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C1: Introduction To Control System

The document discusses the history and development of control systems. It covers topics like early control systems from the 17th century, 20th century developments, open and closed loop systems, control system analysis in time and frequency domains, control system design process, and control system response types. Examples of different control systems and their applications are also presented.

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Oladokun Sulaiman Olanrewaju
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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275 views

C1: Introduction To Control System

The document discusses the history and development of control systems. It covers topics like early control systems from the 17th century, 20th century developments, open and closed loop systems, control system analysis in time and frequency domains, control system design process, and control system response types. Examples of different control systems and their applications are also presented.

Uploaded by

Oladokun Sulaiman Olanrewaju
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 1b Continue

By Oladokun Sulaiman
1.11 Recap:

• Contribution of control system to modern


society
• Control system
• Types of control system
• Example of control system
• Case study : Antenna position control
History
• Steam Pressure ( Denis Papin, 1681) : Safety valve
• Speed Control ( James Watt) : fly-ball speed governor
• Stability, Stabilization ( Feedback control )
Edward John Routh(1874) : Stability criterion to fifth-order
systems
Lyapunov(1892) : Stability Criterion to nonlinear systems

Twentieth-Centry Developments
Nicholas Minorsky : PID Controller
H.W. Bode and H. Nyquist at Bell Lab (1930`s)
Walter R. Evans(1948) : root locus

Contemporary Applications
Optimal Control : Apollo
Digital Control : Digital computer
Adaptive Control
Intelligent Control
fig_01_01

fig_01_01
Open loop control system
fig_01_06

close loop control system

fig_01_06

Response of close loop control system


Typical DC closed loop control system

fig_01_12

Typical AC closed loop control system

fig_01_12
Sample data control system
fig_01_14

Digital autopilot system for guided missile

fig_01_14
Figure
Elevator input and output
Application
• Solar power water
extraction system
fig_01_04
• Sun tracking control system

fig_01_04
fig_01_08
CASE STUDY: ANTENA POSITION CONTROL SYSTEM

fig_01_08
fig_01_09

fig_01_09
fig_01_09a

fig_01_09a
Response of a position control system showing effect of high and low
fig_01_10
controller gain on the output response

Ref: Norman Nise, Also check :PAGE 160-161 INSTRUMENTATION


fig_01_10
AND CONTROL BY D. C. RAMSAY
1.12 Roles of control engineer

• Identify components – actuator, controller,


sensor
• Controller – output as desired output
• Model mathematic for controlled system
• Block diagram
• Analysis – time response, frequency response,
stability
• Simulation
1.13 Analyzing control system
• The analysis of control system is required
to determine its performance
• Examination is done in:
 Time domain : for simple system
 frequency domain: complex system :
mostly sinusoidal input where tedious
mathematic is avoided. Frequency
response result is checked by
experimental and graphical analysis
fig_02_01

fig_02_01
Control system design objective

• Production of desired transient respons: to reduce


influence on human confort and pateience,
mechanical stress, speed of system
• Reducing steady state errors: to determine
accuracy of how closely the output matches the
desired response
• Achieving stability:to produce proper steady and
transient state response
Steps for design of control system
• Determine physical system and specification
from requirement
• Draw functional block diagram
• Represent the physical system as a schematic
• Use schematic to obtain mathematical model
such as block diagram
• Reduce the block diagram
• Analyse and design the system to meet
specified requirement and specification hat
include stability, transient response and steady
state performance
Control System Design Process
fig_01_11

fig_01_11
Table (p.19) : test waveform
100 100
Force, N

Force, N
50 50

0 t1 t2 t3 t4
0 t1 t2 t3 t4
Time, second
Time, second

100 100
Force, N

Force, N
50 50

0 t1 t2 t3 t4 0 t1 t2 t3
Time, second
Time, second
Step Input Response
Ramp Input Response
Time Constant

• It is defined as time taken by a control


plant to achieve output response
equal to 63% of its desired value.
Control System Response
• Time response
• Frequency response
• Steady state response
• Transient response
• Undershoot
• Overshoot
• Settling time
Control system stability
• Damping factor
• Damping ratio
• Routh’s stability criteria
• Nyquist stability criteria
QUESTIONS

• What is a control system?


• How are control systems classified?
• What provides information to the controller?
• What is the term transmitter commonly used to describe?
• What does the behaviour and performance of a control system
depend on?
• What is a control system called if its action is dependent upon the
output?
• What is excessive corrective action called?
• What is the difference between the input and output signals called?
• What are the three common essential elements of a control system?
• What are the three components of a transducer?
• What is the set point values?
QUESTIONS

• What are the two major factors that have


influenced the development of marine automatic
controls?
• What are the 12 main parameters monitored at
sea?
• What does the UMS class notation mean?
• What does the CCS class notation mean?
• What are the five different control media?
• What is the process of long distance control
signal transmission called?
• What is the modern definition of a transducer?
Conclusion
• Introduction to control and control system
• Elements of control system
• Application of control system
• Example of control system
• Case study of control system
• Block diagram and schematic of control
system

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