sewer system with

discharge of rainwater to
surface water bodies
high frequency,
low concentrations
high frequency,
high concentrations
high frequency,
low concentrations
none
none
none

rainwater infiltration facilities
none
none
none
high frequency, low

concentrations
high frequency, low

concentrations
high frequency, low

concentrations

wrong connections
(discharge to surface water)
high frequency,
high concentrations
high frequency,
high concentrations
high frequency,
high concentrations
none
none
none

wrong connections
(infiltration facilities)
none
none
none
high frequency,
high concentrations
high frequency,
high concentrations
high frequency,
high concentrations
The group is required to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the three alternatives with respect to the water quality aspects listed in Table 1. In case of obvious water quality problems with a
specific alternative, possible solutions shall be suggested and the pros and cons of various options to
reduce emissions to surface and groundwater, such as end-of-pipe treatment (constructed wetlands,
filters) or facilities to improve water quality in the surface water system, shall be discussed. It must
be taken into account that sufficient space must be available for above-ground facilities and that some
facilities may have aesthetic aspects while others may cause malodour. Heavy constructions on weak
soils are especially costly because proper foundation must be provided. Finally, the problem of faulty
connections and possible solutions needs to be discussed.
3.7.
Cost calculations
As a part of the assignment, you are required to make a cost calculation for each of the 3 alternatives
that you have designed. The cost calculation is to be based on the following assumptions:
- main sewer line: use pipe dimensions that were calculated
- all other sewers in the lay-out: assume dimension of 300mm
Once the costs of every alternative have been calculated: compare total costs per alternative and discuss the differences.
NB: The preferred material, according to the requirements of Delft municipality, is PVC. Cost tables are
given for concrete pipes, yet price differences between concrete and PVC pipes are small: therefore, in
the assignment cost tables for concrete pipes can be used for cost calculations of PVC pipes.
Appendix C of the assignment manuals provides base prices of sewer system components.
15
4.
Layout and Design
4.1.
The preliminary layout
Wastewater from the development area needs to be transported to the pumping station(s). From there
it will be pumped towards a wastewater treatment plant. In this assignment all wastewater has to be
transported towards the pumping station(s) under free-flow conditions. This condition also applies for
the transport of storm water in a combined sewage system. All pipes, both for wastewater as well as for
storm water, need to be underground.
To be able to design the layout of a sewage system it is essential to acquire a map with contour lines.
Secondly, the location to which the system needs to transport the wastewater has to be determined.
For a combined sewage system or the wastewater system of a separate sewage system this could be
the wastewater treatment plant or a pumping station that will pump the water towards a wastewater
treatment plant. For a rainwater system, however, the location of an outlet to surface water needs to be
selected. For a combined sewage system one or multiple overflow constructions will have to be located
near surface water.
For this assignment it is mandatory that the sewer system be branched.
Respecting these conditions, a draft layout can be designed using the following procedure:
-- Determine the direction of flow of storm water runoff over land using the contour lines. Also, determine the direction of flow in the sewer pipes using the contour lines and roughly sketch these on
the area map.
-- Consider several options for the layout of the main sewer(s).
-- Choose two alternatives and make a preliminary layout of the main sewer(s), after which the most
important branches and finally all sewers can be drawn.
-- Indicate the direction of flow in the sewer pipes on the map.
-- Indicate the manholes in the main sewer pipe.
-- Determine which surface areas discharge into the which sections of the main sewer.
4.2.
Dimensioning of the sewer sections
After the preliminary layout of the system has been drafted, the dimensions of each section of the main
sewer pipe can be calculated starting at the location of the most upstream situated manhole. The following steps should be taken into account:
-- future dry weather flow;
-- intensity-duration-frequency curve for rainfall;
-- catchment area per section, taking into account different wastewater productions per area;
-- run-off coefficients per area;
-- infiltration of ground water;
-- available pipe diameters (see Appendix B);
-- the ground cover should at least be 1 m to protect the sewer pipes against traffic loads and to allow
for house connections;
-- the average flow velocity in the pipes cannot exceed 3 m/s;
The hydraulic tables in Appendix F should be filled out row by row. An examplary hydraulic calculation
for the layout in Figure 9 can be found at the end of Appendix F for a storm water system.
The example tables include calculations of the piezometric levels at the upstream and downstream ends
of pipe segments. Compare these levels with the ground level at this points and check whether manhole
flooding (i.e. piezometric level above ground level) occurs. If it does, the design should be changed so
16
that no flooding occurs. The piezometric levels also indicate whether a pipe is full or partially filled. The
corresponding calculation formulas can be used accordingly.
4.3.
Final layout
In the final layout, all details needed for a complete design will have to be given in the drawing.
These are:
-- The serial numbers and sizes of the catchment areas, as well as their class / zone.
-- The serial numbers of the manholes (only the ones that are considered in calculations) including their
ground level and invert level.
-- The lengths and diameters of the calculated sewer sections of the main sewer.
The diameters and invert levels of the sewer sections are the result of hydraulic calculations. Figure 8
shows the standard representation of above-mentioned parameters in the layout drawing.
ASSIGNMENT CT4490
Catchment
Manhole
Pipe
Figure
2 -Standard representation
of sewer information charateristics
charateristics
charateristics
Figure 8: Standard representation of sewer information.
3.2 The catchment areas
The amount of storm water that is discharged into the sewage system depends on the size and charAn exampleacteristics of the catchment area. Storm water that falls on unpaved areas largely infiltrates into the
of a layout is given in Figure 9 and an exemplary longitudinal section is shown in Figure 10.
ground, whereas storm water that falls on paved areas (streets, side-walks, roofs) runs off and predominantly enters the sewage system.
For hydraulic calculations it needs to be known which part of a catchment area runs off towards which
section of a sewer pipe. An example of a method of allocation of catchment areas to a specific sewer
section is shown in figure 3.
Figure 3 -Allocation of catchment area
3.3 Wastewater production
17
The wastewater production can be calculated based on the number of inhabitants and the drinking water
consumption, taking into consideration water losses and possible infiltration of ground water.
The urban drinking water consumption comprises both the usage by companies and industries and by the
An example of a longitudinal section of (a downstream part of) the storm water system in figure 9 is shown
in figure 10.
7,10
5,60
5,00
5 5.30
L=60
D=1.0
5
5.10
L=160 D=0.4
7,30
5,50
L=80
D=0.6
3
10 0,68
3,00
II A
L=90
L=240 D=0.4
L=90 D=0.6
IIIC
IIIB
0,52
IIIB
A
L=80
D=0.8
0,40
11 1,32
6,30
IIIB
7.10 4
7,00
L=160
7,60
12 2,65
L=240 D=0.5
1,85
L=160
D=0.4
7,50
5,85
L=145
D=0.6
2
0,66
7,80
1,44
7,50
2,20
IA
5,60
10
6,00
1,48
7,80
11
5,68
6,70
L=200
D=0.4
L=200 D=0.5
7,30
8,00
IA
IC
12
L=175
D=0.3
6,23
II C
13
6,60
IB
II C
7,00
8,00
6,40
2,00
IA
Figure 9 -Example of a layout
Figure 9: Example of a layout.
ASSIGNMENT CT4490
17
Manhole number
Ground level
Invert level
Sewer gradient
Distance
section
total
Diameter
Figure 10 -Longitudinal section of a storm water system
Figure 10: Longitudinal section of a storm water system.
18
5.
Milestones, Objectives and Deliverable Items
5.1.
Set-up of group assignment project (SU)
Date: Week 1
-- Form assignment groups (3 students)
-- Choose assignment project (1 out of 3: Poptahof, Rotterdamseweg, Westerkwartier)
-- Prepare project planning
-- Understand current project area situation and future plans.
5.2.
Baseline Review (BR)
Date: Week 2
-- Compile design requirements and design choices. Motivate where applicable.
-- Choose return period for flooding
-- Collect data for basic calculations: run-off areas, runoff generation, domestic wastewater production,
industrial wastewater production, groundwater inflow, etc.
Deliverable items:
-- List with design requirements.
-- Area characteristics: population, land use, allotment, wastewater production, stormwater inflow,
groundwater inflow, etc.
-- Choose three system alternatives
5.3.
Preliminary design review (PDR)
Date: Week 3-4

-- Preliminary design of three alternatives: type of system, system layout etc.
-- Select stormwater and wastewater collection system principles (pipes/infiltration zones/storages/
green roofs/etc.)
-- Make basic calculations required for the preliminary design: run-off areas, runoff generation, wastewater production, groundwater inflow, connections of areas to system elements, etc.
Assignment meeting 1 with lecturer
-- Discuss preliminary design alternatives and selection for detailed design
5.4.
Final review (FR)
Date: Week 4-6

-- Detailed design of the selected urban drainage system: horizontal alignment, type of system, location of manholes, etc.
-- Hydraulic calculations: expected discharge per pipe section, dimensions and gradients of the pipe
sections etc.
-- Check that no flooding occurs.
Assingment meeting 2:
-- discuss design calculations final design
19
5.5.
Final presentation (FP)
Date: Week 7-8

-- Prepare a brief and concise overview of the project, the work done and the results obtained.
Deliverable items:
-- Final presentation (28 March 2012)
-- Final design report (deadline 5 april 2012)
20
Appendix A. Demands of the future network manager

A.1.
General requirements
-- Minimal diameter of 315 mm for non-pressurised pipes.

-- Minimal diameter of 63 mm for pressurised pipes.
-- Note that for PVC pipes nominal diameters are external diameters. For all other pipe types nominal
diameters are internal diameters. This must be taken into account for the hydraulic calculations.
-- Maximum flow velocity in pressurised pipes of 2.0 m/s.
-- Maximum filling of non-pressurised pipes of 50%.
-- Pipe material: PVC.
-- Minimal cover of the pipes of 1.00 m for residential streets.
-- Minimal cover of the pipes of 1.60 m for main streets.
-- Maximal length of pipe section between manholes of 70 m.
-- Restricted number of different pipe types/diameters.
-- The return period for flooding should be chosen at an acceptable level: please motivate your choice.
-- A reservation should be made for a future installation of a rainwater treatment facility.
-- If possible, rain water pipes must be located above waste water pipes.
-- No height jumps in the sewer system.
-- Minimal gradient of 1:250 in the first section and of 1:500 in all other sections.
-- Sewers that are constructed on piles must be made from reinforced concrete. PVC is not allowed.
A.2.
Intersection of wastewater and stormwater pipes
For the intersection of wastewater and stormwater pipes there are two possible design options:
-- The rainwater pipe is conducted via an inverted siphon below the wastewater pipe;
-- The wastewater pipe crosses a manhole in the rainwater collection system: rainwater is flowing
through the manhole whereas the wastewater pipe crosses the manhole.
A.3.
Intersection of water collection pipes and surface water bodies
For the intersection of waste- or stormwater pipes with ditches there are two possible design options:
-- The whole waste- or storm water collection system is located at least one metre below the ground
of the surface water body;
-- An inverted siphon is used locally at the intersection with the ditch.
N.B.: In the municipality of Delft there are about 100 inverted siphons in the wastewater collection
system and about 200 to 300 inverted siphons in the separate stormwater collection systems.
Inverted siphons and pipes crossing manholes, however, are prone to blockage and accumulation
of debris.
A.4.
Ground water leakage
The pipes in the municipality of Delft are for the most part located below the groundwater table. As a
consequence, the dryweather flow can consist of up to 50% groundwater. This fact must be taken into
account when designing the wastewater collection system. As a rough estimate, ground water infiltration in this assignment can be assumed to amount to approximately 0.3 litre per second per hectare.
21
A.5.
Connection of pressurised and non-pressurised pipes
The most important requirement in relation to the connection of a pressurised main to a gravity sewer
main is that the pressurised main should always release its discharge under water to avoid odour nuisance. Wastewater from pressurised mains suffers from oxygen depletion, especially for longer mains.
As a result, hydrogen sulphide and methane gases are formed. These gases are released as the water
enters from the pressurised main into a gravity sewer. Discharging water from the pressurised main
under water prevents most of the gas from rising to the urban surface, where they would cause odour
nuisance.
This requirement can be fulfilled by connecting the pressurised main to a manhole that is always filled
with water. This is realised by placing weir in the manhole where it connects to the gravity sewer.
22
Appendix B. Cost Estimation of Sewer Pipes

B.1.
Cost estimation for the construction of new sewer pipes including manholes
Assumptions
Base price 300 mm sewer pipe
130
/m pipe
Base price 700 mm sewer pipe
470
/m pipe
Base price manhole 800 x 800 mm
1,940
/unit
1 manhole per
40
meter
Base price house connection
230
/unit
1 house connection per
10
meter
Base price rainwater inlet and connection
300
/unit
1 rainwater inlet and connection per
10
meter
pipe
diameter
pipe costs manhole

dimensions
manhole
costs
manhole
costs
house
connection
rainwater
inlet costs
total costs
[mm]
[/m]
[/unit]
[/m pipe]
[/m pipe]
[/m pipe]
[/m pipe]
[mm x mm]
200
100
600 x 600
1,540
39
23
30
190
300
130
800 x 800
1,940
49
23
30
230
400
160
1000 x 1000
2,440
61
23
30
270
500
200
1000 x 1000
3,080
77
23
30
330
600
250
1250 x 1250
3,880
97
23
30
400
700
470
1250 x 1250
4,890
122
23
30
650
800
540
1250 x 1250
6,160
154
23
30
750
900
610
1500 x 1500
7,750
194
23
30
860
1000
700
1500 x 1500
9,770
244
23
30
1,000
1250
970
1750 x 1750
17,150
429
23
30
1,450
1500
1,340
2000 x 2000
22,540
564
23
30
1,960
B.2.
Cost estimation for the construction of pressurised sewer systems
Assumptions
Base price pressurised pipe
B.3.
- diameter 63 mm - 100 mm
0.31
/m/mm
- diameter 100 mm - 315 mm
0.51
/m/mm
Cost estimation for demolition works
Demolition
Demolition
Demolition

Demolition
Demolition
Demolition
and removal of rectangular manholes 600/800 mm

and removal of rectangular manholes 1000 mm
and removal of round manholes 400-800 mm
and removal of concrete pipes 300-600 mm
and removal of concrete pipes 600 - 800 mm
and removal of PVC pipes 315- 400 mm

88,96 per manhole

105,37 per manhole
75,77
per manhole
15,11
19,62
12,01
per metre
per metre
per metre
23
no
no
1
2
3
Section
Origin
surface
from to
man man branch
hole hole company
ha
added
A
ha
cum.
A
4
5
Catchment area
l/s.ha
l/s
discharge discharge
qA
q
l/s
cum.
qA
l/s
added
l/s
cum.
8
9
10
DRY WEATHER FLOW
Infiltration
Domestic and industrial
wastewater
l/s
Qp
8+10
Peak
discharge
11
13
ha
added
A
Catchment area
runoff coef
12
ha
cum.
A
15
min
tc
l/s
Qr = i.A
Discharge
18
l/s
Qp + Q r
19
TOTAL DISCHARGE
Page 1: Calculation of discharge
ASSIGNMENT CT4490
combined sewage system
Appendix C. Hydraulic Calculations

Appendix: Hydraulic calculations
l/s/ha
16
17
RAINFALL RUNOFF
Concentration Rain intensity
time
APPENDICES
24
25
26
no
no
Section
from to
man man
hole hole
m NAP
up
22
m NAP
down
m NAP
up
m NAP
down
23
24
25
PROPOSED CONDUIT
Slope
Length
Invert level
Elevation
21
Ground level
20
Size
26
28
l/s
Qo
m/s
vo
Dis.
Velocity
capacity
Full pipe
27
30
Qp/Qo
m/s
Velocity
Peak
dry weather flow
29
Qr/Qo
m/s
m/s
Velocity Velocity
32
m NAP
Lower
end
36
min
Actual
concen
tration
time
37
38
REMARKS
Page 2: Proposed conduit
combined sewage system
ASSIGNMENT CT4490
m NAP
Upper
end
33
34
35
HYDRAULIC CONTROL
Partially filled pipe
Piezometric level
31
APPENDICES
25
no
no
1
2
3
Section
Origin
from to
surface
man man branch
hole hole company
7
8
9
10
DRY WEATHER FLOW
Domestic and industrial
Infiltration
wastewater
ha
ha
l/s.ha
l/s
l/s
l/s
l/s
added cum. discharge discharge cum. added cum.

A
A
q
qA
qA
Catchment
area
l/s
Qp
8+10
Peak
discharge
11
m
NAP
up
14
m
NAP
down
15
down
m m NAP
NAP
up
Invert level
Elevation
13
Ground level
12
I
m
16
17
18
PROPOSED CONDUIT
Size
Length Slope
20
22
m/s
m/s
Velocity Qp/Qo Velocity
Peak discharge
21
23
REMARKS
Wastewater system
separate sewage system
ASSIGNMENT CT4490
l/s
Cap.
Qo
Full pipe
19
APPENDICES
26
27
28
no
no
1
2
3
Section
Origin
from to surface
man man branch
hole hole
ha
ha
ha
min
tc
l/s.ha
l/s
Qr
6
7
8
9
10
RAINFALL RUNOFF
Catchment area
Concen Rain Dischar
ge
tration intensity
time
area runoff added cum.

coef.
A
A A
down
up
down
Invert level
14
15
16
17
PROPOSED CONDUIT
Length Slope Size
m NAP m NAP m NAP m NAP
up
13
Elevation
12
Ground level
11
l/s
Qo
m/s
vo
19
20
m/s
21
m NAP m NAP
min
29
REMARKS

separate sewage system
Storm water system
m/s
22
23
24
25
28
HYDRAULIC CONTROL
Full pipe
Partially filled
Piezometric level
Actual
pipe
concen
tration
time
Upper Lower
h
Dis. Velocity Qr/Qo Velocity Velocity
end
end
capac.
18
ASSIGNMENT CT4490
APPENDICES
27
29
10
12
11
12
10
11
12
13
11
1,32
2,65
0,68
2,2
2,0
3,0
1,85
0,50
2,65
1,32
9-5
13-5
0,5
0,5
0,75
0,35
0,35
0,35
0,50
0,50
0,75
0,50
0,35
0,75
0,50
0,75
0,35
0,40
12-4
0,52
3,0
0,66
8-3
1,85
1,44
ha
1,48
7-2
nr
nr
0,66
1,33
0,51
0,77
0,70
1,05
0,93
0,66
1,33
0,30
1,98
0,26
1,05
0,50
0,93
1,08
0,52
ha
1,98
1,47
8,61
6,32
4,08
2,53
0,52
ha
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
min
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
l/s.ha
61
122
182
135
64
97
86
792
581
375
233
48
l/s
7.00
7.10
7.30
7.50
7.80
7.70
8.00
7.10
7.30
7.50
7.80
8.00
7.10
7.10
7.30
7.30
7.50
7.50
7.80
7.00
7.10
7.30
7.50
7.80
5.60
5.60
5.68
6.00
6.40
6.30
6.60
5.10
5.50
5.85
6.23
6.70
5.28
5.20
5.56
5.68
6.00
5.75
6.23
5.00
5.30
5.50
5.85
6.23
20
m NAP m NAP m NAP m NAP
160
240
90
200
200
240
160
60
80
80
145
175
2,0
1,61
1,35
1,6
2,0
2,3
2,3
1,7
2,5
4,4
2,28
2,7
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,50
0,40
0,40
0,40
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,60
0,30
94
151
224
151
94
100
100
968
653
406
290
51
l/s
0,75
0,77
0,79
0,77
0,74
0,80
0,80
1,23
1,30
1,44
1,04
0,72
m/s
65
81
81
90
68
97
86
82
89
92
80
94
0,79
0,83
0,85
0,82
0,78
0,83
0,86
1,33
1,39
1,33
1,11
0,76
m/s
m/s
10,1
8,3
4,3
8,2
7,2
6,1
3,8
min
Appendix:
m NAP m NAP
Actual
conc.
time
28
29
REMARKS
ASSIGNMENT CT4490
Storm water system
Table separate sewage system
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Section
of
RAINFALL RUNOFF
PROPOSED CONDUIT
HYDRAULIC CONTROL
Partially filled
Elevation
Length Slope Size
Full pipe
Piezometric level
Catchment area
Concen Rain Dischar
from to Area
pipe
tration intensity ge
man man
time
hole hole
Upper Lower
Bran Area Run- added cum.
Ground level
Invert level
Dischar Velocity Qr/Qo Velocity Velocit Hydr.
i
tc
Qr
y
Grad.
end
end
off
ch
ge
coef
capacity
Down
Up
Down
A
A
A
Up
Qo
vo
Example of design calculation for a separate sewer system
APPENDICES
28
29
Appendix D. Hydraulic Properties of Partially Filled Circular Pipes

D.1.
Graphical representation
Figure 11 shows the relation between water depth in the pipe and the flow velocity and the discharge,
respectively.
H =
D =
v =
Q =
Vfull =
Qfull =
water depth
pipe diameter
flow velocity in a partially filled pipe
discharge in a partially filled pipe
full pipe velocity
full pipe discharge
Q/Qfull
v/vfull
Figure 11: Velocity and discharge in partially filled pipes.
29
ASSIGNMENT CT4490
D.2.
APPENDICES
Characteristic values for partially filled circular pipes
Appendix G Characteristic values for partially filled circular pipes

Q/Qfull
30
30
Q/Qfull
h/D
V/Vfull
R/D
Q/Qfull
h/D
V/Vfull
0.001 0.023 0.17
h/D
V/Vfull
0.0152 0.210
R/D
0.309
0.80
0.1751
0.805
0.701
1.08
0.2964
R/D
0.002
0.2969
0.032 0.21
0.0210 0.220
0.316
0.81
0.1784
0.810
0.705
1.08
0.003 0.038 0.24
0.0249 0.230
0.324
0.82
0.1820
0.815
0.709
1.08
0.2974
0.004
0.044
0.0287
0.331
0.83
0.1851
0.820
0.713
1.08
0.2979
0.005
0.26
0.240
0.049 0.28
0.0319 0.250
0.339
0.84
0.1887
0.825
0.717
1.08
0.2984
0.006 0.053 0.29
0.0345 0.260
0.346
0.85
0.1918
0.830
0.721
1.08
0.2989
0.007 0.057 0.30
0.0370 0.270
0.353
0.86
0.1948
0.835
0.725
1.08
0.2993
0.008 0.061 0.32
0.0395 0.280
0.360
0.86
0.1978
0.840
0.729
1.07
0.2997
0.009 0.065 0.33
0.0420
0.290
0.367
0.87
0.2007
0.845
0.734
1.07
0.3002
0.010 0.068 0.34
0.0439 0.300
0.374
0.88
0.2037
0.850
0.738
1.07
0.3006
0.011 0.071 0.35
0.0458 0.310
0.381
0.89
0.2066
0.855
0.742
1.07
0.3010
0.012 0.074 0.36
0.0476 0.320
0.387
0.89
0.2090
0.860
0.747
1.07
0.3014
0.013 0.077 0.36
0.0495 0.330
0.394
0.90
0.2118
0.865
0.751
1.07
0.3018
0.014 0.080 0.37
0.0513 0.340
0.401
0.91
0.2146
0.870
0.756
1.07
0.3022
0.015 0.083 0.38
0.0532 0.350
0.407
0.92
0.2170
0.875
0.761
1.07
0.3025
0.016 0.086 0.39
0.0550
0.360
0.414
0.92
0.2197
0.880
0.766
1.07
0.3028
0.017 0.088 0.39
0.0562 0.370
0.420
0.93
0.2221
0.885
0.770
1.07
0.3031
0.018 0.091 0.40
0.0581 0.380
0.426
0.93
0.2243
0.890
0.775
1.07
0.3033
0.019 0.093 0.41
0.0593 0.390
0.433
0.94
0.2269
0.895
0.781
1.07
0.3036
0.020
0.095 0.41
0.0605 0.400
0.439
0.95
0.2291
0.900
0.786
1.07
0.3038
0.022
0.100
0.42
0.0635 0.410
0.445
0.95
0.2313
0.905
0.791
1.07
0.3040
0.024
0.104 0.43
0.0659 0.420
0.451
0.96
0.2334
0.910
0.797
1.07
0.3041
0.026 0.108 0.45
0.0683 0.430
0.458
0.96
0.2359
0.915
0.803
1.06
0.3042
0.028 0.112 0.45
0.0707
0.464
0.97
0.2380
0.920
0.808
1.06
0.3043
0.030 0.116 0.46
0.0731 0.450
0.470
0.97
0.2401
0.925
0.814
1.06
0.3043
0.032 0.120 0.47
0.0755 0.460
0.476
0.98
0.2420
0.930
0.821
1.06
0.3043
0.034 0.123 0.48
0.0772 0.470
0.482
0.99
0.2441
0.935
0.827
1.06
0.3042
0.036 0.127 0.49
0.0796 0.480
0.488
0.99
0.2461
0.940
0.834
1.05
0.3040
0.038 0.130 0.50
0.0813 0.490
0.494
1.00
0.2481
0.945
0.841
1.05
0.3037
0.040
0.134
0.50
0.0837
0.500
1.00
0.2500
0.950
0.849
1.05
0.3033
0.045
0.141
0.52
0.0877 0.510
0.506
1.00
0.2519
0.955
0.856
1.05
0.3029
0.050
0.149
0.54
0.0923
0.512
1.01
0.2538
0.960
0.865
1.04
0.3022
0.055
0.156
0.440
0.500
0.520
0.55
0.0963 0.530
0.519
1.01
0.2559
0.965
0.874
1.04
0.3014
0.060 0.163 0.57
0.1002 0.540
0.525
1.02
0.2577
0.970
0.883
1.04
0.3004
0.065 0.170 0.58
0.1042 0.550
0.531
1.02
0.2595
0.975
0.894
1.03
0.2989
0.070 0.176 0.59
0.1075 0.560
0.537
1.02
0.2612
0.980
0.905
1.03
0.2972
0.075 0.182 0.60
0.1108 0.570
0.543
1.03
0.2629
0.985
0.919
1.02
0.2946
0.080 0.188 0.61
0.1141 0.580
0.550
1.03
0.2649
0.990
0.935
1.02
0.2908
0.085 0.194 0.62
0.1174 0.590
0.556
1.03
0.2665
0.995
0.956
1.01
0.2844
0.090
0.200
0.63
0.1206 0.600
0.562
1.04
0.2681
1.000
1.000
1.00
0.2500
0.095
0.205
0.64
0.1233 0.610
0.568
1.04
0.2697
0.100 0.211 0.65
0.1265 0.620
0.575
1.04
0.2715
0.105 0.216 0.66
0.1291 0.630
0.581
1.05
0.2731
0.110 0.221 0.67
0.1317 0.640
0.587
1.05
0.2745
0.115 0.226 0.68
0.1343 0.650
0.594
1.05
0.2762
0.120 0.231 0.69
0.1369 0.660
0.600
1.05
0.2776
0.125 0.236 0.69
0.1395 0.670
0.607
1.06
0.2793
0.130 0.241 0.70
0.1421 0.680
0.613
1.06
0.2806
0.135
0.245
0.71
0.1441 0.690
0.620
1.06
0.2821
0.140
0.250
0.72
0.1466 0.700
0.626
1.06
0.2834
0.145
0.255
0.72
0.1491 0.710
0.633
1.06
0.2848
0.150 0.259 0.73
0.1511 0.720
0.640
1.07
0.2862
0.155 0.263 0.74
0.1531 0.730
0.646
1.07
0.2874
0.160 0.268 0.74
0.1556 0.740
0.653
1.07
0.2887
0.165 0.272 0.75
0.1575 0.750
0.660
1.07
0.2900
0.170 0.276 0.76
0.1595 0.760
0.667
1.07
0.2912
0.175 0.281 0.76
0.1619 0.770
0.675
1.07
0.2925
0.180 0.285 0.77
0.1638 0.780
0.682
1.07
0.2936
0.190 0.293 0.78
0.1676 0.790
0.689
1.07
0.2947
0.200
0.1714 0.800
0.697
1.07
0.2958
0.301 0.79
0.88
1.07
1.23
1.39
1.53
1.67
1.79
1.92
2.21
2.47
2.77
2.96
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1250
1500
1800
2000
0.92
1.04
1.25
1.44
1.62
1.79
1.95
2.10
2.24
2.58
2.89
3.24
3.46
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1250
1500
1800
2000
10859.1
8240.0
5109.0
3166.0
1761.3
1334.9
979.0
688.6
458.5
283.3
156.9
73.2
45.1
3.52
3.30
2.94
2.63
2.28
2.14
1.98
1.82
1.65
1.47
1.27
1.05
0.93
250
5.80
5.60
Q (l/s)
63.3
39.0
v (m/s)
9401.4
7133.7
4422.9
2740.7
1524.6
1155.5
847.4
596.0
396.8
245.1
135.8
3.03
2.84
2.53
2.26
1.96
1.84
1.71
1.57
1.42
1.26
1.09
0.91
0.80
4.30
64.1
39.5
Q (l/s)
9512.9
7218.4
4475.4
2773.3
1542.7
1169.2
857.4
603.1
401.5
248.0
137.4
3.06
2.87
2.56
2.29
1.99
1.86
1.73
1.59
1.44
1.28
1.11
0.92
0.81
4.40
64.8
39.9
9623.1
7302.0
4527.3
2805.4
1560.6
1182.8
867.4
610.1
406.2
250.9
139.0
3.10
2.90
2.59
2.31
2.01
1.88
1.75
1.60
1.45
1.29
1.12
0.93
0.82
4.50
9732.1
7384.7
4578.6
2837.2
1578.3
1196.2
877.2
617.0
410.8
253.8
140.6
65.6
40.4
3.13
2.93
2.62
2.34
2.03
1.90
1.76
1.62
1.47
1.31
1.13
0.94
0.83
4.60
66.3
40.8
9839.9
7466.5
4629.3
2868.7
1595.8
1209.5
887.0
623.8
415.4
256.6
142.2
3.17
2.97
2.65
2.36
2.05
1.92
1.78
1.64
1.49
1.32
1.14
0.95
0.84
4.70
67.0
41.3
9946.5
7547.4
4679.5
2899.8
1613.1
1222.6
896.6
630.6
419.9
259.4
143.7
3.20
3.00
2.68
2.39
2.08
1.94
1.80
1.66
1.50
1.34
1.16
0.96
0.85
4.80
67.7
41.7
10052.0
7627.5
4729.1
2930.5
1630.3
1235.6
906.1
637.3
424.3
262.1
145.2
3.23
3.03
2.70
2.41
2.10
1.96
1.82
1.67
1.52
1.35
1.17
0.97
0.86
4.90
68.4
42.1
10156.4
7706.7
4778.2
2961.0
1647.2
1248.4
915.5
643.9
428.8
264.9
146.8
3.27
3.06
2.73
2.44
2.12
1.98
1.84
1.69
1.53
1.36
1.18
0.98
0.87
5.00
69.1
42.6
10259.7
7785.1
4826.9
2991.1
1664.0
1261.1
924.9
650.5
433.1
267.6
148.3
3.33
3.12
2.79
2.49
2.16
2.02
1.88
1.72
1.56
1.39
1.20
1.00
0.88
5.20
70.5
43.4
10463.3
7939.7
4922.7
3050.6
1697.0
1286.2
943.2
663.4
441.8
272.9
151.2
3.39
3.18
2.84
2.53
2.20
2.06
1.91
1.76
1.59
1.42
1.23
1.02
0.90
5.40
71.9
44.3
10663.0
8091.2
5016.7
3108.8
1729.5
1310.8
961.3
676.1
450.2
278.1
154.1
74.5
45.9
11051.7
8386.2
5199.6
3222.2
1792.6
1358.6
996.4
700.8
466.7
288.3
159.7
3.58
3.35
2.99
2.67
2.32
2.17
2.02
1.85
1.68
1.49
1.29
1.07
0.95
6.00
75.8
46.7
11241.0
8529.9
5288.7
3277.4
1823.3
1381.9
1013.5
712.8
474.7
293.2
162.5
3.64
3.41
3.04
2.71
2.36
2.21
2.05
1.88
1.71
1.52
1.31
1.09
0.97
6.20
77.0
47.4
11427.2
8671.2
5376.4
3331.8
1853.5
1404.8
1030.3
724.7
482.5
298.1
165.2
3.70
3.46
3.09
2.76
2.40
2.24
2.08
1.91
1.73
1.54
1.34
1.11
0.98
6.40
11610.4
8810.2
5462.6
3385.2
1883.3
1427.4
1046.8
736.3
490.3
302.9
167.8
78.3
48.2
3.75
3.52
3.14
2.80
2.44
2.28
2.11
1.94
1.76
1.57
1.36
1.12
1.00
6.60
79.5
49.0
11790.7
8947.1
5547.5
3437.8
1912.6
1449.6
1063.1
747.8
497.9
307.6
170.5
3.81
3.57
3.19
2.84
2.47
2.31
2.15
1.97
1.79
1.59
1.38
1.14
1.01
6.80
80.7
49.7
11968.4
9081.9
5631.1
3489.7
1941.4
1471.5
1079.1
759.0
505.4
312.3
173.0
3.87
3.62
3.23
2.89
2.51
2.35
2.18
2.00
1.81
1.61
1.40
1.16
1.03
7.00
81.9
50.4
12143.4
9214.7
5713.5
3540.7
1969.8
1493.0
1094.9
770.2
512.8
316.8
175.6
3.92
3.67
3.28
2.93
2.54
2.38
2.21
2.03
1.84
1.64
1.42
1.17
1.04
7.20
83.0
51.2
12316.0
9345.7
5794.7
3591.1
1997.9
1514.2
1110.5
781.1
520.2
321.4
178.1
3.97
3.72
3.32
2.97
2.58
2.41
2.24
2.06
1.87
1.66
1.44
1.19
1.06
7.40
84.2
51.9
12486.2
9474.8
5874.8
3640.7
2025.5
1535.2
1125.9
791.9
527.4
325.8
180.5
4.03
3.77
3.37
3.01
2.61
2.45
2.27
2.09
1.89
1.68
1.46
1.21
1.07
7.60
85.3
52.6
12654.1
9602.3
5953.8
3689.7
2052.8
1555.9
1141.1
802.6
534.5
330.2
183.0
4.08
3.82
3.41
3.05
2.65
2.48
2.30
2.11
1.92
1.70
1.48
1.22
1.09
7.80
86.5
53.3
12819.8
9728.0
6031.8
3738.1
2079.7
1576.3
1156.0
813.1
541.5
334.5
185.4
Gradient(*10^-3) Gradient(*10^-3) Gradient(*10^-3) Gradient(*10^-3) Gradient(*10^-3) Gradient(*10^-3) Gradient(*10^-3) Gradient(*10^-3) Gradient(*10^-3) Gradient(*10^-3) Gradient(*10^-3)
Gradient(*10^-3)
2.99
2.80
2.50
2.23
1.94
1.82
1.69
1.55
1.40
1.25
1.08
0.90
0.79
mm
T= 10 C
9288.5
7048.1
4369.8
2707.8
1506.3
1141.6
837.2
588.8
392.0
242.2
134.2
62.6
38.5
Diameter
k= 1.5 mm
0.78
250
4.20
4.10
v (m/s)
Gradient(*10^-3)
mm
T= 10 C
Diameter
k= 1.5 mm
Appendix H (continued)
Appendix
E. CT4490
Hydraulic Calculations of Pipes
ASSIGNMENT
APPENDICES
31
35
32
0.13
0.16
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.34
0.38
0.43
0.46
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1250
1500
1800
2000
0.22
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.39
0.44
0.47
0.51
0.55
0.63
0.71
0.79
0.85
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1250
1500
1800
2000
2659.7
2017.4
1249.9
773.9
430.1
325.7
238.7
167.8
111.6
68.8
38.1
17.7
10.9
0.87
0.82
0.73
0.65
0.56
0.53
0.49
0.45
0.41
0.36
0.31
0.26
0.23
250
0.36
0.34
Q (l/s)
98.7
65.6
40.4
22.3
10.3
6.3
v (m/s)
1571.9
1191.9
738.0
456.6
253.5
191.9
140.6
0.54
0.51
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.33
0.30
0.28
0.25
0.22
0.19
0.16
0.14
0.14
71.0
43.7
24.2
11.2
6.9
Q (l/s)
1699.4
1288.7
798.0
493.8
274.2
207.6
152.1
106.8
0.58
0.54
0.48
0.43
0.37
0.35
0.32
0.30
0.27
0.24
0.21
0.17
0.15
0.16
76.0
46.8
25.9
12.0
7.4
1818.1
1378.8
853.9
528.5
293.5
222.2
162.8
114.3
0.61
0.58
0.51
0.46
0.40
0.37
0.34
0.32
0.29
0.25
0.22
0.18
0.16
0.18
7.8
1929.6
1463.4
906.3
561.0
311.6
235.9
172.8
121.4
80.7
49.8
27.5
12.8
0.65
0.61
0.54
0.48
0.42
0.39
0.36
0.33
0.30
0.27
0.23
0.19
0.17
0.20
85.2
52.5
29.0
13.5
8.3
2035.1
1543.4
956.0
591.7
328.7
248.9
182.4
128.1
0.68
0.64
0.57
0.51
0.44
0.41
0.38
0.35
0.32
0.28
0.24
0.20
0.18
0.22
89.4
55.1
30.5
14.2
8.7
2135.4
1619.6
1003.2
621.0
345.0
261.2
191.4
134.5
0.71
0.67
0.59
0.53
0.46
0.43
0.40
0.37
0.33
0.29
0.25
0.21
0.19
0.24
93.5
57.6
31.9
14.8
9.1
2231.3
1692.3
1048.3
649.0
360.5
273.0
200.1
140.6
0.74
0.69
0.62
0.55
0.48
0.45
0.41
0.38
0.34
0.31
0.26
0.22
0.19
0.26
97.4
60.0
33.2
15.4
9.5
2323.2
1762.1
1091.6
675.8
375.4
284.4
208.4
146.4
0.77
0.72
0.64
0.57
0.50
0.46
0.43
0.40
0.36
0.32
0.27
0.23
0.20
0.28
62.4
34.5
16.0
9.8
2411.7
1829.2
1133.2
701.6
389.8
295.2
216.3
152.0
101.1
0.79
0.74
0.66
0.59
0.51
0.48
0.45
0.41
0.37
0.33
0.28
0.23
0.21
0.30
64.6
35.7
16.6
10.2
2497.1
1894.0
1173.4
726.5
403.7
305.7
224.0
157.4
104.7
0.82
0.77
0.69
0.61
0.53
0.50
0.46
0.42
0.38
0.34
0.29
0.24
0.21
0.32
66.7
36.9
17.2
10.5
2579.7
1956.7
1212.3
750.6
417.1
315.9
231.5
162.7
108.2
70.9
39.2
18.2
11.2
2737.4
2076.4
1286.5
796.6
442.7
335.3
245.7
172.7
114.9
0.90
0.84
0.75
0.67
0.58
0.54
0.50
0.46
0.42
0.37
0.32
0.26
0.23
0.38
72.8
40.3
18.7
11.5
2813.0
2133.7
1322.1
818.6
454.9
344.6
252.6
177.5
118.1
0.92
0.86
0.77
0.68
0.59
0.56
0.52
0.47
0.43
0.38
0.33
0.27
0.24
0.40
74.8
41.4
19.2
11.8
2886.6
2189.6
1356.7
840.1
466.9
353.7
259.2
182.2
121.2
0.94
0.88
0.79
0.70
0.61
0.57
0.53
0.49
0.44
0.39
0.34
0.28
0.25
0.42
2958.4
2244.1
1390.5
861.1
478.5
362.5
265.7
186.7
124.2
76.6
42.4
19.7
12.1
0.96
0.90
0.81
0.72
0.62
0.58
0.54
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.29
0.25
0.44
78.5
43.4
20.2
12.4
3028.5
2297.3
1423.5
881.5
489.9
371.1
272.0
191.2
127.2
0.99
0.92
0.82
0.73
0.64
0.60
0.55
0.51
0.46
0.41
0.35
0.29
0.26
0.46
80.3
44.4
20.7
12.7
3097.0
2349.3
1455.7
901.5
501.0
379.6
278.2
195.5
130.1
1.01
0.94
0.84
0.75
0.65
0.61
0.57
0.52
0.47
0.42
0.36
0.30
0.26
0.48
82.0
45.4
21.1
13.0
3164.1
2400.2
1487.3
921.1
511.9
387.8
284.2
199.8
132.9
1.03
0.96
0.86
0.77
0.67
0.62
0.58
0.53
0.48
0.43
0.37
0.30
0.27
0.50
83.7
46.3
21.5
13.2
3229.8
2450.1
1518.2
940.2
522.6
395.9
290.2
204.0
135.7
1.05
0.98
0.88
0.78
0.68
0.63
0.59
0.54
0.49
0.44
0.38
0.31
0.28
0.52
85.4
47.3
22.0
13.5
3294.2
2498.9
1548.5
959.0
533.0
403.8
296.0
208.0
138.4
1.07
1.00
0.89
0.80
0.69
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.44
0.38
0.32
0.28
0.54
87.1
48.2
22.4
13.8
3357.3
2546.8
1578.2
977.4
543.3
411.6
301.7
212.1
141.1
1.09
1.02
0.91
0.81
0.70
0.66
0.61
0.56
0.51
0.45
0.39
0.32
0.29
0.56
88.7
49.1
22.8
14.0
3419.3
2593.9
1607.4
995.5
553.4
419.2
307.3
216.0
143.7
Gradient(*10^-3)
0.50
0.47
0.42
0.37
0.32
0.30
0.28
0.26
0.23
0.21
0.18
0.15
0.13
Mm
T= 10 C
1433.2
1086.7
672.7
416.2
231.0
174.9
128.1
89.9
59.7
36.8
20.3
9.4
5.8
Diameter
k= 1.5 mm
0.12
250
0.12
0.10
v (m/s)
Gradient(*10^-3)
mm
T= 10C
Diameter
k=1.5 mm
Appendix H Hydraulic calculations of pipes
ASSIGNMENT CT4490
APPENDICES
31
32
0.33
0.40
0.46
0.52
0.57
0.62
0.67
0.72
0.83
0.93
1.04
1.11
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1250
1500
1800
2000
0.35
0.39
0.47
0.55
0.62
0.68
0.74
0.80
0.85
0.98
1.10
1.23
1.32
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1250
1500
1800
2000
4142.1
3142.4
1947.6
1206.4
670.7
508.2
372.5
261.9
174.3
107.6
59.5
27.7
17.1
1.33
1.25
1.12
1.00
0.86
0.81
0.75
0.69
0.62
0.55
0.48
0.40
0.35
250
0.84
0.82
Q (l/s)
91.8
50.8
23.6
14.5
v (m/s)
3540.1
2685.5
1664.2
1030.7
573.0
434.1
318.2
223.7
148.8
1.15
1.07
0.96
0.85
0.74
0.69
0.64
0.59
0.54
0.48
0.41
0.34
0.30
0.62
93.4
51.7
24.0
14.8
Q (l/s)
3598.9
2730.2
1691.9
1047.9
582.5
441.3
323.5
227.4
151.3
1.16
1.09
0.97
0.87
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.54
0.48
0.42
0.35
0.31
0.64
94.9
52.5
24.4
15.0
3656.8
2774.2
1719.2
1064.8
591.9
448.5
328.7
231.1
153.8
1.18
1.11
0.99
0.88
0.77
0.72
0.66
0.61
0.55
0.49
0.42
0.35
0.31
0.66
3713.9
2817.4
1746.0
1081.4
601.2
455.5
333.9
234.7
156.2
96.4
53.3
24.8
15.3
1.20
1.12
1.00
0.89
0.78
0.73
0.67
0.62
0.56
0.50
0.43
0.36
0.32
0.68
97.9
54.2
25.2
15.5
3770.0
2860.1
1772.5
1097.8
610.3
462.4
338.9
238.3
158.5
1.22
1.14
1.02
0.91
0.79
0.74
0.68
0.63
0.57
0.51
0.44
0.36
0.32
0.70
99.3
55.0
25.6
15.7
3825.4
2902.1
1798.5
1114.0
619.3
469.2
343.9
241.8
160.9
1.24
1.16
1.03
0.92
0.80
0.75
0.69
0.64
0.58
0.51
0.44
0.37
0.33
0.72
55.7
25.9
16.0
3880.0
2943.5
1824.2
1129.9
628.1
475.9
348.9
245.2
163.2
100.7
1.25
1.17
1.05
0.93
0.81
0.76
0.70
0.65
0.59
0.52
0.45
0.37
0.33
0.74
56.5
26.3
16.2
3933.8
2984.3
1849.5
1145.6
636.9
482.5
353.7
248.7
165.5
102.1
1.27
1.19
1.06
0.95
0.82
0.77
0.71
0.65
0.59
0.53
0.46
0.38
0.33
0.76
57.3
26.7
16.4
3986.9
3024.6
1874.5
1161.1
645.5
489.1
358.5
252.0
167.7
103.5
1.29
1.20
1.07
0.96
0.83
0.78
0.72
0.66
0.60
0.53
0.46
0.38
0.34
0.78
58.1
27.0
16.6
4039.3
3064.4
1899.2
1176.4
654.0
495.5
363.2
255.4
169.9
104.9
1.30
1.22
1.09
0.97
0.84
0.79
0.73
0.67
0.61
0.54
0.47
0.39
0.34
0.80
4091.0
3103.6
1923.5
1191.5
662.4
501.9
367.9
258.7
172.1
106.2
58.8
27.4
16.8
60.3
28.1
17.3
4192.5
3180.7
1971.3
1221.1
678.9
514.4
377.1
265.1
176.4
108.9
1.35
1.26
1.13
1.01
0.87
0.82
0.76
0.70
0.63
0.56
0.49
0.40
0.36
0.86
61.0
28.4
17.5
4242.4
3218.5
1994.8
1235.6
687.0
520.5
381.6
268.3
178.5
110.2
1.37
1.28
1.14
1.02
0.88
0.83
0.77
0.71
0.64
0.57
0.49
0.41
0.36
0.88
61.7
28.7
17.7
4291.7
3255.9
2018.0
1250.0
695.0
526.6
386.0
271.4
180.6
111.5
1.38
1.29
1.15
1.03
0.89
0.84
0.78
0.71
0.65
0.57
0.50
0.41
0.36
0.90
4340.4
3292.9
2040.9
1264.2
702.9
532.6
390.4
274.5
182.7
112.8
62.4
29.1
17.9
1.40
1.31
1.17
1.04
0.90
0.85
0.79
0.72
0.65
0.58
0.50
0.42
0.37
0.92
63.1
29.4
18.1
4388.6
3329.5
2063.6
1278.3
710.7
538.5
394.8
277.6
184.7
114.0
1.41
1.32
1.18
1.05
0.91
0.86
0.79
0.73
0.66
0.59
0.51
0.42
0.37
0.94
63.8
29.7
18.3
4436.3
3365.7
2086.1
1292.2
718.5
544.4
399.1
280.6
186.7
115.3
1.43
1.34
1.19
1.06
0.92
0.86
0.80
0.74
0.67
0.59
0.51
0.42
0.38
0.96
64.5
30.0
18.5
4483.5
3401.5
2108.3
1306.0
726.1
550.2
403.3
283.6
188.7
116.5
1.44
1.35
1.21
1.08
0.93
0.87
0.81
0.74
0.67
0.60
0.52
0.43
0.38
0.98
65.2
30.3
18.7
4530.2
3436.9
2130.2
1319.6
733.7
555.9
407.6
286.5
190.7
117.7
1.46
1.36
1.22
1.09
0.94
0.88
0.82
0.75
0.68
0.61
0.52
0.43
0.38
1.00
65.8
30.7
18.9
4576.4
3472.0
2152.0
1333.1
741.2
561.6
411.7
289.5
192.7
118.9
1.49
1.40
1.25
1.11
0.97
0.90
0.84
0.77
0.70
0.62
0.54
0.44
0.39
1.05
67.5
31.4
19.3
4689.9
3558.1
2205.4
1366.2
759.6
575.6
422.0
296.7
197.5
121.9
1.53
1.43
1.28
1.14
0.99
0.93
0.86
0.79
0.71
0.64
0.55
0.46
0.40
1.10
4800.8
3642.3
2257.6
1398.5
777.6
589.2
432.0
303.7
202.2
124.8
69.1
32.2
19.8
Gradient(*10^-3)
1.13
1.06
0.94
0.84
0.73
0.68
0.63
0.58
0.53
0.47
0.40
0.33
0.30
mm
T= 10 C
3480.2
2640.1
1636.1
1013.3
563.3
426.7
312.8
219.9
146.3
90.3
50.0
23.2
14.3
Diameter
k=1.5 mm
0.29
250
0.60
0.58
v (m/s)
Gradient(*10^-3)
Mm
T= 10 C
Diameter
k= 1.5 mm
ASSIGNMENT CT4490
APPENDICES
33
34
0.47
0.56
0.65
0.73
0.81
0.88
0.95
1.01
1.17
1.31
1.46
1.56
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1250
1500
1800
2000
0.51
0.58
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.09
1.17
1.25
1.44
1.61
1.81
1.93
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1250
1500
1800
2000
72.2
33.6
20.7
v (m/s)
5015.2
3805.0
2358.5
1461.1
812.5
615.6
451.4
317.4
211.2
130.4
1.63
1.53
1.36
1.22
1.06
0.99
0.92
0.84
0.76
0.68
0.59
0.49
0.43
1.25
73.7
34.3
21.1
Q (l/s)
5119.1
3883.8
2407.4
1491.4
829.3
628.4
460.7
323.9
215.6
133.1
1.66
1.56
1.39
1.24
1.08
1.01
0.93
0.86
0.78
0.69
0.60
0.50
0.44
1.30
75.2
35.0
21.6
5220.9
3961.1
2455.3
1521.1
845.8
640.9
469.9
330.4
219.9
135.8
1.69
1.59
1.42
1.26
1.10
1.03
0.95
0.88
0.79
0.70
0.61
0.50
0.45
1.35
5320.7
4036.9
2502.3
1550.2
862.1
653.2
478.9
336.8
224.1
138.4
76.6
35.7
22.0
1.72
1.62
1.44
1.29
1.12
1.05
0.97
0.89
0.81
0.72
0.62
0.51
0.46
1.40
78.1
36.4
22.4
5418.7
4111.3
2548.4
1578.8
878.0
665.3
487.8
343.0
228.3
141.0
1.76
1.64
1.47
1.31
1.14
1.06
0.99
0.91
0.82
0.73
0.63
0.52
0.46
1.45
79.5
37.0
22.8
5515.0
4184.4
2593.8
1606.9
893.6
677.1
496.5
349.1
232.4
143.5
1.79
1.67
1.49
1.33
1.16
1.08
1.00
0.92
0.84
0.74
0.64
0.53
0.47
1.50
80.8
37.7
23.2
5609.7
4256.2
2638.3
1634.5
909.0
688.8
505.0
355.1
236.4
146.0
1.82
1.70
1.52
1.35
1.18
1.10
1.02
0.94
0.85
0.76
0.65
0.54
0.48
1.55
82.2
38.3
23.6
5702.8
4326.8
2682.1
1661.7
924.1
700.3
513.4
361.0
240.3
148.4
1.84
1.73
1.54
1.38
1.20
1.12
1.04
0.95
0.86
0.77
0.66
0.55
0.49
1.60
83.5
38.9
23.9
5794.4
4396.3
2725.2
1688.4
939.0
711.5
521.7
366.8
244.2
150.8
1.87
1.75
1.57
1.40
1.21
1.14
1.05
0.97
0.88
0.78
0.67
0.56
0.50
1.65
84.8
39.5
24.3
5884.5
4464.8
2767.7
1714.7
953.6
722.6
529.8
372.6
248.0
153.2
1.90
1.78
1.59
1.42
1.23
1.15
1.07
0.98
0.89
0.79
0.69
0.57
0.50
1.70
5973.4
4532.2
2809.5
1740.6
968.0
733.6
537.9
378.2
251.8
155.5
86.1
40.1
24.7
1.96
1.83
1.64
1.46
1.27
1.19
1.10
1.01
0.92
0.81
0.71
0.58
0.52
88.6
41.3
25.4
6147.2
4664.1
2891.3
1791.3
996.2
754.9
553.5
389.3
259.1
160.0
1.98
1.86
1.66
1.48
1.29
1.20
1.12
1.03
0.93
0.83
0.72
0.59
0.53
1.85
89.9
41.9
25.8
6232.2
4728.6
2931.3
1816.2
1010.1
765.4
561.2
394.7
262.7
162.2
2.01
1.88
1.68
1.50
1.30
1.22
1.13
1.04
0.94
0.84
0.72
0.60
0.53
1.90
91.1
42.4
26.1
6316.2
4792.4
2970.8
1840.6
1023.7
775.8
568.8
400.0
266.3
164.4
2.04
1.91
1.70
1.52
1.32
1.24
1.15
1.05
0.95
0.85
0.73
0.61
0.54
1.95
6399.0
4855.2
3009.8
1864.8
1037.1
786.0
576.3
405.3
269.8
166.6
92.3
43.0
26.5
2.06
1.93
1.72
1.54
1.34
1.25
1.16
1.07
0.97
0.86
0.74
0.62
0.55
2.00
93.5
43.5
26.8
6480.8
4917.3
3048.3
1888.7
1050.4
796.0
583.7
410.4
273.2
168.7
2.09
1.96
1.75
1.56
1.35
1.27
1.18
1.08
0.98
0.87
0.75
0.62
0.55
2.05
94.6
44.1
27.1
6561.6
4978.6
3086.3
1912.2
1063.5
806.0
591.0
415.6
276.7
170.9
2.11
1.98
1.77
1.58
1.37
1.28
1.19
1.09
0.99
0.88
0.76
0.63
0.56
2.10
95.8
44.6
27.5
6641.4
5039.2
3123.9
1935.5
1076.5
815.8
598.2
420.6
280.0
172.9
2.14
2.00
1.79
1.60
1.39
1.30
1.20
1.11
1.00
0.89
0.77
0.64
0.57
2.15
96.9
45.2
27.8
6720.3
5099.0
3161.0
1958.5
1089.3
825.5
605.3
425.7
283.4
175.0
2.16
2.03
1.81
1.61
1.40
1.31
1.22
1.12
1.01
0.90
0.78
0.65
0.57
2.20
98.1
45.7
28.1
6798.2
5158.2
3197.7
1981.3
1102.0
835.1
612.3
430.6
286.7
177.0
2.19
2.05
1.83
1.63
1.42
1.33
1.23
1.13
1.03
0.91
0.79
0.65
0.58
2.25
99.2
46.2
28.5
6875.3
5216.6
3234.0
2003.8
1114.5
844.6
619.3
435.5
289.9
179.1
2.21
2.07
1.85
1.65
1.43
1.34
1.25
1.14
1.04
0.92
0.80
0.66
0.59
2.30
6951.5
5274.5
3269.8
2026.0
1126.8
853.9
626.2
440.3
293.2
181.1
100.3
46.7
28.8
ASSIGNMENT CT4490
6060.9
4598.6
2850.7
1766.2
982.2
744.3
545.8
383.8
255.5
157.8
87.4
40.7
25.1
250
1.80
1.75
Q (l/s)
Gradient(*10^-3)
1.60
1.50
1.33
1.19
1.03
0.97
0.90
0.82
0.75
0.66
0.57
0.48
0.42
mm
T= 10 C
4909.1
3724.5
2308.6
1430.1
795.2
602.6
441.8
310.6
206.7
127.6
70.7
32.9
20.3
Diameter
k= 1.5 mm
0.41
250
1.20
1.15
v (m/s)
Gradient(*10^-3)
mm
T= 10 C
Diameter
k= 1.5 mm
APPENDICES
33
34
0.67
0.81
0.93
1.05
1.16
1.26
1.36
1.45
1.67
1.87
2.10
2.24
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1250
1500
1800
2000
0.66
0.75
0.90
1.05
1.18
1.30
1.41
1.52
1.63
1.87
2.10
2.35
2.51
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1250
1500
1800
2000
7875.6
5975.8
3704.8
2295.6
1276.9
967.7
709.6
499.0
332.3
205.2
113.7
53.0
32.6
2.53
2.37
2.11
1.89
1.64
1.53
1.42
1.31
1.19
1.05
0.91
0.76
0.67
250
3.00
2.95
Q (l/s)
47.7
29.4
v (m/s)
7101.5
5388.3
3340.4
2069.7
1151.2
872.4
639.7
449.9
299.5
185.0
102.5
2.28
2.14
1.91
1.70
1.48
1.39
1.29
1.18
1.07
0.95
0.82
0.68
0.61
2.45
48.2
29.7
Q (l/s)
7175.3
5444.3
3375.2
2091.3
1163.2
881.5
646.4
454.6
302.6
186.9
103.5
2.31
2.16
1.93
1.72
1.50
1.40
1.30
1.19
1.08
0.96
0.83
0.69
0.61
2.50
48.7
30.0
7248.3
5499.8
3409.6
2112.6
1175.0
890.5
653.0
459.2
305.7
188.8
104.6
2.33
2.18
1.95
1.74
1.51
1.41
1.31
1.21
1.09
0.97
0.84
0.70
0.62
2.55
7320.7
5554.7
3443.6
2133.7
1186.8
899.4
659.5
463.8
308.8
190.7
105.6
49.2
30.3
2.35
2.20
1.97
1.76
1.53
1.43
1.32
1.22
1.10
0.98
0.85
0.70
0.62
2.60
49.7
30.6
7392.3
5609.0
3477.3
2154.6
1198.4
908.2
666.0
468.3
311.8
192.6
106.7
2.38
2.23
1.99
1.77
1.54
1.44
1.34
1.23
1.11
0.99
0.86
0.71
0.63
2.65
50.2
30.9
7463.3
5662.9
3510.7
2175.3
1209.9
916.9
672.4
472.9
314.8
194.4
107.7
2.40
2.25
2.01
1.79
1.56
1.45
1.35
1.24
1.12
1.00
0.87
0.72
0.64
2.70
50.7
31.2
7533.6
5716.2
3543.8
2195.8
1221.3
925.6
678.7
477.3
317.8
196.3
108.7
2.42
2.27
2.02
1.81
1.57
1.47
1.36
1.25
1.13
1.01
0.87
0.72
0.64
2.75
51.1
31.5
7603.2
5769.1
3576.6
2216.1
1232.7
934.2
685.0
481.7
320.7
198.1
109.7
2.44
2.29
2.04
1.82
1.58
1.48
1.38
1.26
1.14
1.02
0.88
0.73
0.65
2.80
51.6
31.8
7672.2
5821.4
3609.0
2236.2
1243.9
942.7
691.2
486.1
323.6
199.9
110.7
2.46
2.31
2.06
1.84
1.60
1.49
1.39
1.27
1.15
1.03
0.89
0.74
0.65
2.85
52.1
32.1
7740.6
5873.3
3641.2
2256.2
1255.0
951.1
697.4
490.5
326.5
201.7
111.7
2.49
2.33
2.08
1.85
1.61
1.51
1.40
1.29
1.17
1.04
0.90
0.74
0.66
2.90
7808.4
5924.8
3673.1
2276.0
1266.0
959.4
703.5
494.8
329.4
203.5
112.7
52.5
32.3
53.4
32.9
7942.2
6026.4
3736.1
2315.0
1287.7
975.9
715.6
503.3
335.1
207.0
114.6
2.57
2.41
2.15
1.92
1.67
1.56
1.45
1.33
1.20
1.07
0.93
0.77
0.68
3.10
54.3
33.5
8073.9
6126.3
3798.1
2353.4
1309.1
992.1
727.5
511.6
340.6
210.4
116.6
2.61
2.45
2.18
1.95
1.69
1.58
1.47
1.35
1.22
1.09
0.94
0.78
0.69
3.20
55.2
34.0
8203.4
6224.6
3859.1
2391.2
1330.1
1008.0
739.2
519.9
346.1
213.8
118.4
2.65
2.48
2.22
1.98
1.72
1.61
1.49
1.37
1.24
1.11
0.96
0.79
0.70
3.30
8330.9
6321.4
3919.1
2428.4
1350.8
1023.7
750.7
528.0
351.5
217.1
120.3
56.1
34.5
2.69
2.52
2.25
2.01
1.75
1.63
1.52
1.39
1.26
1.12
0.97
0.81
0.71
3.40
56.9
35.1
8456.6
6416.7
3978.2
2465.1
1371.2
1039.2
762.1
536.0
356.8
220.4
122.1
2.73
2.56
2.28
2.04
1.77
1.66
1.54
1.41
1.28
1.14
0.99
0.82
0.72
3.50
57.8
35.6
8580.3
6510.6
4036.5
2501.2
1391.3
1054.4
773.2
543.8
362.1
223.7
123.9
2.77
2.59
2.32
2.07
1.80
1.68
1.56
1.43
1.30
1.16
1.00
0.83
0.73
3.60
58.6
36.1
8702.3
6603.2
4093.9
2536.8
1411.1
1069.4
784.3
551.6
367.2
226.8
125.7
2.81
2.63
2.35
2.10
1.82
1.70
1.58
1.45
1.32
1.17
1.01
0.84
0.75
3.70
59.4
36.6
8822.7
6694.6
4150.5
2571.9
1430.7
1084.3
795.1
559.2
372.3
230.0
127.4
2.85
2.67
2.38
2.12
1.85
1.73
1.60
1.47
1.33
1.19
1.03
0.85
0.76
3.80
60.2
37.1
8941.4
6784.7
4206.4
2606.5
1449.9
1098.9
805.8
566.8
377.4
233.1
129.1
2.88
2.70
2.41
2.15
1.87
1.75
1.62
1.49
1.35
1.20
1.04
0.86
0.77
3.90
61.0
37.6
9058.6
6873.6
4261.6
2640.7
1469.0
1113.3
816.4
574.2
382.3
236.2
130.8
2.92
2.74
2.44
2.18
1.89
1.77
1.64
1.51
1.37
1.22
1.05
0.87
0.78
4.00
9174.3
6961.4
4316.0
2674.5
1487.7
1127.5
826.9
581.5
387.2
239.2
132.5
61.8
38.0
Gradient(*10^-3)
2.26
2.12
1.89
1.69
1.47
1.37
1.27
1.17
1.06
0.94
0.82
0.68
0.60
mm
T= 10 C
7026.9
5331.7
3305.3
2048.0
1139.1
863.2
633.0
445.1
296.3
183.0
101.4
47.2
29.1
Diameter
k= 1.5 mm
0.59
250
2.40
2.35
v (m/s)
Gradient(*10^-3)
mm
T= 10 C
Diameter
k= 1.5 mm
ASSIGNMENT CT4490
APPENDICES
35
36
36
1.24
1.49
1.73
1.94
2.14
2.33
2.51
2.68
3.08
3.46
3.87
4.13
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1250
1500
1800
2000
1.29
1.45
1.75
2.02
2.28
2.51
2.73
2.94
3.15
3.62
4.05
4.54
4.85
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1250
1500
1800
2000
15228.2
11555.8
7165.3
4440.7
2470.7
1872.7
1373.5
966.1
643.4
397.5
220.3
102.8
63.3
4.96
4.64
4.15
3.70
3.22
3.01
2.79
2.57
2.33
2.07
1.79
1.49
1.32
250
11.50
11.00
Q (l/s)
88.7
54.6
v (m/s)
13145.0
9974.8
6184.9
3832.9
2132.5
1616.3
1185.4
833.8
555.2
343.0
190.1
4.23
3.97
3.54
3.16
2.75
2.57
2.39
2.19
1.99
1.77
1.53
1.27
1.13
8.40
89.7
55.3
Q (l/s)
13304.6
10095.9
6260.0
3879.5
2158.4
1635.9
1199.8
843.9
562.0
347.2
192.4
4.29
4.01
3.58
3.20
2.78
2.60
2.42
2.22
2.01
1.79
1.55
1.28
1.14
8.60
90.8
55.9
13462.3
10215.6
6334.2
3925.5
2184.0
1655.3
1214.0
853.9
568.7
351.3
194.7
4.33
4.06
3.63
3.24
2.81
2.63
2.44
2.24
2.03
1.81
1.57
1.30
1.15
8.80
13618.2
10333.9
6407.6
3971.0
2209.3
1674.5
1228.1
863.8
575.3
355.4
197.0
91.9
56.6
4.38
4.11
3.67
3.27
2.84
2.66
2.47
2.27
2.06
1.83
1.59
1.31
1.17
9.00
92.9
57.2
13772.3
10450.9
6480.1
4015.9
2234.3
1693.5
1242.0
873.6
581.8
359.5
199.2
4.43
4.15
3.71
3.31
2.88
2.69
2.50
2.30
2.08
1.85
1.60
1.33
1.18
9.20
93.9
57.9
13924.7
10566.6
6551.9
4060.4
2259.1
1712.3
1255.8
883.3
588.2
363.4
201.4
4.48
4.20
3.75
3.34
2.91
2.72
2.53
2.32
2.10
1.87
1.62
1.34
1.19
9.40
95.0
58.5
14075.5
10681.0
6622.8
4104.4
2283.6
1730.8
1269.4
892.9
594.6
367.4
203.6
4.53
4.24
3.79
3.38
2.94
2.75
2.55
2.34
2.13
1.89
1.64
1.36
1.20
9.60
96.0
59.1
14224.7
10794.2
6693.0
4147.9
2307.8
1749.2
1282.9
902.4
600.9
371.3
205.8
4.57
4.29
3.83
3.42
2.97
2.78
2.58
2.37
2.15
1.91
1.65
1.37
1.22
9.80
97.0
59.7
14372.3
10906.3
6762.5
4191.0
2331.7
1767.3
1296.2
911.8
607.2
375.1
207.9
4.62
4.33
3.87
3.45
3.00
2.81
2.60
2.39
2.17
1.93
1.67
1.39
1.23
10.00
98.0
60.3
14518.5
11017.2
6831.3
4233.6
2355.5
1785.3
1309.4
921.0
613.4
379.0
210.0
4.74
4.44
3.96
3.54
3.07
2.88
2.67
2.45
2.22
1.98
1.71
1.42
1.26
10.50
61.8
14877.5
11289.7
7000.3
4338.4
2413.8
1829.5
1341.8
943.8
628.5
388.4
215.2
100.4
64.7
15570.9
11815.9
7326.7
4540.7
2526.4
1914.9
1404.4
987.9
657.9
406.5
225.3
105.1
5.06
4.74
4.24
3.78
3.29
3.07
2.85
2.62
2.38
2.11
1.83
1.52
1.35
12.00
66.1
15906.3
12070.4
7484.5
4638.5
2580.8
1956.2
1434.7
1009.2
672.1
415.3
230.1
107.4
5.17
4.84
4.32
3.86
3.35
3.14
2.91
2.68
2.43
2.16
1.87
1.55
1.38
12.50
67.5
16234.7
12319.7
7639.1
4734.4
2634.1
1996.6
1464.4
1030.1
686.0
423.9
234.9
109.6
5.27
4.94
4.41
3.93
3.42
3.20
2.97
2.73
2.47
2.20
1.91
1.58
1.40
13.00
16556.7
12564.0
7790.6
4828.3
2686.4
2036.2
1493.4
1050.5
699.6
432.3
239.6
111.8
68.9
5.37
5.03
4.49
4.01
3.49
3.26
3.03
2.78
2.52
2.24
1.94
1.61
1.43
13.50
70.2
16872.5
12803.7
7939.3
4920.4
2737.7
2075.1
1521.9
1070.6
713.0
440.5
244.2
113.9
5.47
5.12
4.58
4.08
3.55
3.32
3.08
2.83
2.57
2.28
1.98
1.64
1.46
14.00
71.5
17182.5
13038.9
8085.2
5010.9
2788.0
2113.2
1549.9
1090.3
726.1
448.7
248.7
116.0
5.57
5.21
4.66
4.16
3.61
3.38
3.14
2.88
2.61
2.33
2.01
1.67
1.48
14.50
72.7
17487.0
13270.1
8228.5
5099.7
2837.5
2150.7
1577.4
1109.6
739.0
456.6
253.1
118.1
5.66
5.30
4.74
4.23
3.67
3.44
3.19
2.93
2.66
2.37
2.05
1.70
1.51
15.00
74.0
17786.3
13497.2
8369.4
5187.1
2886.1
2187.6
1604.4
1128.6
751.6
464.4
257.4
120.1
5.76
5.39
4.81
4.30
3.74
3.50
3.24
2.98
2.70
2.40
2.08
1.73
1.53
15.50
75.2
18080.7
13720.6
8507.9
5272.9
2933.9
2223.8
1631.0
1147.3
764.1
472.1
261.7
122.1
5.85
5.48
4.89
4.37
3.80
3.55
3.30
3.03
2.75
2.44
2.12
1.75
1.56
16.00
76.4
18370.4
13940.4
8644.3
5357.4
2980.9
2259.5
1657.2
1165.7
776.4
479.7
265.9
124.0
5.94
5.56
4.97
4.43
3.85
3.61
3.35
3.08
2.79
2.48
2.15
1.78
1.58
16.50
77.6
18655.5
14156.9
8778.5
5440.6
3027.2
2294.6
1682.9
1183.9
788.4
487.2
270.0
126.0
Gradient(*10^-3)
4.18
3.92
3.50
3.12
2.72
2.54
2.36
2.17
1.96
1.75
1.51
1.25
1.11
mm
T= 10 C
12983.4
9852.2
6108.8
3785.8
2106.2
1596.4
1170.8
823.5
548.4
338.8
187.8
87.6
53.9
Diameter
k= 1.5 mm
1.10
250
8.20
8.00
v (m/s)
Gradient(*10^-3)
mm
T= 10 C
Diameter
k= 1.5 mm
ASSIGNMENT CT4490
APPENDICES
1.81
2.18
2.52
2.83
3.12
3.40
3.66
3.91
4.50
5.04
5.65
6.03
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1250
1500
1800
2000
6.24
6.99
7.46
1500
1800
2000
4.20
800
5.57
3.86
700
1250
3.50
600
4.53
3.12
500
4.84
2.70
400
1000
2.24
300
900
1.99
23423.8
17775.5
11022.7
6831.8
3801.4
2881.5
2113.5
1486.8
990.2
611.9
339.2
158.3
97.5
7.60
7.12
6.36
5.67
4.93
4.62
4.28
3.94
3.57
3.18
2.75
2.28
2.02
250
27.00
26.00
Q (l/s)
79.9
v (m/s)
19213.2
14580.1
9041.0
5603.3
3117.8
2363.2
1733.3
1219.3
812.0
501.8
278.1
129.7
6.20
5.81
5.19
4.63
4.03
3.77
3.50
3.21
2.91
2.59
2.24
1.86
1.65
18.00
81.1
Q (l/s)
19486.1
14787.1
9169.4
5682.9
3162.1
2396.8
1757.9
1236.6
823.6
508.9
282.1
131.6
6.29
5.89
5.26
4.69
4.08
3.82
3.55
3.26
2.95
2.63
2.28
1.89
1.67
18.50
82.2
19755.1
14991.4
9296.0
5761.5
3205.8
2429.9
1782.2
1253.7
835.0
515.9
286.0
133.4
6.37
5.97
5.33
4.76
4.14
3.87
3.59
3.30
2.99
2.66
2.31
1.91
1.70
19.00
20020.6
15192.8
9421.0
5838.9
3248.9
2462.6
1806.2
1270.6
846.2
522.9
289.8
135.2
83.3
6.46
6.05
5.40
4.82
4.19
3.92
3.64
3.34
3.03
2.70
2.34
1.94
1.72
19.50
84.4
20282.6
15391.7
9544.3
5915.4
3291.4
2494.8
1829.8
1287.2
857.3
529.7
293.6
137.0
6.54
6.13
5.47
4.88
4.24
3.97
3.69
3.39
3.07
2.73
2.37
1.96
1.74
20.00
85.5
20541.3
15588.0
9666.0
5990.8
3333.4
2526.7
1853.2
1303.7
868.2
536.5
297.4
138.7
6.70
6.28
5.61
5.00
4.35
4.07
3.78
3.47
3.15
2.80
2.43
2.01
1.78
21.00
87.6
21049.1
15973.4
9905.1
6139.0
3415.9
2589.2
1899.1
1335.9
889.7
549.8
304.7
142.2
6.86
6.43
5.74
5.12
4.45
4.17
3.87
3.55
3.22
2.87
2.48
2.06
1.83
22.00
89.7
21545.0
16349.7
10138.4
6283.6
3496.4
2650.2
1943.8
1367.4
910.7
562.8
311.9
145.5
7.01
6.57
5.87
5.24
4.55
4.26
3.95
3.63
3.29
2.93
2.54
2.11
1.87
23.00
91.7
22029.7
16717.5
10366.6
6425.1
3575.1
2709.9
1987.6
1398.2
931.2
575.4
319.0
148.8
7.16
6.71
5.99
5.35
4.65
4.35
4.04
3.71
3.36
2.99
2.59
2.15
1.91
24.00
93.7
22504.0
17077.5
10589.8
6563.4
3652.1
2768.3
2030.4
1428.3
951.3
587.8
325.8
152.0
7.31
6.85
6.12
5.46
4.75
4.44
4.12
3.79
3.43
3.06
2.65
2.20
1.95
25.00
95.6
22968.5
17430.0
10808.4
6699.0
3727.5
2825.4
2072.4
1457.8
970.9
600.0
332.6
155.2
99.4
23870.4
18114.5
11232.9
6962.1
3874.0
2936.5
2153.8
1515.1
1009.1
623.6
345.7
161.3
7.74
7.25
6.47
5.78
5.02
4.70
4.36
4.01
3.63
3.23
2.80
2.32
2.06
28.00
24308.8
18447.2
11439.3
7090.0
3945.1
2990.4
2193.4
1543.0
1027.7
635.1
352.0
164.2
101.2
7.87
7.38
6.59
5.88
5.11
4.78
4.44
4.08
3.70
3.29
2.85
2.36
2.10
29.00
24739.5
18774.1
11642.0
7215.7
4015.1
3043.4
2232.3
1570.4
1045.9
646.3
358.3
167.2
103.0
8.01
7.50
6.70
5.98
5.20
4.87
4.52
4.15
3.76
3.35
2.90
2.41
2.13
30.00
25162.8
19095.3
11841.2
7339.2
4083.8
3095.5
2270.5
1597.2
1063.8
657.4
364.4
170.0
104.8
8.14
7.63
6.81
6.08
5.29
4.95
4.59
4.22
3.82
3.40
2.95
2.45
2.17
31.00
25579.1
19411.3
12037.2
7460.6
4151.4
3146.8
2308.1
1623.7
1081.4
668.3
370.4
172.8
106.5
8.27
7.75
6.92
6.18
5.37
5.03
4.67
4.29
3.89
3.46
3.00
2.48
2.20
32.00
25988.7
19722.1
12230.0
7580.1
4217.9
3197.2
2345.1
1649.7
1098.7
679.0
376.4
175.6
108.2
8.40
7.87
7.03
6.27
5.45
5.10
4.74
4.35
3.95
3.51
3.04
2.52
2.24
33.00
26392.0
20028.2
12419.8
7697.8
4283.4
3246.8
2381.5
1675.3
1115.8
689.5
382.2
178.3
109.9
8.53
7.99
7.13
6.37
5.54
5.18
4.81
4.42
4.01
3.56
3.09
2.56
2.27
34.00
26789.3
20329.7
12606.7
7813.7
4347.9
3295.7
2417.3
1700.6
1132.6
699.9
388.0
181.0
111.6
8.65
8.11
7.24
6.46
5.62
5.26
4.88
4.48
4.06
3.62
3.13
2.60
2.31
35.00
27180.7
20626.7
12791.0
7927.9
4411.5
3343.9
2452.7
1725.4
1149.2
710.2
393.7
183.7
113.2
8.77
8.22
7.34
6.55
5.70
5.33
4.95
4.55
4.12
3.67
3.18
2.64
2.34
36.00
27566.6
20919.6
12972.6
8040.5
4474.1
3391.4
2487.5
1749.9
1165.5
720.3
399.3
186.3
114.8
8.90
8.33
7.44
6.64
5.78
5.40
5.02
4.61
4.18
3.72
3.22
2.67
2.37
37.00
27947.1
21208.4
13151.7
8151.5
4535.9
3438.3
2521.9
1774.1
1181.6
730.2
404.8
188.9
116.4
Gradient(*10^-3)
6.12
5.73
5.12
4.57
3.97
3.71
3.45
3.17
2.87
2.56
2.21
1.84
1.63
mm
T= 10 C
18936.4
14370.0
8910.7
5522.6
3072.8
2329.1
1708.3
1201.7
800.3
494.5
274.1
127.9
78.8
Diameter
k= 1.5 mm
1.61
250
17.50
17.00
v (m/s)
Gradient(*10^-3)
mm
T= 10 C
Diameter
k= 1.5 mm
ASSIGNMENT CT4490
APPENDICES
37
37
38
38
2.71
3.26
3.77
4.24
4.67
5.08
5.48
5.85
6.73
7.54
8.45
9.02
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1250
1500
1800
2000
3.70
4.17
5.03
5.80
6.52
7.19
7.83
8.43
9.01
10.36
11.61
13.00
13.88
250
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1250
1500
1800
2000
43599.4
33087.1
20518.7
12718.1
7077.4
5364.9
3935.2
2768.5
1844.0
1139.6
631.8
294.9
181.7
14.26
13.36
11.93
10.65
9.26
8.66
8.04
7.39
6.70
5.96
5.17
4.29
3.80
44794.7
33994.3
21081.3
13066.8
7271.5
5512.0
4043.1
2844.4
1894.6
1170.9
649.1
302.9
186.7
14.63
13.71
12.24
10.92
9.50
8.89
8.25
7.58
6.87
6.12
5.30
4.40
3.90
100.00
45959.0
34877.9
21629.2
13406.5
7460.5
5655.3
4148.2
2918.4
1943.8
1201.4
666.0
310.8
191.6
95.00
Q (l/s)
29058.9
22052.1
13675.0
8475.9
4716.4
3575.1
2622.3
1844.8
1228.7
759.3
420.9
196.4
121.0
9.25
8.67
7.74
6.91
6.01
5.62
5.22
4.79
4.35
3.87
3.35
2.78
2.47
90.00
v (m/s)
28693.1
21774.5
13502.8
8369.1
4657.0
3530.1
2589.2
1821.5
1213.2
749.7
415.6
193.9
119.5
Gradient(*10^-3) Gradient(*10^-3) Gradient(*10^-3)
9.13
8.56
7.64
6.82
5.93
5.55
5.15
4.73
4.29
3.82
3.31
2.74
2.43
40.00
mm
T= 10 C
28322.6
21493.3
13328.4
8261.0
4596.9
3484.5
2555.8
1798.0
1197.5
740.0
410.2
191.4
118.0
Q (l/s)
Diameter
k= 1.5 mm
2.40
250
39.00
38.00
v (m/s)
Gradient(*10^-3) Gradient(*10^-3)
Gradient(*10^-3)
mm
T= 10 C
Diameter
k= 1.5 mm
9.81
9.19
8.21
7.33
6.37
5.96
5.53
5.08
4.61
4.10
3.55
2.95
2.62
45.00
30823.0
23390.9
14505.2
8990.5
5002.9
3792.2
2781.6
1956.8
1303.3
805.4
446.5
208.3
128.4
10.34
9.69
8.65
7.72
6.71
6.28
5.83
5.36
4.86
4.32
3.75
3.11
2.76
50.00
32491.4
24657.1
15290.5
9477.3
5273.8
3997.6
2932.2
2062.8
1373.9
849.1
470.7
219.6
135.4
10.85
10.16
9.08
8.10
7.04
6.59
6.12
5.62
5.10
4.54
3.93
3.26
2.89
55.00
34078.4
25861.5
16037.5
9940.3
5531.4
4192.9
3075.5
2163.6
1441.1
890.6
493.7
230.4
142.0
11.33
10.62
9.48
8.46
7.36
6.88
6.39
5.87
5.32
4.74
4.10
3.40
3.02
60.00
35594.7
27012.2
16751.1
10382.7
5777.7
4379.6
3212.4
2260.0
1505.2
930.3
515.7
240.7
148.3
11.79
11.05
9.87
8.81
7.66
7.17
6.65
6.11
5.54
4.93
4.27
3.54
3.15
65.00
37049.0
28116.0
17435.6
10807.0
6013.8
4558.6
3343.7
2352.3
1566.8
968.3
536.8
250.5
154.4
12.24
11.47
10.24
9.14
7.95
7.44
6.90
6.34
5.75
5.12
4.43
3.68
3.26
70.00
38448.4
29178.0
18094.3
11215.3
6241.0
4730.9
3470.1
2441.2
1626.0
1004.9
557.1
260.0
160.2
12.67
11.87
10.60
9.46
8.23
7.70
7.15
6.57
5.95
5.30
4.59
3.81
3.38
75.00
39798.7
30202.7
18729.8
11609.2
6460.3
4897.1
3592.0
2527.0
1683.2
1040.2
576.7
269.1
165.9
13.08
12.26
10.95
9.77
8.50
7.95
7.38
6.78
6.15
5.47
4.74
3.93
3.49
80.00
41104.6
31193.8
19344.5
11990.2
6672.3
5057.8
3709.9
2610.0
1738.4
1074.4
595.6
278.0
171.3
13.49
12.64
11.28
10.07
8.76
8.20
7.61
6.99
6.34
5.64
4.89
4.05
3.60
85.00
42370.4
32154.4
19940.2
12359.5
6877.8
5213.6
3824.2
2690.4
1792.0
1107.5
614.0
286.5
176.6
Gradient(*10^-3) Gradient(*10^-3) Gradient(*10^-3) Gradient(*10^-3) Gradient(*10^-3) Gradient(*10^-3) Gradient(*10^-3) Gradient(*10^-3) Gradient(*10^-3)
ASSIGNMENT CT4490
APPENDICES

Design Assignment TU Noord: February 2012

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CIE4491 Fundamentals of Urban Drainage

Dr.Ir. J.A.E. ten Veldhuis

Layout and Design

Milestones, Objectives and Deliverable Items

Dr.Ir. J.A.E ten Veldhuis

Ensuring a proper urban drainage situation in a new or

CIE4491 Fundamentals of Urban Drainage