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    Class 14: Drag Prediction II: Parasite Drag - "Drag Build-Up"

    Uploaded by

    Krish Manglani
    This document summarizes key concepts for predicting aircraft drag, including: 1) Calculating parasite drag through a component build-up method using flat plate equivalent areas. An example is worked through for the MD-80. 2) Accounting for induced drag due to lift using the Oswald efficiency factor. Induced drag is estimated for the MD-80. 3) Explaining how compressibility drag becomes significant at transonic speeds, and how wing sweep can increase an aircraft's drag divergence Mach number. The MD-80's compressibility drag is estimated.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Class 14: Drag Prediction II: Parasite Drag - "Drag Build-Up"

    Uploaded by

    Krish Manglani
    156 views8 pages
    This document summarizes key concepts for predicting aircraft drag, including: 1) Calculating parasite drag through a component build-up method using flat plate equivalent areas. An example is worked through for the MD-80. 2) Accounting for induced drag due to lift using the Oswald efficiency factor. Induced drag is estimated for the MD-80. 3) Explaining how compressibility drag becomes significant at transonic speeds, and how wing sweep can increase an aircraft's drag divergence Mach number. The MD-80's compressibility drag is estimated.

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    Drag Prediction

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    This document summarizes key concepts for predicting aircraft drag, including: 1) Calculating parasite drag through a component build-up method using flat plate equivalent areas. An example is worked through for the MD-80. 2) Accounting for induced drag due to lift using the Oswald efficiency factor. Induced drag is estimated for the MD-80. 3) Explaining how compressibility drag becomes significant at transonic speeds, and how wing sweep can increase an aircraft's drag divergence Mach number. The MD-80's compressibility drag is estimated.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    156 views8 pages

    Class 14: Drag Prediction II: Parasite Drag - "Drag Build-Up"

    Uploaded by

    Krish Manglani
    This document summarizes key concepts for predicting aircraft drag, including: 1) Calculating parasite drag through a component build-up method using flat plate equivalent areas. An example is worked through for the MD-80. 2) Accounting for induced drag due to lift using the Oswald efficiency factor. Induced drag is estimated for the MD-80. 3) Explaining how compressibility drag becomes significant at transonic speeds, and how wing sweep can increase an aircraft's drag divergence Mach number. The MD-80's compressibility drag is estimated.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8
    At a glance
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    The document discusses different types of aircraft drag such as parasite, induced, and compressibility drag. It also provides examples of estimating total drag for the MD-80 aircraft.

    Parasite drag for aircraft components like the wing, fuselage, tail, etc. can be estimated by calculating their flat plate equivalent areas and multiplying by reference parasite drag coefficients.

    Induced drag is calculated based on the aircraft's weight, wing area, aspect ratio, lift coefficient, and Oswald efficiency factor.

    A&AE 251 Class 14 9/27/02

    Class 14: Drag Prediction II


    K Parasite

    drag - drag build-up

    Flat plate equivalent area Complete MD-80 example


    K Parasite

    drag due to lift drag

    Induced drag coefficient


    K Compressibility

    Drag divergence mach number Wing sweep


    K Predicting

    total drag

    Total Parasite Drag


    K With

    all information, use build-up to estimate parasite drag


    CD p =

    components

    KiQi C f i S weti S ref

    D p = C D p qS

    A&AE 251 Class 14 9/27/02

    Flat Plate Equivalent Area


    KA

    means to compare drag of different aircraft


    f e = C D p S ref

    fe =

    Dp q

    MD-80 Drag - Wing


    C (CD )w = K wQwS f
    p w

    S wet w

    K Parasite

    ref

    drag coefficient

    ( f e )w = C D p Sref

    ( )w

    K Flat

    plate equivalent area

    A&AE 251 Class 14 9/27/02

    MD-80 Drag - Fuselage


    C (CD ) f = K f Q f S f
    p f

    S wet f

    K Parasite

    ref

    drag coefficient

    ( f e ) f = CD p Sref

    ( )f

    K Flat

    plate equivalent area

    MD-80 Parasite Drag Build-up


    Component Wing Fuselage Horizontal Tail Vertical Tail Nacelles Pylons Total fe [ft2] CDp

    2.16 0.61 1.54 0.35

    0.00170 0.00048 0.00121 0.00028

    A&AE 251 Class 14 9/27/02

    MD-80 Drag - Miscellaneous


    K MD-80
    n n n

    aircraft

    Flight conditions
    V = 750 ft/s M = 0.76 h = 32,000 ft Re/l = 2.0254106 ft-1 = 8.270410-4 sl/ft3 a = 986.22 ft/s

    Atmosphere
    n n n

    K Miscellaneous

    drag

    coefficient, CDmisc

    K Parasite

    drag coefficient, CDp

    Parasite Drag Due to Lift


    K Experimentally,

    CDp varies with CL2


    2

    CL 2 CD = CD p + kCL + + CDmisc AR
    K Terms

    k and combined into Oswald Efficiency Factor, e


    CL2 CD = CD p + + C Dmisc ARe
    generally, 0.75 < e < 0.85

    A&AE 251 Class 14 9/27/02

    MD-80 Drag - Induced Drag


    K

    Weight and geometry


    W = 140,000 lb S = 1270 ft2 AR = 9.62 e = 0.8 (estimated)

    Flight conditions
    V = 750 ft/s = 0.76 h = 32,000 ft = 8.270410-4 sl/ft3 a = 986.22 ft/s

    Lift coefficient, CL

    Induced drag coefficient, CDi

    10

    Compressibility Drag
    K Factor

    in transonic (and faster) flight regime

    Flow passing a body can be locally supersonic Supersonic bubble forms on airfoils

    A&AE 251 Class 14 9/27/02

    11

    Drag Divergence Mach Number


    K Compressibility

    (CD )c

    drag becomes significant, at drag divergence mach number (MDD)


    airfoils

    0.035 0.03 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005

    jet transports fly below aircrafts MDD

    0 0 0.5 1 1.5

    12

    Wing Sweep
    KA

    means to increase MDD of the wing K Sweep angle, c/4


    c/4

    MT
    simple estimator for wing MDD

    M0

    MN

    (M DD )swept wing =

    (M DD )airfoil
    cos c 4

    A&AE 251 Class 14 9/27/02

    Compressibility Drag Design Issues

    13

    Boeing 777 cruise M = 0.83

    Concorde cruise M = 2.04

    K Difficult

    to predict CDc (methods beyond 251) K Select airfoil and sweep


    speed required additional complexity and weight
    K Jet

    passenger transports fly M MDD

    MD-80 Drag - Compressibility Drag


    K

    14

    Geometry
    = 24.5 wing t/c = 0.11

    Flight conditions
    V = 750 ft/s M = 0.76 h = 32,000 ft = 8.270410-4 sl/ft3 a = 986.22 ft/s
    K

    Compressibility drag coefficient, CDc

    Estimated wing MDD

    A&AE 251 Class 14 9/27/02

    15

    Predicting Total Drag


    K Total

    drag coefficient C D = C D p + C Di + C Dmisc + C Dc


    KiQi C f i S weti S ref CL2 + + C Dmisc + C Dc ARe

    CD =
    i

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