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Introduction To Programming

This document provides an introduction to programming languages by discussing the different generations of programming languages from low-level machine languages to high-level languages. It defines what a computer program is and explains that computer languages are used to develop application programs. It then classifies programming languages and describes the characteristics of each generation from 1st to 5th generation languages, highlighting that early languages were low-level and machine-dependent while later languages became higher-level, machine-independent, and more productive for programmers. It also discusses different types of translators used to convert between language levels.

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Alensvon Osuri
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
71 views

Introduction To Programming

This document provides an introduction to programming languages by discussing the different generations of programming languages from low-level machine languages to high-level languages. It defines what a computer program is and explains that computer languages are used to develop application programs. It then classifies programming languages and describes the characteristics of each generation from 1st to 5th generation languages, highlighting that early languages were low-level and machine-dependent while later languages became higher-level, machine-independent, and more productive for programmers. It also discusses different types of translators used to convert between language levels.

Uploaded by

Alensvon Osuri
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Programming

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Resource Team

R.P Ranjan-Lecturer, SPICTEC, Galle. W.M.A.S . Wijesekara-Centre manager,CRC Hali-Ela H.P.U.S Indra Kumara-Instructor,CRC Hanguranketha R.M.P Bandara-Lecturer,CPICTEC Gurudeniya K.M.P.U Wimalaweera-Instructor,CRC Polonnaruwa

End Show

What is a computer program?


A computer program is a set of instructions or commands, which tell the computer what to do. A computer language is a set of symbols and rules used in constructing programs. Computer languages are used to develop application programs

End Show

Cont.

The machine can understand only the machine language. Assembly and other high level languages are not machine language. To transform these languages into machine language, translators are needed.

Source Code

Translator

Object Code

End Show

Classification of Programming Languages


1st Generation Low Level Language Computer Language

2nd Generation

3rd Generation

High Level Language

4th Generation

5th Generation

End Show

Generation of programming languages

1st Generation language ( 1GL )

2nd
3rd

Generation languages( 2GL )


Generation languages ( 3GL )

4th
5th

Generation languages ( 4GL )


Generation languages ( 5GL )

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1st Generation language ( 1GL )


Machine level programming language Machine code is the binary digit language

It consists of 1s and 0s.


The machine can directly execute the machine code Execution is speedy because no translators are used.

It is very difficult to write and modify programs.


It is machine dependant, because machine-language instructions vary according to computer architecture.

It is a low level language

End Show

2nd Generation languages( 2GL )

Assembly language is used


Assembler is used to convert assembly language to machine language Mnemonics and variables are used to write codes It is a machine dependant language Difficult to write and modify programs

It is a low level language


Execution is fast

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3rd Generation languages ( 3GL )

It is easy to understand, because it is similar to human languages


Translators are used to convert high level language to machine language

Compilers or interpreters are used as translators.


Some of the 3rd generation languages are unstructured languages such as Basic

It is easy write and modify programs

End Show

3rd Generation languages ( 3GL )

many of the third generation languages are procedural languages because the program instructions comprise a list of steps or procedures They are not machine dependent languages One instruction in a third generation language can replace many assembly language instructions programmer has to describe how it should be done. Ex : Basic, Fortran, Cobol, Pascal

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4th Generation languages ( 4GL )


Introduced in the late 1980s They are designed to reduce programming effort It consumes less time to write a program They are non procedural languages Very easy to write and modify

One instruction in 4GL can replace a number of 3GL instructions


Programmer has to describe what is to be done. 4GL languages reduce software development cost. They are described as application development without programmers Ex : FOCUS, IDEAL, dbase III plus
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5th Generation languages ( 5GL )


Introduced in the early 1990s User-friendly Graphical User Interfaces are facilitated. Very easy to write and modify program Execution speed is low

Event driven programs were introduced


Ex: Visual basic, Visual C++, Small Talk

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Low Level Languages

First and second generation languages are considered low level languages. They are machine dependant languages These languages are close to the hardware The programmer should have hardware knowledge to write a program Productivity is low

End Show

High Level Languages


3GL,4GL and 5GL are considered high level languages They are machine independent languages It is easy to write and modify The programmer does not need knowledge of hardware to write programs Productivity is high Consume less time to write programs 5GL allow user-friendly facilities Translators need to be used to convert to machine language
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Translators
Translator is used to convert source code into object code. these are of three types 1. 2. 3. Assembler Interpreter Compiler

Source Code

Translator

Object Code

End Show

Assembler

is a low-level language Translator. is a software program that converts assembly language into machine language. converts mnemonics into machine code

End Show

Interpreter

is a translator that goes through the process of translation every time the program is run. is found running some versions of BASIC, where it translates one line of the program at a time.

End Show

Compiler

is a translator of high level languages converts a whole program into machine language at once translates source code into Object Code. This Object code is used to execute whenever it is run

Recompiling required if any changes of source code

End Show

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