Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
1K views

Intrumentation - Introduction To Measurement System

This document provides an overview of instrumentation and measurement techniques. It discusses measurement systems, transducers, calibration, errors, and performance metrics like static and dynamic performance. The key components of a measurement system are the transducer, which converts the measured quantity to an electrical signal, the signal conditioner, and the display or recorder. Accuracy depends on errors introduced by the transducer, conditioner, and other components. Overall system sensitivity and errors are calculated by combining the individual sensitivities and errors.

Uploaded by

oladokunsulaiman
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1K views

Intrumentation - Introduction To Measurement System

This document provides an overview of instrumentation and measurement techniques. It discusses measurement systems, transducers, calibration, errors, and performance metrics like static and dynamic performance. The key components of a measurement system are the transducer, which converts the measured quantity to an electrical signal, the signal conditioner, and the display or recorder. Accuracy depends on errors introduced by the transducer, conditioner, and other components. Overall system sensitivity and errors are calculated by combining the individual sensitivities and errors.

Uploaded by

oladokunsulaiman
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 31

Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques

•Introduction
•Instrumentation System
•Errors
•Transducers

•Other Measurements:
flow, level, pressure, temperature, miscellaneous
Objectives

•Introduction to general elements of


measurement system

•Introduction to general functions of


instruments
Specific Objective
• Define the basic concept of instrumentation :
– Measurement
– Calibration
– Primary and Secondary Standards
• Describe the measuring system by block diagrams representing:
– Transducer
– Signal Conditioner
– Display unit /recorder
• Explain various classification of the above objective
• Explain instrumentation system performance with reference to :
– Static performance
– Dynamic performance
Measurement System
A measurement system converts the unknown
quantity under measurement to a numerical unit
using instrument.
Number + measured unit
6.8 kg/(ms)2

Measurement can be defined as a comparison with a


standard therefore calibration and routine
maintenance are prerequisites of accurate
measurement. It is multidiscipline subject which
embraces physics, thermodynamics, mechanics ,
fluids chemistry and electrotechnology.
Instrument
• 1) Instrumentation is the application of
instruments for monitoring, sensing and
measurement .Some of its applications are
• a) product testing
• b) monitoring- health, safety, costing
• c) control system
• d) R&D
Instrument
• 2) The advantage of electronic instrument over
mechanical instruments,
• a) rapid response
• b) flexibility of electrical signal –amplitude,
distance
Calibration
Calibration can be performed in two ways :

• a) varying one input quantity with all


other parameters kept constant and observing the output
b) marking or graduating
• an output scale as the primary quantity is varied through
its full range .

Two type of standards are used primary standard and


secondary standard (working standard)
Terms
•Measurement - Comparison between an unknown
quantity and a predefined standard

•Measurand- the unknown quantity to be measured

•Instrument - physical device uses to determine


measurand numerically.
Transducer
• a) Transducer- an element which converts physical
quantity being measured.
• b) Signal conditioner – modify the tranduced signal
in a form that can be recorded.
• c) Recorder /display – to record or display the
measured quantity.
• Example: Bourdon gauge - Bourdon tube
(transducer), Links and gear(Signal conditioner),
Graduated scale and pointer (Display )
Transducer
•A device to which change or converts
physical quantity in a more easily measurable
quantity

Transducer

(Input) (Output)
Sensor Actuator
Transducer Basic Requirement
• Ruggedness
• Linearity
• Repeatability
• High Signal to Noise Ratio
• High stability and reliability
Sensor
A device which senses and detects the physical
quantity of measurand and converts to electrical
form.
Example of sensors:

Mechanical : Bourdon tube pressure meter.

Electrical : Potentiometer

Optical : Photon counter

Chemical : Thermocouples

*All sensors are transducers but not all transducers are sensors
Actuator
A device that senses and detects the electrical
quantity and converts to physical form.

Example of actuator:
• Valve in heat exchanger system
• Motor speed control where the motor is driving the
conveyor belt
• Magnetic relays that turn on/off of the fans

• Compressor in a control air conditioning


Variable Conversion Element
A device that converts analogue signals to digital
form or vice versa.

Example of converters:

ADC -- Analogue to digital converter

DAC -- Digital to analogue converter


Variable manipulation element
A device that manipulate the signal presented to it while
preserving the original information.

Example:
Amplifier : Signal gain
Buffer : Unity conversion

Attenuator : Signal reduce


Signal conditioning
• Operation performed on the signal to bring it to the
desired form.
• Include variable conversion & variable manipulation
element.

Example:
Filter, amplifier, comparator circuit, differential circuit,
ADC, multiplexer and etc.
Telemetry
Transmission of data from remote sources to
serve specific purposes.

Example:
Remote control, coaxial cable, wireless
transmission, optical fiber cable and etc...
Data output element
To convey the measured quantity for further action.
Display, recording and control.

Display : Monitor(CRT), LCD

Recording : Magnetic tapes, printer

Control : Data managing system


Essential Devices
These following devices must always present for all
instruments:
Power supply : To supply power(current)
to instruments
Pulse generator : To generate clock to
digital system

Protection device : To supervise current flow.

Shielding system : To protect instrument


from interfere by external
disturbance.
Function of Instruments & Measurement
Systems
Indicating instruments :Meter display, digital
display
Example: speedometer in car, pressure gauge

Recording function : Data Keeping


Example: Printer, magnetic disc

Controlling function :Temperature, position, speed,


liquid level, flow control.
Performance Indication
An ideal measuring system is one where the output
signal has a linear relationship with the measurand.
Error is the difference between the indicated value
and the true value. Measuring and control system
performance can be examined in two ways ,
• Static performance –when steady or constant input
signals are applied
• Dynamic performance – when changing input signals
are applied
Static Performance Indication
• Static sensitivity is defined as the ratio of the
change in output to the corresponding change
in input under static or steady state conditions,
. For a system having static sensitivities of
K1 ,K2,K3 ……, the overall system sensitivity
is given by
Dynamic Performance Indication
• Dynamic performance of both measuring and control
system is specified by response to certain standard
test inputs
• Step input- abrupt change from one steady value to
another ,will give the transient response
• Ramp input –which varies linearly with time, will
give the ramp response
• Sine wave input – will give the frequency response
Indicated value − True value
x 100%
True value

Error Calculation
• Accuracy can be stated in terms of errors
introduced

• Percentage error = Indicated value – True value . X . 100%


Maximum scale value

Precision is used to specify the closeness of output


result when a measuring device is subjected to the
same input on a number of occasions
EXAMPLE
A measuring system consist of a transducer , an
amplifier and a recorder, with an individual
sensitivities as follows :
• Transducer sensitivity 0.2 mV /0 C
• Amplifier gain 2.0 V/mV
• Recorder sensitivity 5.0 mm /V
• Determine the overall system sensitivity
• K= K1 x K2x K3
• = 0.2 mV/0C x 2.0V/mVx 5.0 mm/V
• =2.0 mm/0 C
EXAMPLE
A 0 to 10 bar pressure gauge was found to have an error of ±
0.15 bar when calibrated by the manufacturer .Calculate (a)
the percentage error of the gauge and (b) the possible error as
a percentage of the indicated value when reading of 2.0 bars
was obtained in a test .
Percentage error = 0.15/10. x 100 = ± 1.5%
Possible error = ± 0.15%
∴ error at 2.0 bars = 0.15/10. x 100 =± 7.5%

• The gauge is therefore more unreliable at the lower end of its


range, and alternative gauge with a more suitable range should
be used .
EXAMPLE
• For a general measuring system where the errors in
the transducer, signal conditioner , and recorder are ±
2 % , ± 3%,and ±4 % respectively, calculate the
maximum possible system error and the probable or
root- sum –square error.
• Maximum possible error = ± (2+3+4)% =±9%
• Root –sum-square error = ± √(22+32+42)%
• = √ 29% =± 5.4%
• Thus the error is possibly as large as ± 9% but
probably not larger than ± 5.4%.
Transducer
• Resistance transducers
• Resistance strain gauge
• Resistance temperature transducer
• Photo-emisive cell
• Capacitive transducer
• Inductive transducer
• Linear variable differential transformer
• Piezos-electric transducer
• Electromagnetic transducers
• thermoelectric transducer
• Photoelectric cell

You might also like