Research in Nursing

Research
Research is a quest for knowledge through diligent search or investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of new knowledge. (WHO) Research is an art of scientific investigation.

Research:
A formal, systematic and intensive process of analyzing problems through scientific means for purposes of discovery and development of an organized body of knowledge, (Abdellah, 1986). A systematic collection and analysis of data to illuminate describe or explain new facts and relationships. In its broadest sense, it is an attempt to find solutions to problems. It is likewise a collection of data in a controlled situation for purposes of prediction or explanation, (Treece and Treece, 1986).

Research:
A problem solving process that utilizes the scientific method of discovery and develop ideas and theories that give meaningful answers to complex questions about human beings and their environment (Clark, 1979). Research provides relevant, reliable and unbiased answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures and thorough analysis of observable facts (Selltiz, 1971).

Is a way of dealing with ideas for purposes of clarifying, verifying and confirming data (Polit & Hungler, 1985).

Nursing Research.
. . . to determine the causes, diagnoses and prevention of diseases, the promotion of health in the growth and development processes, and the rehabilitation of patients for a more productive life. . . .to know the health care of individuals and groups and the biological, physiological, social, behavioral and environmental factors that influence health and disease in relation to nursing care (Abdellah, 1986).

Nursing Research
The systematic, empirical, controlled and critical investigation of a hypothetical proposition in relation to a natural phenomena/ problem (Kerlinger) Conducted to affirm or deny a hypothesis

Clinical Nursing Research

The systematic study and assessment of nursing problems or phenomena; Ways of improving nursing practice and patient care through creative and scientific studies; knowledge of health and the promotion of health throughout the life-span; Identify nursing interventions that can help individuals respond effectively to actual or potential health problems; and The initiation and assessment of change and incisive efforts to make new knowledge useful in nursing.

Benefits for doing nursing research:

Promotes creative thinking Think critically at a conceptual and scholarly level. stimulates inquisitive, curious and questioning minds for efficient and effective way of implementing nursing care modalities. held high regard, and gain professional standing aimed at improving nursing practice and community health.

Reasons for Conducting Research in Nursing:

Gathers nursing phenomenal data or information from evidence-based knowledge; Provides scientific knowledge; Helps correct, clarify and validate perceptions and expands these;

Reasons for Conducting Research in Nursing:

Provides theoretical and scientific basis for nursing practice:
helps improve that practice, firms up the credibility of the nursing profession; defines the accountability of nursing practice; and, documents the cost effectiveness of nursing care;

Reasons for Conducting Research in Nursing:

5. Defines the parameters (limiting factors) of nursing and identifies its boundaries; 6. Documents the social relevance and efficacy of nursing practice; 7. Describes characteristics of nursing situations

8. Predicts probable outcomes of nursing decisions in relation to client care. 9. Provides concrete facts as basis for nursing care; 10. Provides knowledge for problem-solving and decision making. 11. Develops and evaluates nursing theories, concepts, practices, and tests for clarity and validity. 12. Prevents undesirable clients reactions; and 13. Develops a considerable degree of confidence in undertaking activities which are intended to achieve desired client behaviors.

General and Specific Purposes of Research:

General Purposes (Polit and Hungler, 1995): to answer questions or solve problems, to observe in order to know; to know in order to predict; to predict in order to control; to control in order to practice and prescribe accurately and in a professional manner.

THE RESEARCH PROBLEM (Ardales, 1992) 4Ds

A perceived difficulty; A feeling of discomfort with the ways things are; A discrepancy or a gap between what is and what should be A daily experience of human beings that requires further inquiry into an already familiar solution.

Guideposts in determining researchablity of a problem:

No available answer to explain the existing gap in knowledge; Not known or untested available solutions; Factual contradictory - answers or solutions, possible results; Undesirable condition most likely to exist. A phenomenon exists which requires explanation

Phenomenon. everyday phenomenon that affects the nurse (eg. bacteria, drugs, physician) Phenomenon + hypothesis = research problem Without hypothesis there is no research problem, only a problem

Sources of Problems (Good and Scates, 1972) :

Field of specialization The Instructional program; Reading program Organizational structure; Organizational policies and interpersonal relationships; the introduction of new technologies; Conflicting ideas and ideals;

Sources of Problems (Good and Scates, 1972) :

Journals, books, theses or dissertations and mass media; Theories and principles affecting certain phenomena; Problems in Nursing;
Administration of Nursing Service and Education Roles and responsibilities of nurses in the health care delivery system. Clinical Specialization: (MCN, MS, Psychiatric, Communicable Disease, Community Health and School Nursing, Research Nursing)

Characteristics of a researchable problem

G general applicability and use Re Researchable F Feasible and measurable F actors of a feasible research :
time, money, experience of the researcher, instruments, population

I importance to nursing profession N novelty/originality

Plagiarism/illegal replication unauthorized use of anothers literary work without any consent or permission

S significance to nursing

Major Characteristics of a Good or Major Research:

Systematic conduct research in a step by step process or procedure Empirical objective data should be observable/measurable or readily collected using your senses Controlled/ manipulated Methods/tool of controlling is research design Critical investigation/fact finding investigation In order to answer the data is by using facts. Looking for human beings who can give us facts

Purpose of Research in Nursing Profession [DEED]

Descriptive
observe, describe and record gain richer familiarity regarding the phenomena 100% known to RN

Purpose of Research in Nursing Profession [DEED]

Exploratory
Explore to those areas that are unknown Observe more 50%-50% (50%known to nurses and 50% unknown to the nurses

Purpose of Research in Nursing Profession [DEED]

Experimental
Active intervention, active manipulation Want to find cause & effect Done something before observing results

Purpose of Research in Nursing Profession [DEED]

Developmental
To improve the system of care for the your patient. Develop and improve existing system
.(**CBQ)

Ethics of a Researcher
S Scientific Objective conductive research for a good purpose or object for your pt C Cooperation and Consent. Do not conduct data/experiment w/o a consent (legally the patient owns the chart. However the hospital owns the chart) I Integrity worked hard on the research E Equitable acknowledging works or contribution of others

Ethics of a Researcher
N Nobility protect the rights of your subjects Right not to be harmed (physical, mental, moral harm) usually done during experimental research Physical Harm/ Negligence - undeliberate physical harm Commission done outside the standard practice of nursing (eg. urinary catheter placed on the nose of the pt) Omission from the very start, you did not do something about it.

Right not to be harmed

Moral Harm

Assault mental fear/threat without physical harm Battery physically you harm the pt
Restraint is never an independent nursing order

physical restraint eg. Jacket chemical restraint eg. use of psychotropic drug
Moral harm

Slander oral defamation Libel published or placed in the newspaper

N Nobility protect the rights of your subjects

Right to self-determination Right to privacy

Anonymity identity of subject may not be disclosed. Privacy of the Informant (pt) eg. conduct a study on HIV pt. but the pt wants his name to be written in the newspaper as Mr. X, Mr. Y or Mr. W Confidentiality information acquired must be disclosed. Privacy of the information eg. conduct a study on HIV pt. but the pt wants the nurse should only know

Ethics of a Researcher
T Truthfulness put only the data you have collected I Importance importance to the nursing profession F Factual facts or data I Ideal (follow the 11 steps of research) C Courage

** CBQ : In the process of doing research, the researcher is very careful not to disclose the name of her subjects. This is: a. protection of client b. confidentiality c. anonymity d. informed consent

* CBQ : The main contribution of research towards the improvement of nursing profession is which of the following? a. provide a scientific basis for nursing care b. assist the nurse administrator in planning nursing staff requirements. c. assist the faculty in developing the nursing curriculum. d. facilitate the development of staff development

CURRENT RESEARCH TRENDS IN NURSING

Demands for graduate nursing students to undertake Masterate and Doctorate studies The Nursing Law in 1991 (RA 7164) requires nurses to be holders of these degrees to qualify nursing positions in the nursing service or in the nursing education. The creation of special research departments in a growing number of educational institutions, hospital and organizations Greater emphasis on research in undergraduate programs; The production of more research materials, including books and articles on research methodology in nursing journals; Published and funded research studies as a basis for promotion in the academic field;

Rationale for Conducting Clinical Research

Nursing problems and issues are an integral part of the work situation. Personal satisfaction is derived from funding better ways of providing nursing care. No one has greater access to the patients than the nurse. It could be therapeutic and enjoyable to the patient to participate in clinical research. Clinical research is a practical way for a nurse to help improve the health care of the sick and people in general.

Delimitations in Research
Research Content The Researcher

CURRENT RESEARCH TRENDS IN NURSING

Use of effective strategies for research development in nursing such as the following:
Acquisition of research facilities; Establishment of research linkages; Increased research funding; Practical application of research results; Broadened scope of researches; Greater administrative support

Role of Nurses in Research

Principal Investigators Research as a Team Member Evaluator of research findings Consumers of research findings Client Advocator Subjects of research

Types of Research
According to Application
Basic/ Pure
For personal knowledge, curiosity

Applied
Based on problem solving approach

According to Methods
Experimental
performing active manipulation, observe and record the result.

Non-experimental
No manipulation is done. Only observation, describe and record down the result, thus the conditions for research are realistic or uncontrolled.

Types of Experimental Research

control
divide grp into 2. Group a control/comparison grp will use the same soap everyday Group b experimental grp those who will use the sample soap

randomization
using sample by chance. Choose randomly to avoid redundancy of result

Types of Experimental Research

Manipulation
Performing intervention

Validation
comparison of the effects

Quasi-experimental
false experiment. No control sample.

Types of Non-experimental Research

Basic or Library research
intended to increase knowledge in science. Also known as Pure Research to generate new knowledge.

Purely knowledge the end product of research.

Goals: Improve patient care; alleviate the problem of nursing shortage; enrich the nursing curriculum; optimize the organization of nursing service.

Types of Non-experimental Research

Applied research or action research
Undertaken for practical purposes.

Seeks solution to immediate problems that are identified by the clients and nurses in the actual work setting.
A Collaborative Process

Types of Applied Research

1. Problem-Solving:
Assessments of needs and problems and generates alternative solutions to problems. Its objective: To improve specific situations through research.

Examples:
How much nursing care does a particular patient need?

How often is it necessary to take TPR?

How can we make the patient feel satisfied with the nursing care given him/her?

Types of Applied Research

2. Decision making:
Selects most feasible course of action from given alternatives to solve the problem.
Useful in policy making and improving the image of nursing as a profession. Examples:
Should salaries paid to nurses be increased?
Is a nurse supervisor needed to augment nursing service?

Types of Applied Research 3. Developmental Research:

Used to develop more effective programs, methods and procedures in nursing for more efficient and effective delivery of health care.

Examples:
Human Resource and Training Development for Nurses Managers

How to devise More Effective Measuring Instruments for Assessing Adequacy of Patient Care.

Types of Applied Research

4. Evaluative Research:
To test the validity, quality or effectiveness of a product, program, method or procedure and answer specific questions on these. Examples: To what extent has nursing service been improved?

Is cost justified by benefits gained?

How well have the students learned?

Types of Applied Research

5. Demonstration Research:
In contrast to developmental research, this type of research shows how an already developed procedure or product can be applied to varied situations. It is the application of applied research of factfinding and analysis stage. Examples: Obtaining baseline data in the prevention of communicable diseases. A method of analysis of the activities of nursing personnel.

Types of Applied Research

6. Descriptive Research:
Analysis of an extremely broad range of phenomena.

The result of which is a Comprehensive Presentation and Interpretation of Statistical tabulations of data yielded by a survey.
Answers questions and satisfies curiosity about certain phenomena. Describes and elaborates the nature and causes of an existing phenomenon at the time of the study.

Example:
Absenteeism among staff nurses in X and Y hospitals.

Types of Applied Research

7. Explanatory or Correlational Research :

Discovers how the phenomena under study are related: Does A influence B, or vice versa? Or are A and B are affected by C?
Explanatory studies are predictive in their inquiry into how the variables of one phenomenon relates to the variables of another. Explanatory research is based on theories Example: Correlation between the academic performance of nursing students and their performance as staff nurse.

Types of Applied Research

8. Historical research
A scientific inquiry into past events. Examples: Past trends in nutrition among children. Evolution of nursing practice from the 12th century to the 21st century.

The Basic Components of Research

.** CBQ : The correct sequence of steps in research process is :

1. Formulate problem information. 2. Review literature information 3. Analyze data. 4. Determine research design 5. Make conclusions and recommendations. a. 1,2,4,3,5 b. 1,3,2,4,5 c. 1,2,4,5,4 d. 2,1,3,5,4

Ten Major Steps in Nursing Research :

1. Identification of a research problem. 2. Review of related literature 3. Formulation of a conceptual and theoretical framework. 4. Choose an appropriate hypothesis 5. Choose an appropriate research design. 6. Sampling or obtaining a sample from the population 7. Collection of data phase 8. Analysis of data phase 9. Interpretation of the data 10. Dissemination of

Title of the Study

Embodies substantive words or phrases that describe the research study. Characteristic (Nieswiady, 1993):
Clearly stated

Consist of not more than 15 words.

The variables are reflected in the title:

The relationship among variables
Proposed target population.

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction Theoretical Framework Conceptual Framework Statement of the Problem Hypothesis Scope and Delimitation of the Study Significance of the Study Definition of Terms

Introduction
Serve as the Springboard for the statement of the problem. Background of the study Origin of the study - context of the problem Authoritative viewpoints on the problem; General to specific propositions: global scene national local setting Specific and orderly Rationale - interest in working on the problem

Introduction
Reminders:
Use statistical data World Health Organization (WHO, 2007) reported that the leading cause of death worldwide is cancer. It accounted for 13% of all deaths worldwide or approximately 7.9 million deaths. Overall, the leading cancer mortality each year are as follows: lung (1.4 million deaths/year), stomach (866,000 deaths), liver (653,000 deaths), colon (677,000 deaths) and breast (548,000 deaths). About 72% of all cancer deaths in 2007 occurred in low- and middle-income countries including the Philippines.

In the Philippines, cancer ranks third in the leading causes of morbidity and mortality after communicable and cardiovascular diseases. Seventy five percent (75%) of all types of cancer occur after 50 years of age, and only about 3% occur at the age 14 and below. The ten leading types of cancer are lung, breast, cervix, liver, colon and rectum, prostate, stomach, oral cavity, ovary and leukemia. In Zamboanga, cancer grows doubly in each year..This study will illuminate nurses in assuming active roles in nursing practice to fight cancers among client with the health care team.

Introduction
Reminders:
Dont lengthen your introduction Use specific language Use in-text citation properly End the paragraph with the purpose of your study Dont: Start the paragraph with a question Quotation

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND space Introduction (left justified, bold) space Paragraph (indented, justified) Next Paragraph (same as above, no space) space Theoretical Framework

Theoretical Framework
THEORY Product of knowledge The main components for identification of variables in which leads to the formulation of: Research problem Corresponding hypothesis or assumption. Theoretical-base for conceptual framework development. Theoretical framework is a body of concepts that is presented to explain, described, predict, or control the phenomena of interest.

 Proposition Abstract statement that further clarifies the relationship between two concepts Operational Definition: Description of how variables or concepts will be measured or manipulated in a study Conceptual Definition: Definition that provides a variable or concept with connotative (abstract, comprehensive, theoretical) meaning; established through concept analysis, concept derivation, or concept synthesis Conceptual Map: Framework diagram. Strategy for expressing a framework of a study that diagrammatically shows the interrelationships of concepts and statements.

Theoretical Framework
To effectively build knowledge to research process should be developed within some theoretical structure that facilities analysis and interpretation of findings. Presents a broad, general explanation of the relationships the concepts of interest in a research study based on ONE existing theory Organize their body of knowledge and to establish what is known about a phenomenon

Need to Link Theory and Research

Research without theory results in discreet information or data which does not add to the accumulated knowledge of the discipline. Theory guides the research process, forms the research questions, aids in design, analysis and interpretation. It enables the scientist to weave the facts together.

Purpose of Theory in Research

To identify meaningful and relevant areas for study. To propose plausible approaches to health problems. To develop or refine theories Define the concepts and proposed relationships between concepts. To interpret research findings To develop clinical practice protocols. Generate nursing diagnosis.

How Theory is used in Research

Theory as a conceptual framework

Problem being investigated is fit into an existing theoretical framework, which guides the study and enriches the value of its findings. The conceptual definitions are drawn from the framework The data collection instrument is congruent with the framework. Findings are interpreted in light of explanations provided by the framework. Implications are based on the explanatory power of a framework

Guidelines for writing about a research studys theoretical framework

In the studys problem statement

Introduce the framework Briefly explain why it is a good fit for the research problem area

At the end of the literature review

Thoroughly describe the framework and explain its application to the present study. Describe how the framework has been used in studies about similar problems

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Theoretical Framework space The study on the competencies of staff nurses is based on Benner and Wrubels Model of Primary Caring (Kozier et al., 2004). Developed in 1989, the model presents the central concern on caring. Chinn and Kramer (2004) noted that the focus of attention of the theory is the clients need for caring. Caring based on this theory refers to the persons, events, projects and things matter to the people (Kozier et al., 2004). Central to the essence of nursing is caring. The nurse matters to the patients with cancer. It needs to define the risks of patients with cancer. Once established, it is the responsibility of the nurse to implement a nursing care plan that identifies the boundary of the medical care regiment of the cancer patients (Smeltzer et al, 2008). The theory believes that the need for caring is a means of coping with stressors of illness (Kozier et al., 2008). The caring model is presented with connections. The possibility for coping enables possibilities for connecting with and concerns for others. Thus, it allows for the giving and receiving of

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Space Theoretical Framework (Cont.) space help to patients. The nurse who handles patients with cancer requires assisting the patients in identifying strengths and limitation. Through assisting the cancer patient in identifying his/her strength and limitation, the nurse as an educator, help in identifying the coping mechanism that may be use in adopting and performing his/her daily activities as functional and efficient as possible. If the patient applies the coping mechanism identified and he/she had performed daily activities functionally and effectively, satisfaction will take place if he/she will see progress on his/her performance. space Conceptual Framework space

Guidelines for writing about a research studys theoretical framework In the studys methodology section
Explain how the framework is being operationalized in the studys design. Explain how data collection methods (such as questionnaire items) reflect the concepts in the framework.

In the studys discussion section

Describe how study findings are consistent (or inconsistent) with the framework. Offer suggestions for practice and further research that are congruent with the frameworks concepts and propositions.

Conceptual Framework
Concepts: Term that abstractly describes and names an object or phenomenon giving it identity and meaning Conceptual Model/framework: Set of highly abstract related concepts that broadly explain a phenomenon of interest, expresses assumptions, and reflects a philosophical stance Abstract an image, objects or illustration expressing something that can only be appreciated intellectually, based on general principles or theories rather than on specific instances.

Conceptual Framework
Strategy uses a conceptual map that graphically shows the interrelationships of the concepts and statements
Conceptual map includes all of the major concepts in a theory Linked by arrows expressing the proposed linkages between concepts

Variables a.Research Variables b.Extraneous Variables

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Space

Conceptual Framework

INPUT VARIABLES

PROCESS VARIABLES

OUTPUT VARIABLES

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Space Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. Clinical Nursing: The relationship between its focus and its constituents.

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Space Conceptual Framework

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Space Conceptual Framework Figure Figure #. Title (Author, year) this is applicable if adapted space Paragraph to describe and explain the variables above (indent)
The research paradigm (Fig. 1) is presented in the above figure. The paradigm shows that competency should be assessed in order to evaluate staff nurses. On the other hand, the cancer patients who received care from the staff nurses (presented in dash arrow) would be the one who will evaluate the competencies of the staff nurses through their satisfaction to the care rendered. The relationship of the competency of the staff nurses and level of satisfaction of the cancer patients would determine quality care.

Statement of the Problem

Begins with a systematic scientific inquiry ends with formulation of the problem (a gap between the theory and practice). Enigmatic, perplexing or troubling condition Articulates the problem to be addressed and indicates the need for a study through the development of the argument Statements should be simple and direct General declarative form Specific interrogative form

Statement of the Problem Main or Major Problem

Introductory statement directs attention to the subject or respondent of the study, particularly the main issue to be answered.

Refers to the goal of the study that requires long-term inquiry and broader solutions.

Statement of the Problem

Minor/Specific or Sub-problems
Major problem is broken into specific for purposes of analysis. Leads to its solution Serve as guides in data collection, collation and analysis Refers to Objectives of the study that require short term inquiry and narrowed down solutions. There should be at least 3 to 8 sub-problems to break the main problem Each sub-problem contributing to the solution of the main problem.

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Space

Statement of the Problem

space

General declarative form

The study will seek to determine the classroom management profile of the clinical instructor in Nursing Care Management (NCM) 101; and level of stress in classroom environment and academic performance of Level III BSN students of San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation Inc. (College). Specifically, the aims to answer the following questions: space

Statements should be simple and direct

Specific interrogative form
Example: What is the relationship between the dependency level of post-op renal patients and their rate of recovery?

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Space

Statement of the Problem

Specific interrogative form

space 1. What are the perceptions of the BSN III students and the clinical instructors self evaluation of their classroom management in NCM 101? 2. What is the level of stress experience by BSN Level III students in the different classroom management profiles in NCM 101? 3. What are the scores obtained by the Level III Nursing students in the summative test? 4. How do the Clinical Instructor and the Level III BSN students differ in the perception of the classroom management in NCM 101? 5. Is there a significant relationship between stress level, classroom management and students achievement in the summative test?

Hypothesis
Hypotheses are tentative statements about the given population
Null Hypothesis (statistical hypothesis, Ho) = states that there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)= shows the relationship between independent and dependent variables

Hypothesis
Hypotheses are theoretical explanations of a phenomenon; statements that translate a problem into precise, unambiguous predictions of expected outcome (Polit and Hungler, 1995) Hypothesis is statement or declaration of the expected outcome of a research study.

It is based on logical rationale and has empirical possibilities for testing.

Hypothesis is formulated in experimental research. In some non-experimental correlational studies, hypothesis may also be developed.

Guidelines in Formulating Research Hypotheses:

The hypothesis, not the stated problem, is subjected to empirical testing through data collection and analysis. Research problems that are experimental, causal, comparative, Correlational or normative need hypotheses. Historical, literary and philosophical studies and simple surveys do not need hypotheses.

The hypothesis follows the theoretical framework of the study, and based on theories, principles and concepts advanced in that framework.
Hypotheses are stated in declarative form, while research problems are generally interrogative - - - to focus the inquiry on the analysis of the phenomenon under study.

Guidelines in Formulating Research Hypotheses:

Hypotheses are tentative solutions or answer to inquiries.

Hypotheses should be formulated before the conduct of the study.

Theoretical Framework provides the theories, principles and concept on which to base hypotheses. Hypotheses also related to the problems raised in the study.

Purposes of Hypotheses
1. Hypotheses unify theory and reality by evaluating theory on the basis of observable facts or reality.
2. Hypotheses give direction to research by determining research design, data collection procedures, analysis and interpretation of data. 3. Hypotheses enhance knowledge by inducing critical thinking and deepening insights

Four elements in a hypothesis:

(1) dependent and independent variables,

(2) some type of relationship between independent and dependent variable,

(3) the direction of the change, and (4) it mentions about the subjects, i.e. population being studied. It is defined as A tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences (Webster, 1968).

Standards in formulating a hypothesis (Ahuja, R. 2001):

It should be empirically testable, whether it is right or wrong. It should be specific and precise. The statements in the hypothesis should not be contradictory. It should specify variables between which the relationship to be established It should describe one issue only.

The hypothesis states the relationship between the independent and dependent variables and the population to which the relationship applies. It is simple, clear and concise and defines the variables in concrete and operational terms (Polit and Hungler, 1995).

Characteristics of a Hypothesis (Treece & Treece, 1989)

It is testable It is logical It is directly related to the research problem It is factually or theoretically based It states a relationship between variables It is stated in such a form that it can be accepted or rejected.

Sources of Hypotheses
The problems, issues or concerns raised in the research study. The theoretical framework, experiences, observations, replications, the related literature. Induction and deduction

Types of Hypotheses
1. Simple vs. Complex Hypotheses 2. Directional vs. Non-directional Hypotheses

3. Research vs. Statistical Hypotheses

Simple vs. Complex Hypotheses

Simple Hypothesis states an expected relationship between an independent and a dependent variable. Also called as Univariate Hypothesis. Example: Tall people (X1) eat more (Y1) than short people (X1)

Simple vs. Complex Hypotheses

Complex Hypothesis predicts the relationship
between two or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables. Also called as Multivariate Hypothesis.
Example: Tall people(X1) and people with high caloric intake (X2) tend to weigh more (Y1) than short people and people with low caloric intake. (IV (2X) + DV (1Y) Tall people (X1) tend to eat more (Y1) and weigh more (Y2) than short people. (IV (1X) + 2DV (2Y)

Directional vs. Non-directional Hypotheses

Directional Hypothesis specifies clearly the characteristics or qualities of the variables being investigated and the extent of relationship between or among them. Example:
Infants of heroin-addicted mothers have lower birth weights than infants of non-addicted mothers. Older nurses are less likely to express approval of either expanding role than younger nurses.

Directional vs. Non-directional Hypotheses

Non-directional Hypothesis merely predicts the type of relationship; does not predict the extent of the relationship or the specific qualities or characteristics of variables being investigated. Example:
Hospital nurses are less likely to express approval of their expanding role than nurses who serve in the community. Infants of addicted mothers have lower birth weights than infants of non-addicted mothers.

Research vs. Statistical Hypotheses

Research Hypothesis referred to substantive or declarative hypothesis; statements of expected relationships between variables. Also known as Alternative Hypothesis (Ha).
Example:

Infants born to heroin addicted mothers have the same birth weight as infants born to nonheroin addicted mothers. OR There is a significant relationship between maternal heroin addiction and birth weight of infants.

Research vs. Statistical Hypotheses

Statistical Hypothesis states in null form that there exists no significant relationship or difference between the independent and dependent variables. Also known as Null Hypothesis (Ho). Example:
Infants born to heroin addicted mothers do not have the same birth weight as infants born to nonheroin addicted mothers, OR There is no significant relationship between maternal heroin addiction and birth weight of infants.

Statement of Hypotheses
1. Theoretical form general or literary hypothesis; stated in terms of theoretical constructs. Example: Infants born to heroin addicted mothers have the same birth weight as infants born to heroin addicted mothers. 2. Operational form specific or predictive hypothesis; stated in terms of operations required to test the hypothesis. Example: There is no significant relationship between the amount of nutritional intake and the degree of complications among pregnant women.

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Space Statement of the Problem space Hypothesis space 1. There is no significant difference in the classroom management employed in NCM 101 as perceived by the Clinical Instructor and Level III BSN students. 2. There is no significant relationship among stress level, classroom management and academic performance of students in NCM 101. space Scope and Delimitation

A Well Stated Hypothesis:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Stated in declarative form; Identifies the variables; Identifies the population; Reflects the problem statement; and Is empirically testable.

Assumptions
These are statements or assertions, usually drawn up from the theoretical framework, the researcher assumed that statements are true on the basis of logic or reason, but need verification or testing through research.

3 Types of Assumptions:
1. Universal assumptions statement comes from knowledge of the researcher and from observed facts related to the problem which are presumed as true on the basis of observation, experiences, and findings of previous researches. Examples:
All human beings need love. Breast milk is the best food for infants.

3 Types of Assumptions:
2. Study Assumptions statements or assertions needed in pursuit of the study which is so stated that they serve as starting points from which the study proceeds. Confirm the validity of the explanatory variables as well as serve as basis for formulating the hypotheses of the study. Examples: Prenatal behavior affects the growth and development of children. Nursing care influences the recovery of patients.

3 Types of Assumptions:
3. Theory or Research Based Assumptions these are assumptions premised on the theories applicable to the field of study. It may come from the findings of previous researches and need further confirmation or validation. Examples: Attitudes and behaviors of nurses are affected by the type of disease and severity of manifestations felt by the patient. Development of mothering capability is determined by the mothers previous experience, her current life situation, and the inborn traits of infants.

Characteristics of Assumption:
They are universally accepted truths which do not need any testing. They are theories applicable to a particular field of the study. They refer to findings of previous related researches.

Scope and Delimitations

The researcher must be aware of and should state certain constraints in his study over he/she has no control. Uncontrolled variables may affect study results; Expected findings should not beyond what the study can achieve in terms of:
Issues past and current, or the future Scope or coverage of areas of concern; Respondents (number or subjects involved); Period of time or school year covered; and Rationale behind delimiting the scope of study Type of data qualitative, quantitative or combined

Scope and Delimitation

This portion should be able to identify the breadth and intensiveness of the study This is achieved by putting a limit to the number of factors or conditions being considered in the study

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Space Scope and Delimitation Space The study will be done in the campus of Universidad de Zamboanga. This will include three level III clinical instructors teaching Nursing Care Management (NCM) 101 (Communicable Disease/Stress) and level III BSN students, who are currently enrolled in NCM 101. For the clinical instructors they are asked to accomplish a survey questionnaire (Classroom Management Style Survey) that will rate if their teaching style is authoritative, democratic, laissez-faire, or indifferent. And for the students they are asked to accomplish 3 parts of survey questionnaire (Classroom Management: Style Survey & Stress Test) composed of the following: first is their demographic data, second is their perceived level of stress in the classroom environment (access to instructional materials, classroom Behavior and environmental factors); thirdly is their perceived teaching style of their respective Clinical Instructor adopted and modified from the survey questionnaire used for the Clinical Instructor. The academic performance of the students in the subject NCM 101 is evaluated through a summative test that will be given by level III BSN Clinical Instructor.

Significance of the Study

In conducting a study, the researcher must be certain of the benefits that various sectors in the target population will gain from its results or findings such as:
Improvement of policies and practices;

Contribution to the particular field of study in terms of knowledge and new technology;
Serve as a guide in decision making;

The value of the study to the particular profession on the whole; and
Added knowledge and expertise for the individual practitioners

Beneficiaries of research studies in nursing consist of the following sectors: The nursing profession as a whole The public as end users of quality nursing care The nursing service; Nursing education; ands The nurse practitioners

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Space Significance of the Study space The conduction of the study will benefit the following person: space Level III Nursing Students: space Students will benefit to this by being able to develop stresscoping skills in different teaching styles to achieve good academic standing. Result of this study will aid the student in identifying which approach will be more effective in developing and enhancing their knowledge which are essential in providing quality nursing care

Definition of Terms
Reasons for defining the variables:

To guide and direct the researcher in quantifying and qualifying the variables. To ensure clarity of the meanings of the variables and minimize the readers misconceptions.

Types of Definitions:
Conceptual definition universal definition of a term understood by people. Sources: dictionary, related literature, authoritative sources Operational definition own definition of terms as used in his/her study. It is concrete and measurable, based on observable characteristics of what is being defined within the context of the study. Sources: empirical data, related literature, previous studies, established theories.

Definitions from authoritative sources definitions taken fro authorities on the subjects or terms being define which must be properly acknowledged in the footnotes. Example: Morale according to Keith, it is a state of wellbeing that evaluates the spirit, generates self-confidence and arouses pride in being part of the group endeavor.

Variable

Conceptual Definition

Operational Definition (As used in the study)

A professional

Introversion

An individual who practices a particular profession Self-directed Interest

Any individual with four years of college education.

Courtesy

The tendency of a student to isolate from the group Civility; politeness The use of polite words and expressions when greeting elders and authorities.

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Space Definition of Terms space
For better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined according to the context in which they are used. CANCER- Malignant tumor tending to spread immediately CANCER PATIENT- Individuals diagnosed of having breast, rectal, colon, gastric and thyroid cancer but not in stage IV, presently admitted in the institutions involved in the study and hospitalized for at least three days. QUALITY CARE- It is the kind of care rendered by the staff nurses to the cancer patients based on the level of knowledge, skills and attitude they have. SATISFACTION LEVEL- refers to the degree of fulfillment on the quality of care rendered by staff nurses as perceived by the cancer patients. STAFF NURSES- Registered nurses who passed the licensure examination of the Philippines, had handled cancer patients for the last 6 months and currently working in the hospitals involved in the study.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

1. Related Literature Local and Foreign 2. Related Studies Local and Foreign

What is a Related Literature?

An extensive examination of research sources to generate a picture of what is known and not known about a clinical problem to determine if the knowledge is ready for use in practice

Types of Related Literature

Conceptual Literature - non-research reference materials written by authorities on the subject that embody experiences, viewpoints and interpretations of the subject of the research study. Sources: Encyclopedia, books, journals, commentaries and other publications. Research Literature consist of studies and researches or theses and dissertations, published or unpublished, which have the bearing on the current research.

Purposes of Related Literature to the Current Research

1. Discuss findings of previous researches that have bearing on the current research. 2. Determines the researchablity and feasibility of the problem. 3. Identifies the following areas of concern: The appropriate research methods and techniques expected to yield the needed data and information in the current research; Effective procedures in data gathering; and Clues on how to ensure the accuracy and effectiveness of data analysis.

Purposes of Related Literature to the Current Research

4. Serves as a connecting link between the findings of previous researches and the results of the current study. 5. Defines terms and suggests assumptions; 6. reveals the status of research on the problem under study; and 7. Provides clues on the sequence of research activities to be pursued.

How do you review the research literature? Identify sources Locate sources Critique sources for signifiant information Generate a written summary of the knowledge gained

Sources of Materials for Literature Review

1. Primary Source information and data for the review are taken direct from the original research or author of the reference material such as: Nursing Literature nursing journals, research compilations, case study reports, and current trends of nursing care modalities. Theories Ideas from other sources interest groups, agencies or government on the current health needs or problems: AIDS related research projects; Nursing Care modalities for the elderly. Empirical studies observation and experiences prior to the current research.

Sources of Materials for Literature Review

2. Secondary Sources materials for review are taken from researcher who has cited the original author in his work: Replications a study on the same subject or problem; to verify and confirm the findings of the initial study. Thesis Review describes research content of previous studies conducted, thus descriptive elements predominate. Review of Related Research this reveals research aims, methodology and results, the purpose of identifying similarities and differences with current research, and to determine what the latter can further contribute to the field of study. Thesis critique an appraisal of the vital components of a study, particularly the problem (s), methodology, results and conclusions. Thesis Abstract summary of research content

Searching nursing literature on the Internet

MEDLINE Cochrane Review (www.cochranereview.org) Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Open access journals (http://doaj.org) Elsevier publications internet database http://sciencediretct.com/. The Nursing Center (http://nursingcenter.com) Online Journal issues Issues in Nursing). The Indian Medlars Centre of National Informatics Centre <http://indmed.nic.in/> (Ameen, 2004).

Critiquing the literature review:

Are relevant studies identified and described? Are the studies critiqued by the researcher? Are the references current? Is a summary of current knowledge provided?

How to do a literature Review

Steps to take:
1. Define the topic define first the research question. What is the purpose? What does it mean? What are the key words? Are there other words which could be used, such as synonyms, variations in spelling? What do I already know about the topic? What is the scope? Do I need everything ever written in English on this topic, or just the last ten years?

How to do a literature Review

2. Develop a search strategy: Compiling a list of keywords - it is important to develop a search strategy that will most effectively locate useful, relevant information. This will often involve breaking down the research question into: Keywords or phrases; entering the search; and evaluating results to determine Whether a need to employ various strategies to broaden, narrow or otherwise modify the research. Analyzing the topic of a research topic usually involves making a list of keywords or phrases. The keyword or phrase is the basic unit of any search.

How to do a literature Review

3. Identify resources Information is available in a number of formats. It is important to understand the significance of various formats to determine what will best suit the information requirements. *Books *Indexes/Abstracts Printed (e.g. CINAHL) *Reference Materials *Electronic Databases * Journals *Government publications *Conference Papers * Internet (Medline, Cochrane Library) * Dissertations * Theses

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design Research Instrument (s) Research Locale Subject of the Study or Respondents Sampling procedure Research Procedure Data Analysis Plan

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
research methodology is the way in which research problems are solved systematically. It is a science of studying how research is conducted scientifically. the researcher acquaints himself/herself with the various steps generally adopted to study a research problem. Hence, it is not only important for the researcher to know the research techniques/methods, but also the scientific approach called methodology.

Two Main Research Approaches

Qualitative Research
The qualitative approach involves the collection of extensive narrative data in order to gain insights into phenomena of interest, data analysis includes the coding of the data and production of a verbal synthesis (inductive process)

Qualitative Research
Evaluate subjective life experiences and give meaning to them Focuses on understanding phenomena from an individuals perspective Approaches: observation, in-depth interviews, case studies, narrative analyses

Main Types of Qualitative Research

Case study -Attempts to shed light on a phenomena by studying in-depth a single case example of the phenomena. The case can be an individual person, an event, a group, or an institution. Grounded theory - Theory is developed inductively from a corpus of data acquired by a participantobserver. Phenomenology - Describes the structures of experience as they present themselves to consciousness, without recourse to theory, deduction, or assumptions from other disciplines

Main Types of Qualitative Research

Ethnography - Focuses on the sociology of meaning through close field observation of Sociocultural phenomena. Typically, the ethnographer focuses on a community. Historical - Systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past occurrences in order to test hypotheses concerning causes, effects, or trends of these events that may help to explain present events and anticipate future events. (Gay, 1996)

Quantitative Research
The quantitative approaches involve the collection of numerical data in order to explain, predict, and/or control phenomena of interest, data analysis is mainly statistical (deductive process)

Traditional approaches such as experiments, questionnaires, surveys

Diagram for Classifying Six Types of Research

Triangulation
Using both quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data May combine various research designs/data collection techniques in the same study combine psychosocial surveys, interviews, observations Two approaches are complimentary and can give an accurate reflection of reality.

RESEARCH DESIGNS
helps to decide upon issues like what, when, where, how much, by what means etc. with regard to an enquiry or a research study. the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure.

RESEARCH DESIGNS
research design is the conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data (Selltiz et al, 1962).

Thus, research design provides an outline of what the researcher is going to do in terms of framing the hypothesis, its operational implications and the final data analysis.

Specifically, the research design highlights decisions which include:

the nature of the study the purpose of the study the location where the study would be conducted the nature of data required from where the required data can be collected what time period the study would cover the type of sample design that would be used the techniques of data collection that would be used the methods of data analysis that would be adopted the manner in which the report would be prepared

Types of Research Design:

(1) Exploratory Research Design; (2) Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Design; and (3) Hypothesis-Testing Research Design.