Viper 12 A

AN2272 Application Note
VIPer12A-based Low Power AC/DC Adapter

Introduction
This application note describes a low power, (output power of 4.1W) general purpose adapter which is able to handle a wide range input voltages (88VAC to 265VAC). The adapter (Order Code STEVAL-ISA011V1) is based on the Viper12A monolithic device that has the power switch as well as the basic control function needed to implement a current mode flyback converter.
February 2006
Rev. 1
1/33
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Table of Contents
AN2272 - Application Note
Table of Contents
1 STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1 Primary Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.1 1.1.2 Step 1, Input Capacitor Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Step 2, Transformer Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2
Secondary Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 D11 Current and Power Dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Transformer Turns Ratio and D11 Peak Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C11 Output Capacitor Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3 1.4
Completed Transformer Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Feedback Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.1 Start-up Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.1 2.1.2 Full Load Start-up Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 No Load Start-up Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2 2.3 2.4
Temperature Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Dynamic Load Regulation Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Steady-State Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.4.1 2.4.2 Steady-State Full Load Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Steady-State No Load Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.5
EMI Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Appendix A STEVAL-ISA011V Demo Board Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Appendix B STEVAL-ISA011V1 Bill of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3 Revision History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
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Rev. 1
List of Figures
List of Figures
Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9. Figure 10. Figure 11. Figure 12. Figure 13. Figure 14. Figure 15. Figure 16. Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Figure 20. Figure 21. Figure 22. Figure 23. Figure 24. Figure 25. Full Load Start-up Waveforms at 88V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Full Load Start-up Waveforms at 265V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Full Load Start-up Waveforms at 115V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Full Load Start-up Waveforms at 230V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 No Load Start-up Waveforms at 88V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 No Load Start-up Waveforms at 265V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 No Load Start-up Waveforms at 115V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 No Load Start-up Waveforms at 230V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Step Load Change Stability Tests at 88V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Step Load Change Stability Tests at 265V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Step Load Change Stability Tests at 115V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Step Load Change Stability Tests at 230V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Steady-state Full Load 88VAC Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Steady-state Full Load 265V AC Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Steady-state Full Load 115V AC Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Steady-state Full Load 230V AC Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Steady-state No Load 88V AC Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Steady-state No Load 265V AC Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Steady-state No Load 115V AC Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Steady-state No Load 230V AC Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 115VAC Line Voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 115VAC Line Neutral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 230VAC Line Voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 230VAC Line Neutral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 STEVAL-ISA011V1 Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Rev. 1
3/33
List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. Table 5. Table 6. Table 7. Electrical Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Start up Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Component Critical Temperature Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Steady-state Full Load Condition Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Steady-state Output Voltage Ripple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Bill Of Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Document revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4/33
Rev. 1
STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Design
In order to improve regulation, the feedback loop is designed to have enough bandwidth so the converter can react on time to load changes. As is shown in the Section 2.3: Dynamic Load Regulation Tests on page 20, the board is able to handle high load step changes with very low variations in the output voltage. The flyback converter is designed to work in Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) in all operating conditions (i.e. Minimum Input Voltage, Maximum Load), because it provides better dynamic performance.
1.1
1.1.1
Primary Side
Step 1, Input Capacitor Selection
The first design step is to calculate the input capacitor value (C2a + C2b see STEVALISA011V Demo Board Schematic on page 30). Equation 1 is useful for this purpose: Equation 1 2 P IN T C IN = ----------------------------------------------------------------2 2 V AC ( min )pk V DC ( m in ) Where, CIN = input capacitor value, PIN = input power, T = the time between the two conduction cycles of the input bridge diodes, VAC(min)pk = sinusoidal input waveform peaks (when AC voltage is at its minimum), and VDC(min) = selected minimum input voltage required for the flyback (converter) stage. In this case, the PIN value used is calculated as PO/, where PO is the maximum output power and is the overall expected efficiency (70% in this example).
Rev. 1
5/33
STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Design An acceptable value for VDC(min) is 80% of VAC(min)pk: Equation 2 V DC ( min ) = 0.8VAC ( min ) pk = T is expressed as: Equation 3
2V AC ( min )
V DC ( min ) 1 T = ------------------------- arc cos ----------------------------- V AC ( m in )pk 2 f line Where, T = the time between the two conduction cycles of the input bridge diodes, and fline = line frequency. The calculated value of C IN using Equation 1 is 16F. For the board, two capacitors (C2a and C2b, see STEVAL-ISA011V Demo Board Schematic on page 30) of 10F were used. This means that C IN = 20F. This value was selected because the tolerance for an electrolytic capacitor is usually around 20%.
1.1.2
Step 2, Transformer Selection

The next step is selecting a transformer with a Primary Inductance (LP) that allows the system to work at the boundary between Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM). The worst case is minimum input voltage and full load. This value is expressed as: Equation 4
( V DC ( min ) D M AX) LMAX = -------------------------------------------------------------- LMAX = 3.5mH 2 P IN f SW 2
Where, LMAX = maximum inductance for discontinuous mode operation, VDC(min) = selected minimum input voltage required for the flyback (converter) stage, DMAX = maximum duty cycle, PIN = input power, fSW = switching frequency (internally fixed in the VIper12A to 60kHz), and VR = reflected voltage (fixed to 90V).
6/33
Rev. 1
The DMAX at the boundary between CCM and DCM is expressed as: Equation 5 VR D MAX = --------------------------------------------- D M AX = 0.47 V DC ( m in ) + V R The transformer selected for this application provides an LP of 3mH, which is a little less than the maximum inductance (LMAX) calculated in the first equation (3.5mH). This ensures that the system is not working at boundary and will always function in DCM. Using the transformers LP, the designer can calculate the:
Peak Primary Current, expressed as,
Equation 6 I PEAK = Where, IPEAK = peak primary current, PIN = input power, fSW = switching frequency, and LP = primary inductance.
2 PIN ------------------------ I PEAK f SW LP
= 258mA
actual Maximum Duty Cycle (DMAX), expressed as,
Equation 7 2 P IN f SW L P D M AX = ------------------------------------------------- D MAX = 0.42 f SW L P and
the primary side Root Mean Square (RMS) current value (IPRMS(max)), which is the current that flows through the main switch and primary winding. It is expressed as:
Equation 8 D MAX I PRM S ( max ) = I PEAK ------------------- I PRMS ( max ) = 97mA 3 Where, IPRMS(max) = Primary Current root mean square,
Rev. 1
7/33
The conduction losses in the main switch depend on the VIPer12A IPRMS(max) and ON resistance, and are expressed as: Equation 9 P VIPer12A = r ds ( on ) I PRMS ( m ax ) Where, PVIPer12A = VIPer12A conduction losses, and rds(on) = VIPer12A ON resistance.
2
1.2
Secondary Side
In order to select the output rectifier (secondary) diode D11 , the designer needs to know the maximum reverse voltage that the diode has to sustain, as well as the average and root mean square of the current flowing through it (see STEVAL-ISA011V1 Schematic on page 30). VR(max) is calculated as follows: Equation 10 V O UT V R ( max ) = V OUT + ------------------ V DC ( m ax ) VR Where, VR(max) = maximum reverse voltage, VOUT = output voltage, VR = reflected voltage, and VDC(max) = selected maximum input voltage. A commonly used selection method is to choose a diode with a 40% to 50% safety margin from the value given by the VR(max) calculation when a Schottky diode is used, or a safety margin of 20% to 30% if a standard fast diode is used. The safety margin prevents diode breakdown from oscillation caused by circuit parasitic elements (e.g. transformer secondary inductance leakage or parasitic diode capacitance) when the MOSFET is turned ON. If the calculated VR(max) is 23V and a Schottky diode is used (adding a 50% safety margin), the D 11 value is about 34V. This makes the STPS340U (with 40V breakdown voltage) an excellent choice for this application.
8/33
Rev. 1
1.2.1
D11 Current and Power Dissipation
The average current flowing through D11 is the output current while the IDRMS value is expressed as:
Equation 11 D s cond I DRMS = I PKS -------------------3 Where, IDRMS = current root mean square, IPKS = peak current at secondary winding, and Ds_cond = conduction duty cycle of the secondary diode. For one output flyback, IPKS (peak current at the secondary winding) can be calculated as the primary peak current multiplied by the turns ratio. Note: This formula applies only to DCM operation.
D11 power dissipation is calculated as follows:
Equation 12 P los sD = V dD I D ( avg ) + r dD I DRMS Where, PlossD = diode power dissipation, VdD = drop voltage (when the diode is forward-biased), ID(avg) = diode average current, and rdD = dynamic resistance. Note: The formula and the correct values for VdD and r dD are in the diode datasheets.
2
Rev. 1
9/33
1.2.2
Transformer Turns Ratio and D11 Peak Current
The turns ratio that is selected for the transformer depends on the output voltage, the chosen reflected voltage, and the average voltage drop across the output diode. Keeping in mind the voltage drop across its dynamic resistance, VDROP(avg) is expressed as:
Equation 13 V DROP ( avg ) = V dD + r dD IO Where, VDROP(avg) = average voltage drop (across the output diode) VdD = drop voltage (when the diode is forward-biased), rdD = dynamic resistance, IO = diode output current, and
Using the calculated VDROP(avg) value, the turns ratio is expressed as:
Equation 14 VR NP ------- = --------------------------------------------NS V O + V DRO P ( avg ) Where, NP = Primary Turns, NS = Secondary Turns, VR = reflected voltage, and VO = output voltage.
Using the calculated turns ratio, IPKS is then expressed as:
Equation 15 NP I PKS = ------ I PKP NS Where, IPKS = peak current at secondary winding, and IPKP = peak power current Note: The worst case (maximum power dissipation) will be in full load condition.
The D11 conduction duty cycle is expressed as:
Equation 16 I PKP LP f SW D s co nd = -------------------------------------------VR Where, Ds_cond = Secondary Diode conduction duty cycle, LP = primary inductance, and fSW = switching frequency.
10/33 Rev. 1
1.2.3
C11 Output Capacitor Selection

The output capacitor selection (C 11, see STEVAL-ISA011V1 Schematic on page 30) depends on the output voltage ripple specification (VO = 300mV), and the ripple current rate of the capacitor itself. The output voltage ripple is mainly due to the Equivalent Series Resistor (ESR), so we have to select a capacitor with an ESR lower than the maximum allowed ESR value: Equation 17 V O ESR MAX = -------------I PKS Where, ESR MAX = maximum allowed ESR rating, VO = output voltage ripple, and IPKS = peak current at secondary winding. The AC component of the current flowing through the output diode is also that of the current flowing through the capacitor. The C11 capacitor current rate has to be higher than the calculated current, which is expressed as: Equation 18
ICAPRMS = I
2 DRMS
2 O
Where, ICAPRMS = capacitor current root mean square, IDRMS = diode current root mean square, and IO = output current. The MBZ Type 1500 F 10V by RUBYCON capacitor was selected for this application.
Rev. 1
11/33
1.3
Completed Transformer Design

All of the calculations for the transformer design are complete. They include:

Primary Inductance, Turns Ratio, and Winding Current Values (RMS, Average, and Peak). In order to prevent transformer saturation during the start-up phase, the current limit of the VIPer12A (ILIM = 480mA, see datasheet for details) must be considered as the peak current. For thermal limits (power dissipated in the magnetic core), the peak current (calculated in Equation 6: on page 7) must be used. The RMS value of the current flowing through the windings is used first for calculating the power dissipated in the windings, then for winding size selection.
Notes: 1.
2. 3.
The transformer (reference number SRW16ES_E44H013) was designed and manufactured by TDK using aforementioned the data.
1.4
Feedback Loop
The transfer function 'control-to-output' for a flyback converter operating in DCM is given by the following formula: Equation 19
s 1 + -------- z fly V O ( s ) I FB ( s ) = G fly ----------------------s 1 + -------- p

fly
Where, VO = output voltage ripple, IFB = VIPer12A feedback pin current, Gfly = flyback gain, zfly = flyback zero compensation reference, pfly = flyback pole reference, and
12/33
Rev. 1
Using the VIPer12A input current (IFB) to the feedback pin and Gfly values, Equation 20 VO Gfly = ---------- G ID I PK Where, Gfly = flyback gain, VO = voltage output, IPK = primary peak current, and GID = feedback current-to-drain current gain (see VIPer12A datasheet for details).
The flyback pole value is expressed as:
Equation 21 2 p fly = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------C OUT ( R L + 2 ESR O UT ) Where, pfly = flyback pole reference, COUT = output capacitor (see C11, STEVAL-ISA011V1 Schematic on page 30), RL = inductor resistance, and ESROUT = equivalent series resistor output.
The flyback zero value (for two poles, one zero compensation network) is expressed as:
Equation 22 1 z fly = ------------------------------------------C OUT ESR OUT Where, zfly = flyback zero. One pole is located at zero frequency in order to maximize the precision of the regulation. Compensation zero was used in order to compensate the pfly and, typically, it has to be located between one-half and double the pfly frequency. The last pole of the compensation network is used to compensate flyback zero due to the ESR.
Rev. 1
13/33
Loop Gain crossover frequency is the last calculation required to define the compensation network. In this design, the crossover frequency selected is as high as 2.5kHz to provide the converter with good bandwidth. The Transfer Function output control is expressed as:
Equation 23
( 1 + s R9 C 8 ) IFB ( s ) CTR ------------------------ = ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------R 6 R 8 C 8 s ( 1 + s R FB C 5 ) VO ( s )
Where, IFB = VIPer12A feedback pin current, VO = output voltage ripple, CTR = optocoupler Current Transfer Ratio RFB = VIPer12A feedback pin input impedance. Note: Using these resistance and capacitance values as guidelines will provide the user with a stable loop as well as the required converter bandwidth.
14/33
Rev. 1
STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Tests

The tests performed with the STEVAL-ISA011V1 demo board are used to evaluate the converter behavior in terms of:

efficiency, safe operating area of the devices, line regulation, and load regulation.
2.1
Start-up Tests
The diagnostic board will handle a wide range of AC input voltage (88VAC to 265VAC), and its maximum output power is 4.1W with one output of 4.5V. Its maximum output current is 900mA (see Table 1). For flyback converters, the most critical conditions for the main switch in terms of Maximum Drain Current and of Maximum Drain Voltage (when no abnormal event occurs), are those that exist during the start-up phase. The maximum values for drain voltage and current are measured in both full load and no load conditions (the two extreme points in terms of load), and for minimum, maximum, and nominal input voltages (see Table ). All the measured values are within the rated maximum values of the VIPer12A so they are not critical for device operation. Table 1.
Symbol VAC(max) VAC(min) VO VO IO 230 115
Electrical Characteristics
Description Maximum AC Input Voltage Minimum AC Input Voltage Output Voltage Maximum Output Voltage Ripple Maximum Output Current Efficiency (at full Load and 230VAC) Efficiency (at full Load and 115VAC) Limits or Value 265VRMS 88V RMS 4.5 300 900 70 70 Units V V V mV mV % %
Table 2.
Start up Measures
VDRAIN(max) (V) IDRAIN(max) (mA) Full load 0.460 0.472 0.507 0.515 No load 0.458 0.470 0.505 0.515
VINAC (VRMS) Full load 88 115 230 265 352 393 581 638 No load 353 401 581 633
Rev. 1
15/33
2.1.1
Full Load Start-up Waveforms

Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, and Figure 4 on page 17 show the most pertinent waveforms that occur during the circuit start-up phase when it is in Full Load condition, for the minimum (88VAC), maximum (265VAC), and nominal voltages (115VAC and 230VAC).
Figure 1. Full Load Start-up Waveforms at 88V
Notes: Cyan/Blue (Ch2) = drain current, Green (Ch4) = output voltage, Magenta/Red (Ch3) = auxiliary output voltage for the VIPer12A self-supply (on VDD pin), and Yellow (Ch1) = drain voltage.
Figure 2.
Full Load Start-up Waveforms at 265V
16/33
Rev. 1
AN2272 - Application Note Figure 3. Full Load Start-up Waveforms at 115V
Figure 4.
Full Load Start-up Waveforms at 230V
Rev. 1
17/33
2.1.2
No Load Start-up Waveforms

Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7, and Figure 8 on page 19 show the same waveforms (Section 2.1.1) as they occur during the circuit start-up phase when no load is applied, for the minimum (88VAC), maximum (265VAC), and nominal voltages (115VAC and 230VAC).
Figure 5. No Load Start-up Waveforms at 88V
Figure 6.
No Load Start-up Waveforms at 265V
18/33
Rev. 1
AN2272 - Application Note Figure 7. No Load Start-up Waveforms at 115V
Figure 8.
No Load Start-up Waveforms at 230V
Rev. 1
19/33
2.2
Temperature Tests
These tests verify the boards device and component temperatures. Table 3 shows critical temperatures (the most stress measured, in terms of power dissipation) for the boards main components. Note: The tests were performed at 25C (ambient temperature), in Full Load conditions. Table 3. Component Critical Temperature Measurements
VIPer12A 38 39 42 45 Transformer 37 36 38 35 Clamp Resistor 36 37 38 39 Output Diode 45 45 45 45 Units C C C C
VINAC (VRMS) 88V 115V 230V 265V
2.3
Dynamic Load Regulation Tests

These tests monitor and verify the stability and quality of the system response to load changes, in terms of speed and overshoot. Figure 9, and Figure 10 on page 21, and Figure 11, and Figure 12 on page 22 show the waveforms as they occur during the circuit load changes, for the minimum (88VAC), maximum (265VAC), and nominal voltages (115VAC and 230VAC). During these tests, load changes from a minimum of 180mA to a maximum of 900mA are applied to the circuit as squarewaves, with 3ms periods and a duty cycle of 50%.
The output voltage (Ch3) has a variation of some tenths of a mV (about 40mV), with some mV overshoots. These results indicate very good dynamic behavior on the part of the system. The VIPer12A feedback pin voltage (Ch1) in Figure 10 on page 21 shows that when the input voltage is 265VAC, the load is 180mV (its minimum value) while the output and feedback pin voltages show some oscillation. This oscillation is not related to a low phase margin of the Loop Gain, but is related to the VIPer12A Burst mode operation. Note: Even with the oscillation, the output voltages are still regulated well.
20/33
Rev. 1
AN2272 - Application Note Figure 9. Step Load Change Stability Tests at 88V
Notes: Magenta/Red (Ch3) = output voltage (set to 50mV/division), Yellow (Ch1) = VIPer12A feedback pin voltage, and Cyan/Blue (Ch2) = output (load) current.
Figure 10. Step Load Change Stability Tests at 265V
Notes: Magenta/Red (Ch3) = output voltage, Yellow (Ch1) = feedback pin voltage, and Cyan/Blue (Ch2) = output current.
Rev. 1
21/33
STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Tests Figure 11. Step Load Change Stability Tests at 115V
Figure 12. Step Load Change Stability Tests at 230V
22/33
Rev. 1
2.4
Steady-State Tests
These tests evaluate the converters behavior (see Table 4). The measurements include:

converter efficiency for the minimum (88VAC), maximum (265VAC), and nominal input voltages (115VAC and 230VAC), output voltage quality (Static Load regulation, where voltage output is measured in both full load and no load conditions), and voltage ripple which is superimposed on the output voltage at the switching frequency (see Table 5). Note: The tests were performed in Full Load conditions.
Table 4.
Steady-state Full Load Condition Measurements

PIN (W) 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.1 POUT (W) 4.13 4.13 4.13 4.13 VO (V) 4.59 4.59 4.59 4.59
VINAC (VRMS) 88V 115V 230V 265V
(%)
70 70 70 68
Table 5.
Steady-state Output Voltage Ripple

Input Voltage (V RMS) 88V 115V 230V 265V VO at Full Load 210mV 214mV 215mV 220mV
Rev. 1
23/33
2.4.1
Steady-State Full Load Waveforms

Figure 13 and Figure 14, and Figure 15 and Figure 16 on page 25 show the waveforms that occur during converter steady-state testing when it is in Full Load condition, for the minimum (88VAC), maximum (265VAC), and nominal voltages (115VAC and 230VAC).
Figure 13. Steady-state Full Load 88VAC Waveforms
Notes: Magenta/Red (Ch3) = output voltage, Green (Ch4) = drain voltage, and Cyan/Blue (Ch2) = drain current.
24/33
Rev. 1
AN2272 - Application Note Figure 15. Steady-state Full Load 115VAC Waveforms
Rev. 1
25/33
2.4.2
Steady-State No Load Waveforms

Figure 17 and Figure 18, and Figure 19 and Figure 20 on page 27 show the waveforms that occur during converter steady-state testing when it is in No Load condition, for the minimum (88VAC), maximum (265VAC), and nominal voltages (115VAC and 230VAC).
Figure 17. Steady-state No Load 88VAC Waveforms
26/33
Rev. 1
AN2272 - Application Note Figure 19. Steady-state No Load 115VAC Waveforms
Rev. 1
27/33
2.5
EMI Tests
Pre-compliant tests with European Normative EN55022 for electromagnetic interference (EMI) were performed. Figure 21 and Figure 22, and Figure 23 and Figure 24 on page 29 illustrate that the conducted EMI induced by the converter to the main are below the normative limits. Note: Figure 21 through Figure 24 show the Input current spectrum to be inside the 150kHz to 30MHz frequency range. Figure 21. 115VAC Line Voltage
Figure 22. 115VAC Line Neutral
28/33
Rev. 1
AN2272 - Application Note Figure 23. 230VAC Line Voltage
Figure 24. 230VAC Line Neutral
Rev. 1
29/33
D4
D3
Figure 25. STEVAL-ISA011V1 Schematic
S1
S2
FB
VDD D1
C4 10F
4 3
C5 33nF
STEVAL-ISA011V Demo Board Schematic
CON2 33
NTC1
C1
Rev. 1
4 R4 10E
Viper12A U2
D2
30/33
1 L12 1.5mH 0.25 C3 2 D11 STPS340U 8 + 7 1.5mF 10V MBZ Rubycon 3 D3 1N4148 D5 STTH1R06 C11 4.5V - 0.9A + 4 C2a 10F 400V C2b 10F 400V + R3 1.5k 150pF 400V R1 12k 1/4W T1 J2 1 2 R8 10k R6 560 R5 1k 1% Precision Resistor
Appendix A
1A 600V Bridge
STEVAL-ISA011V Demo Board Schematic
D4 2
U5 PC817
R9 56k
F1 315mA
10k R2
C8 100nF
J3 C7 2.2nF Y1
U3 TL431
3 R7 12.5k 1% Precision Resistor
1 2
0.1F CX2 cap
AI12225
STEVAL-ISA011V1 Bill of Materials
Appendix B
Table 6. Item
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
STEVAL-ISA011V1 Bill of Materials

Bill Of Materials Qty
1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Reference
C1 C2a, C2b C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C11 D3 D4 D5 D11 F1 L12 NTC1 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 T1 U2 U3 U4 0.1uF CX2 cap 10uF 400V 150pF 400V 10uF 33nF 47pF 400V 1.8nF Y1 100nF
Value
1.5mF 10V MBZ (10X16) Rubycon (Low ESR Capacitor) 1N4148 1A 600V Bridge STTH1R06 STMicroelectronics Part STPS340U (SMB Package) STMicroelectronics Part 250mA 1.5mH 0.25A 33 12K 1/4W 10k 1.5k 10E 1k 560 12.5k 1% Precision Resistor 10k 1% Precision Resistor 56k TDK SRW16ES_E44H013 VIPer12A (ST Part) TL1431 (ST Part) PC817
Rev. 1
31/33
Revision History
Revision History
Table 7. Document revision history
Date 2-February-2006 Revision 1 First edition Changes
32/33
Rev. 1
Information furnished is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, STMicroelectronics assumes no responsibility for the consequences of use of such information nor for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of STMicroelectronics. Specifications mentioned in this publication are subject to change without notice. This publication supersedes and replaces all information previously supplied. STMicroelectronics products are not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems without express written approval of STMicroelectronics. The ST logo is a registered trademark of STMicroelectronics. All other names are the property of their respective owners 2006 STMicroelectronics - All rights reserved STMicroelectronics group of companies Australia - Belgium - Brazil - Canada - China - Czech Republic - Finland - France - Germany - Hong Kong - India - Israel - Italy - Japan Malaysia - Malta - Morocco - Singapore - Spain - Sweden - Switzerland - United Kingdom - United States of America www.st.com
Rev. 1
33/33

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AN2272 Application Note

VIPer12A-based Low Power AC/DC Adapter

AN2272 - Application Note

Completed Transformer Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Feedback Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.2 2.3 2.4

AN2272 - Application Note

AN2272 - Application Note

AN2272 - Application Note

STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Design

STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Design

AN2272 - Application Note

Step 2, Transformer Selection

AN2272 - Application Note

STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Design

Peak Primary Current, expressed as,

2 PIN ------------------------ I PEAK f SW LP

actual Maximum Duty Cycle (DMAX), expressed as,

Equation 7 2 P IN f SW L P D M AX = ------------------------------------------------- D MAX = 0.42 f SW L P and

STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Design

AN2272 - Application Note

AN2272 - Application Note

STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Design

D11 Current and Power Dissipation

D11 power dissipation is calculated as follows:

STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Design

AN2272 - Application Note

Transformer Turns Ratio and D11 Peak Current

Using the calculated turns ratio, IPKS is then expressed as:

The D11 conduction duty cycle is expressed as:

AN2272 - Application Note

STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Design

C11 Output Capacitor Selection

STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Design

AN2272 - Application Note

Completed Transformer Design

s 1 + -------- z fly V O ( s ) I FB ( s ) = G fly ----------------------s 1 + -------- p

AN2272 - Application Note

STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Design

The flyback pole value is expressed as:

STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Design

AN2272 - Application Note

( 1 + s R9 C 8 ) IFB ( s ) CTR ------------------------ = ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------R 6 R 8 C 8 s ( 1 + s R FB C 5 ) VO ( s )

AN2272 - Application Note

STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Tests

STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Tests

STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Tests

AN2272 - Application Note

Full Load Start-up Waveforms

Full Load Start-up Waveforms at 265V

AN2272 - Application Note Figure 3. Full Load Start-up Waveforms at 115V

STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Tests

Full Load Start-up Waveforms at 230V

STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Tests

AN2272 - Application Note

No Load Start-up Waveforms

No Load Start-up Waveforms at 265V

AN2272 - Application Note Figure 7. No Load Start-up Waveforms at 115V

STEVAL-ISA011V1 Board Tests