The difference amplifier amplifies the difference between the two input signals v1 and v2. Given:
v1 = 2 V
v2 = 1 V
R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = 1 kΩ
Difference between inputs: v2 - v1 = 1 V - 2 V = -1 V
Gain of difference amplifier:
Gain = R2(1 + R1/R2) / R1(1 + R3/R4)
= 1 kΩ(1 + 1 kΩ/1 kΩ) / 1 kΩ(1 + 1 kΩ/1 kΩ) = 1
Output voltage: vo =
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CHAPTER 5:
ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS INTRODUCTION • An op amp is an active circuit element designed to perform mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, differentiation and integration.
• Typical uses: provide voltage amplitude changes (amplitude
and polarity), oscillators, filter circuit and instrumentation circuit.
• Operational amplifier (op amp) are linear integrated circuit
and widely used in analogue electronic system.
• The internal constructions includes a number of transistors,
diodes, resistors and capacitors in a single tiny chip of semiconductor material.
• It is packaged in a single case to form a functional circuit.
INTRODUCTION
• A typical op amp has eight-pin package where pin/terminal
8 is unused and pin 1 & 5 are of little concern to us.
• The circuit symbol is the triangle and in has two
inputs and one output.
• The inputs are marked with minus (-) and plus
(+) to specify inverting and noninverting inputs, respectively. INTRODUCTION
• An input applied to the noninverting pin will
appear with the same polarity at the output.
• An input applied to the inverting pin will appear
inverted at the output. BASIC OPERATION • Here, the basic operation will be divided into two section: – Non ideal operation – Ideal operation
• However, the ideal operation will be used
throughout the analysis. BASIC OPERATION
NON IDEAL OPERATION
• The non ideal op amp has the following characteristics: – High open-loop gain, A ≈106 – High input resistance, Ri ≈2MΩ – Low output resistance, R0 ≈75Ω
Vd is the differential input voltage
given by: v d = v2 – v 1
where v1 is the voltage between the
inverting terminal and ground and v2 is the voltage between the noninverting terminal and ground. BASIC OPERATION
IDEAL OPERATION • The characteristics of an ideal op amp is defined as follows: – Infinite open-loop gain, A ≅ ∞ – Infinite input resistance, Ri ≅ ∞ – Zero output resistance, R0 ≅ 0 BASIC OPERATION
• For the ideal op amp, the following is considered:
– The current into both input pin are zero: i1 = 0, i2 = 0
– The voltage across the input terminals are zero:
vd = v2 – v1 = 0 thus v1 = v2 BASIC OPERATION
EXAMPLE: Calculate the closed-loop gain vo/vs and find io when vs = 1V.
Solution: Remember that, for ideal op amp i1 = 0, i2 = 0, v1 = v2
Since i1 = 0, the 40kΩ and 5kΩ resistors are in series; the
same current flow through them. And notice that v2 = vs BASIC OPERATION
Hence, using the voltage division principle,
5k vo v1 vo 5k 40k 9 Since v1 = v2 , thus vo vo vs 9 9 vs At node O, vo vo i0 5k 40k 20k
When vs = 1V, vo = 9V. Substituting for vo = 9V in the above
equation gives io = 0.2 + 0.45 = 0.65mA INVERTING AMPLIFIER • Figure below shows the connection of inverting amplifier.
• The noninverting input is grounded, vi is
connected to the inverting input through R1 and the feedback resistor Rf is connected between the inverting input and output. INVERTING AMPLIFIER
• Our goal is to obtain the relationship between the
input voltage vi and the output voltage v0.
• Applying KCL at node 1,
vi v1 v1 vo i1 i2 R1 Rf
• But for an ideal op amp, v1 = v2 = 0, since the
noninverting pin is grounded. Hence, vi vo Rf vo vi R1 R f R1 INVERTING AMPLIFIER
• The voltage gain is
vo Rf Av vi R1
• The designation of the circuit as an inverter arises
from the negative sign. INVERTING AMPLIFIER
EXAMPLE: If vi = 0.5V, calculate: a) the output voltage vo and b) the current in the 10kΩ resistor. INVERTING AMPLIFIER
Solution:
vo Rf 25 a) 2.5 vi R1 10 vo 2.5vi 2.5 0.5 1.25V
b) The current through the 10kΩ resistor is
vi 0 0.5 0 i 50 A R1 10k NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER • Figure below shows the connection of noninverting amplifier.
• The input voltage vi is applied directly at the
noninverting input pin and resistor R1 is connected between the ground and the inverting pin. NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER
• Applying KCL at the inverting pin gives
0 v1 vi vo i1 i2 R1 Rf
but v1 = v2 = vi, the above equation becomes
vi vi vo R1 Rf
or Rf vo 1 vi R1 NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER
• The voltage gain is
vo Rf Av 1 vi R1
• The output has the same polarity as the input,
thus it is named as noninverting amplifier. NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER
VOLTAGE FOLLOWER/BUFFER • If we let Rf = 0 and R1 = ∞
the circuit will become as shown figure which is
called a voltage follower (or unity gain amplifier) because the output follows the input. Thus, vo vo vi 1 vi NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER EXAMPLE: Calculate the output voltage vo
6 va va vo 4k 10k Solution: NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER
But va = vb = 4, and also
6 4 4 vo vo 1V 4k 10k SUMMING AMPLIFIER • Figure below shows the connection of summing amplifier. Also called a summer.
• A summing amplifier is an op amp circuit that
combines several inputs and produces an output that is the weighted sum of the inputs. SUMMING AMPLIFIER
• It is an inverting amplifier with multiple inputs. It
can have more than three inputs.
• Applying KCL at node a gives
i = i1 + i2 + i3
but v1 va v2 va v3 va va vo i1 , i2 , i3 , i R1 R2 R3 Rf
The current io is the sum of the currents through the
10kΩ and 2kΩ resistors. Both of these resistors have voltage vo = -8V across them, since va = vb = 0. Hence,
vo 0 vo 0 io 0.8m 4m 4.8mA 10k 2k DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER • This type of amp is used to amplify the difference between two input signals. DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER
