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    Photobioreactor

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    Peyman Sazandehchi
    This document summarizes experiments on growing microalgae in wastewater from an ethanol plant for biodiesel production. Key findings include: 1. Algae grew best at 25% wastewater concentration, producing a cell density of 230 million/mL and 3.5g/L of biomass with 57% crude oil content. 2. LED lights were as effective as fluorescent lights for algae growth, providing energy savings. 3. Photobioreactors of different sizes were tested, with the 170mm diameter reactor producing 47.5 million cells/mL and 0.35g/L of biomass. 4. Nutrient stress increased oil content from 14.55% to

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    Photobioreactor

    Uploaded by

    Peyman Sazandehchi
    167 views32 pages
    This document summarizes experiments on growing microalgae in wastewater from an ethanol plant for biodiesel production. Key findings include: 1. Algae grew best at 25% wastewater concentration, producing a cell density of 230 million/mL and 3.5g/L of biomass with 57% crude oil content. 2. LED lights were as effective as fluorescent lights for algae growth, providing energy savings. 3. Photobioreactors of different sizes were tested, with the 170mm diameter reactor producing 47.5 million cells/mL and 0.35g/L of biomass. 4. Nutrient stress increased oil content from 14.55% to

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    This document summarizes experiments on growing microalgae in wastewater from an ethanol plant for biodiesel production. Key findings include: 1. Algae grew best at 25% wastewater concentration, producing a cell density of 230 million/mL and 3.5g/L of biomass with 57% crude oil content. 2. LED lights were as effective as fluorescent lights for algae growth, providing energy savings. 3. Photobioreactors of different sizes were tested, with the 170mm diameter reactor producing 47.5 million cells/mL and 0.35g/L of biomass. 4. Nutrient stress increased oil content from 14.55% to

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    167 views32 pages

    Photobioreactor

    Uploaded by

    Peyman Sazandehchi
    This document summarizes experiments on growing microalgae in wastewater from an ethanol plant for biodiesel production. Key findings include: 1. Algae grew best at 25% wastewater concentration, producing a cell density of 230 million/mL and 3.5g/L of biomass with 57% crude oil content. 2. LED lights were as effective as fluorescent lights for algae growth, providing energy savings. 3. Photobioreactors of different sizes were tested, with the 170mm diameter reactor producing 47.5 million cells/mL and 0.35g/L of biomass. 4. Nutrient stress increased oil content from 14.55% to

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    3th Forum Ha Noi 20-21 December 2012

    Assc. Prof. Dr. Truong Vinh Chemical Engineering Department, Nong Lam University HCM city

    Contents
    i. ii. iii. iv. v. Introduction to biodiesel and algae. Introduction to ethanol plant. Introduction to algal-biodiesel from ethanol plant. Two-stage growing experiment in fresh water. Growing experiment in wastewater without stress treatment. vi. Photobioreactor development. vii. Discussion viii.Proposed growing model for large scale algal production based on two-stage growing methodology ix. Conclusion

    INTRODUCTION TO BIODIESEL Why biodiesel ?


    1. The resources of fossil fuel is expected to be reduced in the next decades. 2. Consumption of diesel is 6 times of petrol. Combustion of fossil diesel produces CO2 causing global warming: 240ppm to 345ppm during the 20th century. 3. Need to replace fossil fuel by other sources of energy: wind, solar, biodiesel. 4. Biodiesel is one of the renewable energy resources (wind, solar can not be used directly for transport). 5. Direct use of biodiesel in diesel engine is cleaner than fossil diesel: less emission of greenhouse gas such as CO, CO2, SO2, NOx.

    INTRODUCTION TO ALGAE
    Crop Corn Sugar cane Switch grass Wood residue Soybeans Rapeseed, canola Algae Used to produce Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol, Biodiesel Biodiesel Biodiesel Biodiesel

    Why microalgae ?

    Less land used => No food competition problem Algae+CO2= Energy =>Less gas emission
    Greenhouse gas emission (kg CO2/MJ produced)* 81-85 4-12 -24 N/A 49 37 -183 Estimated % crop land used 157-262 46-57 60-108 150-250 180-240 30 1-2

    (Source: Martha Groom, University of Washington; * Emissions produced during the growing, harvesting, refining and burning)

    Oil crops, waste cooking oil and animal fat : a potential renewable, carbon neutral fuels, available technology, food competition problem Microalgae: high productivity, less competition with feed crop, less CO2 emission => renewable resources of energy that has the potential to completely displace fossil diesel

    1. INTRODUCTION TO ETHANOL PLANT


    1. Name of company: Green Field Join Stock Company 2. Location: Quang Nam Province, Vietnam 3. Specification of the ethanol plant: Ethanol production: 100,000 ton/year Waste water release: 4000 m3/day Cooling water release: this river water used to cool the ethanol distillation equipment with the rate of 8000 m3/day at temperature of 60oC. CO2 resource: fermentation of cassava produced 20,000 ton CO2/year

    2. INTRODUCTION TO algal-biodiesel from ethanol plant


    Ethanol Plant Cheap CO2 source High Nutrition

    Cassava => Fermentation => Ethanol + CO2 + Waste water + Residual

    Microalgae => Photobioreactor => biodiesel + glycerine + chlorophyll + Waste

    Growing System

    Biodegradable Film

    Food color Antioxidant

    Fertilizer

    Biodiesel Plant

    3. Production Process of biodiesel from algae in two-stage growing system


    Dried biomass
    Drying Harvesting

    Dry extraction

    Wet biomass

    Second stage of growing


    First stage of growing

    Treatments

    Oil separation

    Wet extraction

    Oil refining

    Biodiesel Reaction

    Methanol Catalyst
    Glycerin Purification

    Product Separation

    Algae growth in photobioreactor

    Biodiesel Purification

    Algae seed production

    3.1 GROWING WITHOUT TREATMENT


    Composition Protein Lipid Carbonhydrates Percentage 60.1 14.55 0.36 0.0013 0.0059 75.02

    Chlorophylls
    Carotenoids Total

    Composition of algae grown without treatment is suitable for Functional Food

    3.1 GROWING WITH TREATMENT


    Methodology: Experiment 1: Growing in Basal medium for 7 days Transfering to new medium contained 15, 30, 45, and 60 % Basal nutrient. The control sample was the 100% Basal medium Continueing to grow for 7 days and harvest Experiment 2: Best result from experiment 1 was used with modification of Basal medium and variation of initial cell density

    3.2 GROWING WITH TREATMENT: results of experiment 1


    Effect of stress nutrient treatment on biomass and oil productivity after 7 days
    .500 .450 .400 .350 Oil content, g/L .300 .250 .206 .200 .150 .100 .050 .000 15% nutrient 30% nutrient Crude oil, g/L 45% nutrient Refined lipid, g/L 60% nutrient Biomass, g/L Control .000 .500 1.000 .290 .394 .364 .316 .278 .276 .272 1.500 Biomass, g/L .403 2.000 .472 2.500

    3.2 GROWING WITH TREATMENT: results of experiment 2


    Effect of initial cell density on the biomass and oil content at 30% nutrient stress treatment
    70.000 60.000 53.522 Crude oil content, % 50.000 40.000 0.149 30.000 20.000 10.000 0.050 0.218 50.350 0.200 0.156 30.150 34.560 27.870 0.100 0.280 60.130 0.246 0.232 0.250 0.300

    0.150

    .000
    3 8(0) 8(1) 8(2) Initial cell density, million/L 15 % du 25

    0.000

    8(0): Basal , 8(1): Modified 1 , 8(2): Modified 2

    g du/L

    Lipid Productivity, g/L

    3.2 GROWING WITH TREATMENT: Conclusion


    Nutrient stress treatment decreased the biomass but improved the oil content compared to the control.
    At the treatment 30% of Basal nutrient (in equivalent to deprivation of 70% of nutrient), oil content was highest with crude oil of 0.47 g/L and refined oil of 0.36 g/L. At the treatment 30% of Basal medium, with additional of MgSO4 (Modified 1) and initial cell density of 8 106/mL, the oil content was 60%.

    4. Growing experiment in wastewater without stress treatment


    Nutrient in waste water of ethanol plant
    Item N total P total K Ca Mg Na Fe Mn Cu Zn S Mo Co BOD5 COD Value 438.2 40.94 648 9.02 131.63 0.432 0.14 11.46 106 345

    Unit
    mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

    mg/L
    mg/L mg/L mgO2/L mgO2/L

    4. Growing experiment in wastewater without stress treatment


    Experimental design: the waste water was dilute with variation of the ratio between waste water and fresh water/cooling water from 20% to 100% (v/v) as in shown the following table: Treatment Waste water Fresh water 20w 20 80 40W 40 60 60w 60 40 80w 80 20 100w 100 0

    Growth condition: container 1.5 liter, fluorescent light with light intensity of 110 mol/m2s using 4 fluorescent lamps of 40W

    4. Growing experiment in wastewater without stress treatment: results


    250 Cell density, x106/mL 200 150 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 Growing time, day 20 100 w 80 w 60 w 40 w 20 w

    4. Growing experiment in wastewater without stress treatment: oil content and biomass
    The algae could not survive in the media that contained higher 60% of waste water. At 20% of waste water, the algae grew well and better than in normal Basal medium. The cell density was 230 million/mL after 14 days of growing. The productivity of algae grown in 20% waste was 3.5g/L with crude oil content of 57%

    4. Growing experiment in wastewater without stress treatment: Using LED light


    Experimental design:

    The waste water /cooling water of 20% , 25% and 30% (v/v) was used as nutrients for algal growing
    Two sources of light were compared: fluorescent light (4 lamps of 40W) and LED light (4 lamps of 21 W) Algae were grown in 1.5 liter bottles.

    4. Growing experiment in wastewater without stress treatment: Using LED light


    Results: No significant different between cell density of algae grown under fluorescent and LED light after 8 days (P>0.05)
    Waste content Fluores LED ANOVA Source of Variation Sample Columns Interaction Within Total Cell density, million/mL 20% 25% 30% 54 85 73 70 82 72 63 85 71 65 59 55 df 1 2 2 6 11 MS 123.6492 235.1511 51.25278 103.6933 F P-value F crit 1.1925 0.3167 5.9874 2.2678 0.1847 5.1433 0.4943 0.6328 5.1433

    SS 123.65 470.30 102.51 622.16 1318.617

    4. Growing experiment in wastewater without stress treatment: Using LED light


    Results: the algae growed best at 25% of waste water for both light sources => using LED light saved half of energy
    90 80 Cell density, x106/mL 70 60 50 40 30 Fluoresence LED light

    20
    10 0 20% waste 25% waste 30% waste

    4. Growing experiment in wastewater without stress treatment: benefit from waste and CO2
    Nutrient saving Price, VND/L from using waste medium 24.75 24.75 NaNO3 3.575 8.25 MgSO4 7H2O

    Basal medium NaNO3 CaCl2 2H2O MgSO4 7H2O 8.25 K2HPO4 8.25 KH2PO4 28.875 NaCl 0.275 Total 73.975

    Year of BOD experiment (mgO2/L) before/ After growing 2009 81/7.9

    COD (mgO2/L) before/ After growing 260/78

    2012
    33 45%

    106/80

    345/100

    Contribution of CO2 and nutritent in waste water on cost saving to produce biomass Saving from CO2 Saving from nutrient of waste water 39.9 1.5

    5. PHOTOBIOREACTOR DEVELOPMENT
    Purpose: Cheap price: plastic material for tube Contamination control: closed system Low operation cost: minimal pump energy

    5.1 Photobioreactor parameters


    Table 2: Summary of characteristics of different developed PBRS for experiments

    Parameters
    Tube diameter (D) of solar receiver (mm) Total length of solar receiver (m) Length of tube (m) Total area occupied (m2) Volume of culture (liter) Air lift column height (m) Tank height from tube (m) Velocity of culture (m/s)

    LCP170D70 70 44.0 2.0 4.0 168 0.45 1 0.01

    LCP400D140 140 26.0 3.5 5.7 400 0.7 1.4 7.5

    LCP400D170 170 17.6 3.0 4.9 400 0.7 1.4 8

    LCP400D210 210 11.5 3.0 3.6 400 0.7 1.4 8.5

    5.2 Photobioreactors
    Contamination control Simple construction
    LCP400-D170 81 liter/m2

    LCP400-D140 70 liter/m2

    Treatment system

    5.2 Photobioreactors
    Contamination control Simple construction

    LCP2500-D170: 2.5 m3 Width x Length = 2.5 m x 15 m 81 liter/m2

    5.3 GROWING IN PBRS


    The growing of algae Chlorella vulgaris in PBR LCP-170 Initial number of cell was 106 cell/ml 60 50 Cell density, 106/mL

    40
    30 20 10 0 0 100 200 300 400 Growing time, (h) 500 600

    Figure 4: Algae density and OD of Chlorella vulgaris as function of growing time

    5.4 DISCUSSION
    Comparison of biomass cost produced from PBRs of different tube sizes of experimental systems with and without treatment
    D, mm Biomass, g/L Crude Oil, mg/L CD, x106 cell/mL Specific volume, L/m2 210 0.336 36.6 27 89.3 170 0.35 70.9 47.5 81.1 140 0.41 80 38 70.0 70 0.67 80.4 125 40.4
    The cost of oil reduced by 4 times with stress treatment

    Capacity, g oil/m2
    VND/g oil (without treatment) VND/g oil (with treatment)

    3.27
    423

    5.75
    425 107.6

    5.60
    447

    3.25
    1153

    a)Microalgae is renewable resource of energy that has the potential to displace fossil diesel b)Technology should be improved to reduce cost by improving of algae strain, growing methodology. c)Wet extraction or solar drying should be considered to reduce the production cost d)Growing in waste water using CO2 of ethanol plant provided high productivity and reduced production cost e)Growth methodology in PBR should be combined with stress treatment (two stage growing) to optimize the biodiesel production from microalgae.

    Methodology: Two-stage growing technology: First stageGrowing => Second stage-Treatment Strategy: Using sun energy as sustainable resource for algalbiodiesel production : Combination between direct sun light and solar panels as electrical source for LED light in order to

    stabilize the light source during the year.

    Solar panel

    LED light

    Plastic house

    First stage

    Sun drying

    Cultivationoutdoor

    Sun drying

    15m

    Plastic house

    Cultivationindoor Plastic house

    Plastic house 17m

    Harvest - Seed culti.

    Harvest - Seed culti. 15m

    Harvest - Seed culti.

    Treatment

    Treatment

    Treatment

    Second stage

    Treatment

    Treatment

    Treatment

    Harvest - Seed cultivation.

    Harvest - Seed cultivation

    Harvest - Seed cultivation

    Initial results of project EEP-3-V-053 indicated that waste water of ethanol can be used as nutrient for algal growth to produce biodiesel with a contribution to cost saving of 1.5%. Using the available CO2 source produced from ethanol plant decreased the production cost by 40%. Autotrophic growth of algae for biodiesel is sustainable because it uses sun as energy. However, sun energy is not stable for algal growing due to the weather change during the year Therefore, solar panel is propose to stablise the light source LED light is expected to use to reduce the investment of the solar panels. Two stage growing method can be used to enhance the oil content. Energy used in extraction of oil from algae is reduced significantly by either wet extraction method or sun drying/solar drying. The improvement of other technologies such as plastic material for tubes of PBR, efficiency of LED light, solar panel, etc, is important

    Contact adress: Truong Vinh Chemical Engineering Department Nona Lam University, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam tv@hcmuaf.edu.vn 0903862721

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