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introduction to programming concepts

The document provides an overview of programming languages, detailing their generations from first to fifth. It explains the characteristics and examples of each generation, highlighting the evolution from machine language to artificial intelligence. Each generation reflects advancements in ease of use, abstraction, and the complexity of tasks that can be performed by programmers.

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ahmedluai2012
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7 views

introduction to programming concepts

The document provides an overview of programming languages, detailing their generations from first to fifth. It explains the characteristics and examples of each generation, highlighting the evolution from machine language to artificial intelligence. Each generation reflects advancements in ease of use, abstraction, and the complexity of tasks that can be performed by programmers.

Uploaded by

ahmedluai2012
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to programming concepts

Programming language or computer language:

It is a specific language that a computer can understand.

Generations of programing languages:

First generation (1 GL) machine language:

1. It is the lowest level of computer language.


2. Information was entered into the computer in the form of a long series of 1th and 0s or binary
codes.
3. Binary instructions are similar to the on/off signals used by computers to carry out operations.
4. These languages were mainly used for first- generation computers, which were huge room-sized
computer systems.

Second generation 2GL assembly language:

1. Programs written in assembly language require a translator to convert them into machine
language. The translator here is called assembler.
2. The main advantage of assembly language is the programs take less time to run and use less
memory.
3. The level of detail required to write an assembly program is very high and the chances of making
mistakes is greater.

Third generation language 3GL high level language:

1. These are advanced computer languages that do not depend on the type of computers used.
2. It contains instructions in the form of English – like commands to perform a task.
3. A translator is needed to translate the symbolic statements of a high level language into
computer machine language.
4. FORTRAN and COBOL are the early examples of this sort of language.
5. Most modern languages such as BASIC, C, C++ AND JAVA are also third- generation languages.

Fourth generation language 4 GL very high level language:

1. Instructions written in English-like sentences.


2. The programmer has to specify what the program should do rather than providing the steps
explaining how the program should do it.
3. Programmers have to type fewer lines of code to get something done.
4. Examples of this generation are APL, SQL.

Fifth generation language 5GL artificial intelligence:

1. Programmers only need to think about what problems need to be solved without thinking about
how to create an algorithm to solve them.
2. Computers now have the ability to think for themselves and draw their own interfaces using
programmed information in large database.
3. Prolog and Mercury are examples of fifth generation languages.

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