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    Synchronous Machines

    Uploaded by

    Jones Bk Essuman
    - Synchronous machines have a rotor that rotates in sync with the stator magnetic field at synchronous speed under all load conditions. The rotor is excited either permanently or via electromagnets. - Synchronous generators are used in most power plants to convert mechanical power to electrical power. They operate at higher efficiency and power factor than induction machines. - The armature reaction in synchronous machines is represented by the synchronous reactance Xs in its equivalent circuit model. This limits the current and provides inherent short-circuit protection for large power flows.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Synchronous Machines

    Uploaded by

    Jones Bk Essuman
    134 views24 pages
    - Synchronous machines have a rotor that rotates in sync with the stator magnetic field at synchronous speed under all load conditions. The rotor is excited either permanently or via electromagnets. - Synchronous generators are used in most power plants to convert mechanical power to electrical power. They operate at higher efficiency and power factor than induction machines. - The armature reaction in synchronous machines is represented by the synchronous reactance Xs in its equivalent circuit model. This limits the current and provides inherent short-circuit protection for large power flows.

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    synchronous machines

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    - Synchronous machines have a rotor that rotates in sync with the stator magnetic field at synchronous speed under all load conditions. The rotor is excited either permanently or via electromagnets. - Synchronous generators are used in most power plants to convert mechanical power to electrical power. They operate at higher efficiency and power factor than induction machines. - The armature reaction in synchronous machines is represented by the synchronous reactance Xs in its equivalent circuit model. This limits the current and provides inherent short-circuit protection for large power flows.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    134 views24 pages

    Synchronous Machines

    Uploaded by

    Jones Bk Essuman
    - Synchronous machines have a rotor that rotates in sync with the stator magnetic field at synchronous speed under all load conditions. The rotor is excited either permanently or via electromagnets. - Synchronous generators are used in most power plants to convert mechanical power to electrical power. They operate at higher efficiency and power factor than induction machines. - The armature reaction in synchronous machines is represented by the synchronous reactance Xs in its equivalent circuit model. This limits the current and provides inherent short-circuit protection for large power flows.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    Synchronous Machine

    The stator is similar in construction that of a induction motor


    The rotor can be Salient or Non-Salient (cylindrical rotor)

    Field excitation is provided on the rotor by either permanent or electromagnets with number of poles equal to the poles of the RMF caused by stator Non-excited rotors are also possible as in case of reluctance motors

    synchronousmachine

    Synchronous Machine (2)


    The rotor gets locked to the RMF and rotates unlike induction motor at synchronous speed under all load condition All conventional power plants use synchronous generators for converting power to electrical form They operate at a better power factor and higher efficiency than equivalent induction machines

    synchronousmachine

    Synchronous Machine Construction (a)CRSM (b) SPSM

    synchronousmachine

    Concept of synchronous reactance (1)


    Like dc machines synchronous machines will also have armature reaction. However unlike dc machine we do not like to eliminate it, but try to use it to our benefit.

    Essentially, this armature reaction will determine how much power can be transferred to or from the synchronous machine and limits the current that is flowing in the synchronous machine and hence provides inherent short-circuit protection: a great boon when we are talking about zillions of megawatts of power flow!

    synchronousmachine

    Concept of synchronous reactance (2)


    Suppose we short-circuit a synchronous generator with the field circuit excited. By Faradays law an emf will be induced in the stator (armature) which by Lenzs law has to oppose the original field on the rotor. It means the resulting armature reaction will induce an opposing emf to the one produced by the main field.

    One way to represent this is the following circuit where Xar conjures up the effect of armature reaction. This can be proved as follows: Suppose the original field flux is f= m cost. By Fardays and Lenzs law this would produce a voltage Ef= Em sint. This voltage produce a current and hence flux that opposes f, under short-circuit. This current then has to of the form Isc=-Im cost. Clearly Ef/jXar= Em sint/jXar would give such a current.
    synchronousmachine

    Equivalent circuit of CRSM (1)


    Machine

    Machine
    Generator (Appx.)

    Motor(Appx.)

    Machine Machine Generator (Exact) Motor(Exact)

    Only difference is in current direction; in a generator it flows out of it, in case of a motor it flows into it. synchronousmachine

    Equivalent circuit of CRSM (2)

    Machine

    Machine

    Generator (Exact)

    Motor(Exact)

    Xs=Xar+Xal (Synchronous reactance) Zs= Ra+jXs (Synchronous impedance) Xal is leakage Reactance Ra is armature resistance
    synchronousmachine

    Phasor diagram of CRSM

    Note: is +ve for (a) generator and ve for (b) motor


    synchronousmachine

    Derivation of power equation for CRSM on the green board

    synchronousmachine

    Effect of Load Change (Field constant)

    Note: Er same as Ef Va same as Vt Ra has been neglected


    synchronousmachine

    Effect of Field Change (Load constant)


    Note: Er same as Ef Va same as Vt Ra has been neglected

    Question: 1)Why is the loci of stator current and excitation voltage moves on a straight line? 2) What is happening to power factor as field is changed?
    synchronousmachine

    V curves

    synchronousmachine

    Effect of Field Change (Load constant) for a generator


    a Power Ia2 Ef2 jIa2Xs Vt Ef1

    jIa1Xs
    Ia1

    a Power

    synchronousmachine

    Conclusion for effect for field change with constant load on power factor
    For motor with increased (decreased)excitation power factor becomes leading (lagging)
    For generator with increased (decreased) excitation power factor becomes lagging (leading) Unloaded overexcited synchronous motors are sometimes used to improve power factor. They are known as synchronous condensers

    synchronousmachine

    Torque versus Electrical Load Angle


    1

    Normalized Torque, Power

    0.5

    Generator
    0

    -0.5

    Motor

    Tmax,Pmax

    -1

    -3

    -2

    Delta(Radians)
    synchronousmachine

    -1

    Torque versus Speed

    synchronousmachine

    Example 1
    A six-pole 60 Hz synchronous motor is operating with a developed power of 5 hp and a torque angle of 5o. Find the speed and developed torque. Suppose that the load increases such that the developed torque doubles. Find the new torque angle. Find the pull-out torque and maximum developed power for this machine.

    synchronousmachine

    Example 2
    An eight-pole, 240 V-rms, 60 Hz, delta connected synchronous motor operates with a constant developed power of 50 hp and a torque angle of 15o and unity power factor. Suppose the field current is increased by 20%. Find the new torque angle and power factor. Is the new power factor lagging or leading? Assume linear magnetic characteristics.

    synchronousmachine

    Since in the salient pole machine the reluctance of the machine varies with the position of the pole, flux due to armature reaction varies with power factor. Thus Xar alone is no longer sufficient for the equivalent circuit.

    SPSM and the concept of Direct and Quadrature Axes

    Reluctance is minimum along polar (direct) axis. Hence component of the armature reaction acting along this axis produce maximum flux. Let this component be ad. Reluctance is maximum along the inter-polar (quadrature )axis. Hence the component of the armature reaction acting along this axis produce minimum flux. Let this component be aq.
    synchronousmachine

    SPSM and the concept of Direct and Quadrature Axes (2)


    Xd=Xad+Xal=(d)irect axis synchronous reactance) Xq=Xaq+Xal= (q)uadrature axis synchronous reactance) Xad= d(irect) axis armature reactance =Lad Xaq = (q)uadrature axis armature reactance=Laq Xal = leakage reactance ad=LadId aq=LaqIq Id= d(irect) axis component of the armature current Iq = (q)uadrature axis component of the armature current Ia=IqjId
    synchronousmachine

    Explaining d-q axes using diagrams

    synchronousmachine

    Equivalent circuits of SPSM

    synchronousmachine

    Power Angle Characteristics of SPSM

    synchronousmachine

    Examples on SPSM

    synchronousmachine

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