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7 Basic Control Actions

The document discusses different types of industrial controllers: 1) On-off, proportional, integral, proportional-integral, proportional-derivative, and proportional-integral-derivative controllers. 2) Proportional controllers reduce error but can cause steady-state offset. Integral controllers eliminate offset but can cause overshoot. 3) Proportional-integral controllers combine these benefits by reducing both error and offset, though increasing gain can cause instability.

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lvrevathi
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1K views

7 Basic Control Actions

The document discusses different types of industrial controllers: 1) On-off, proportional, integral, proportional-integral, proportional-derivative, and proportional-integral-derivative controllers. 2) Proportional controllers reduce error but can cause steady-state offset. Integral controllers eliminate offset but can cause overshoot. 3) Proportional-integral controllers combine these benefits by reducing both error and offset, though increasing gain can cause instability.

Uploaded by

lvrevathi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic control actions

A controller compares the actual value of output with the reference input, determines the deviation, and produces a control signal that will reduce the deviation to zero or to a small value. The manner in which the controller produces the control signal is called the control action.

block diagram of an industrial control system

Classifications of Industrial Controllers.


1. Two-position or on-off controllers 2. Proportional controllers 3. Integral controllers 4. Proportional-plus-integral controllers 5. Proportional-plus-derivative controllers 6. Proportional-plus-integral-plus-derivative controllers

Proportional Control of Systems.

Such a system always has a steady-state error in the step response. Such a steady-state error is called an offset.

Integral Control of Systems.

Integral control of the system eliminates the steady-state error in the response to the step input..

Response to Torque Disturbances (Proportional-Plus-Integral Control


To eliminate offset due to torque disturbance, the proportional controller may be replaced by a proportional-plus-integral controller. If integral control action is added to the controller, then, as long as there is an error signal, a torque is developed by the controller to reduce this error, provided the control system is a stable one.

Proportional-Plus-Derivative Control

. Thus derivative control introduces a damping effect. A typical response curve c ( t ) to a unit step input is shown in

Effect of Proportional, Integral & Derivative Gains on the Dynamic Response

Change in gain in P controller


Increase in gain:
Upgrade both steadystate and transient responses Reduce steady-state error

Reduce stability!

P Controller with high gain

Integral Controller
Integral of error with a constant gain increase the system type by 1 eliminate steady-state error for a unit step input amplify overshoot and oscillations

Change in gain for PI controller


Increase in gain:
Do not upgrade steadystate responses Increase slightly settling time Increase oscillations and overshoot!

Derivative Controller
Differentiation of error with a constant gain detect rapid change in output reduce overshoot and oscillation do not affect the steady-state response

Effect of change for gain PD controller


Increase in gain:
Upgrade transient response Decrease the peak and rise time Increase overshoot and settling time!

Changes in gains for PID Controller

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