TCP/IP

Transmission Control Protocol /

Internet Protocol

Submitted By:-
Kratagya Chandra
0609013036
IT-1/3rd year
 TCP/IP & OSI
◆ In OSI reference model terminology
-the TCP/IP protocol suite covers the
network and transport layers.
◆ TCP/IP can be used on many data-link
layers (can support many network
hardware implementations).
Ethernet - A Real Data-Link Layer
◆ It will be useful to discuss a real data-link layer.
◆ Ethernet (really IEEE 802.3) is widely used.
◆ Supported by a variety of physical layer implementations.
◆ Multi-access (shared medium).
◆ Every Ethernet interface has a unique 48 bit address (a.k.a.
hardware address).
◆ Example: C0:B3:44:17:21:17
◆ The broadcast address is all 1’s.
◆ Addresses are assigned to vendors by a central authority.
 CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense Multiple Access
with
Collision Detection
◆ Carrier Sense: can tell when another host is
transmitting
◆ Multiple Access: many hosts on 1 wire
◆ Collision Detection: can tell when another
host transmits at the same time.
 An Ethernet Frame

Destination Source
Preamble Len DATA CRC
Address Address

8 bytes 6 6 2 0-1500 4

◆ The preamble is a sequence of

alternating 1s and 0s used for
synchronization.
◆ CRC is Cyclic Redundency Check
 Ethernet Addressing
◆ Each interface looks at every frame and
inspects the destination address. If the
address does not match the hardware
address of the interface or the
broadcast address, the frame is
discarded.
◆ Some interfaces can also be
programmed to recognize multicast
addresses.
 Internet Protocol
The IP in TCP/IP
◆ IP is the network layer
◆ packet delivery service (host-to-host).
◆ translation between different data-link protocols
◆ IP provides connectionless, unreliable delivery of IP datagrams.
◆ Connectionless: each datagram is independent of all others.
◆ Unreliable: there is no guarantee that datagrams are delivered
correctly or at all.
◆ IP is a network layer - it must be capable of providing
communication between hosts on different kinds of networks
(different data-link implementations).
 IP Addresses
◆ The address must include information about what network the
receiving host is on. This makes routing feasible.
◆ IP addresses are logical addresses (not physical)
◆ 32 bits.
◆ Includes a network ID and a host ID.
◆ Every host must have a unique IP address.
◆ IP addresses are assigned by a central authority (the NIC at SRI
International).
 Network and Host IDs
◆ A Network ID is assigned to an organization by a global
authority.
◆ Host IDs are assigned locally by a system administrator.
◆ Both the Network ID and the Host ID are used for routing.
◆ A single network interface is assigned a single IP address called
the host address.
◆ A host may have multiple interfaces, and therefore multiple host
addresses.
◆ Hosts that share a network all have the same IP network
address (the network ID).
 Subnet Addresses
◆ An organization can subdivide it’s host address space into
groups called subnets.
◆ The subnet ID is generally used to group hosts based on the
physical network topology.
◆ Subnets can simplify routing.
◆ IP subnet broadcasts have a hostID of all 1s.
◆ It is possible to have a single wire network with multiple subnets

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 Subnetting
router

Subnet 1 Subnet 2 Subnet 3

128.213.1.x 128.213.2.x 128.213.3.x

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 Mapping IP Addresses to
Hardware Addresses
◆ IP Addresses are not recognized by hardware.
◆ If we know the IP address of a host, how do we find out the hardware
address ?
◆ The process of finding the hardware address of a host given the IP
address is called
Address Resolution
◆ The process of finding out the IP address of a host given a hardware
address is called
Reverse Address Resolution

◆ Reverse address resolution is needed by diskless workstations when

booting.

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 ARP
◆ The Address Resolution Protocol is used by a sending host
when it knows the IP address of the destination but needs the
Ethernet address.
◆ ARP is a broadcast protocol - every host on the network
receives the request.
◆ Each host checks the request against it’s IP address - the right
one responds.
◆ ARP does not need to be done every time an IP datagram is
sent - hosts remember the hardware addresses of each other.
◆ Part of the ARP protocol specifies that the receiving host should
also remember the IP and hardware addresses of the sending
host.

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 Services provided by IP
◆ Connectionless Delivery (each
datagram is treated individually).
◆ Unreliable (delivery is not guaranteed).
◆ Fragmentation / Reassembly (based on
hardware MTU).
◆ Routing.
◆ Error detection.

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 IP Datagram
1 byte 1 byte 1 byte 1 byte
VERS HL Service Fragment Length
Datagram ID FLAG Fragment Offset
TTL Protocol Header Checksum
Source Address
Destination Address
Options (if any)

Data

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 IP Datagram Fragmentation
◆ Each fragment (packet) has the same structure as the IP
datagram.
◆ IP specifies that datagram reassembly is done only at the
destination (not on a hop-by-hop basis).
◆ If any of the fragments are lost - the entire datagram is
discarded (and an ICMP message is sent to the sender).
◆ If packets arrive too fast - the receiver discards excessive
packets and sends an ICMP message to the sender (SOURCE
QUENCH).
◆ If an error is found (header checksum problem) the packet is
discarded and an ICMP message is sent to the sender.

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 ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol
◆ ICMP is a protocol used for exchanging
control messages.
◆ ICMP uses IP to deliver messages.
◆ ICMP messages are usually generated
and processed by the IP software, not
the user process.

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ICMP Message Types
◆ Echo Request
◆ Echo Response
◆ Destination Unreachable
◆ Redirect
◆ Time Exceeded
◆ Redirect (route change)
◆ there are more ...

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 IP/BYE-BYE
◆ IP/BYE-BYE is a lecture protocol used to
signal the class that we have just finished
our discussion of IP - the network layer of
TCP/IP.
◆ The appropriate response to an IP/BYE-
BYE request is immediate applause,
although simply opening your eyes is
enough (known as a WAKEUP response).

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 Ports
◆ TCP/IP uses an abstract destination
point called a protocol port.
◆ Ports are identified by a positive integer.
◆ Operating systems provide some
mechanism that processes use to
specify a port.

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 TCP
Transmission Control Protocol
◆ TCP is an alternative transport layer
protocol supported by IP.
◆ TCP provides:
◆ Connection-oriented
◆ Reliable
◆ Full-duplex
◆ Byte-Stream

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 Connection-Oriented
◆ Connection oriented means that a
virtual connection is established before
any user data is transferred.
◆ If the connection cannot be established
- the user program is notified.
◆ If the connection is ever interrupted -
the user program(s) is notified.

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 Reliable
◆ Reliable means that every transmission
of data is acknowledged by the
receiver.
◆ If the sender does not receive
acknowledgement within a specified
amount of time, the sender retransmits
the data.

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 Buffering
◆ TCP is responsible for buffering data
and determining when it is time to send
a datagram.
◆ It is possible for an application to tell
TCP to send the data it has buffered
without waiting for a buffer to fill up.

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 Full Duplex
◆ TCP provides transfer in both
directions.
◆ To the application program these
appear as 2 unrelated data streams,
although TCP can piggyback control
and data communication by providing
control information (such as an ACK)
along with user data.

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 TCP Ports
◆ Interprocess communication via TCP is
achieved with the use of ports (just like
UDP).
◆ UDP ports have no relation to TCP
ports (different name spaces).

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 TCP Segments
◆ The chunk of data that TCP asks IP to
deliver is called a TCP segment.
◆ Each segment contains:
◆ data bytes from the byte stream
◆ control information that identifies the data
bytes

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 TCP Segment Format
1 byte 1 byte 1 byte 1 byte
Source Port Destination Port
Sequence Number
Request Number
offset Reser. Control Window
Checksum Urgent Pointer
Options (if any)

Data

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 Addressing in TCP/IP
◆ Each TCP/IP address includes:
◆ InternetAddress
◆ Protocol (UDP or TCP)
◆ Port Number