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Programming Concept

The document provides an overview of programming languages, distinguishing between natural languages used by humans and programming languages used by computers. It classifies programming languages into low-level and high-level categories, detailing types such as machine language, assembly language, and various generations of high-level languages. Additionally, it explains the roles of language translators like assemblers, interpreters, and compilers in converting code from one form to another.

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bhattaraisupriti
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3 views

Programming Concept

The document provides an overview of programming languages, distinguishing between natural languages used by humans and programming languages used by computers. It classifies programming languages into low-level and high-level categories, detailing types such as machine language, assembly language, and various generations of high-level languages. Additionally, it explains the roles of language translators like assemblers, interpreters, and compilers in converting code from one form to another.

Uploaded by

bhattaraisupriti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming

Concept
● Introduction to Programming Language
Language is a means of communication between two people. Human beings use
languages such as Nepali, English, French, etc. during communication. A language
used by human beings is known as natural language, whereas a language used by a
computer is known as programming language or computer language. Programming
language helps us to make a common platform for developing programs or application
in a computer. The process of writing a program is known as programming or coding. A
person who writes program codes is known as programmer.
Hundreds of programming languages have been developed in the last fifty years. But,
commercially only few of them are popular because of their simplicity, efficiency and
compatibility to computer system. Programming languages are classified into various
ways. Based on nature of languages, they are classified into two categories: general
purpose and specific purpose. General purpose programming languages are used for
solving almost all types of problems and the specific purpose programming languages
are used for solving problems of specific nature.
Types of
Programming
Languages Programming
languages

Low level High level


languages languages
(LLL) (HLL)

Assembl Fourth Fifth


Machine Third generation
y generation generatio
languag language
languag language n
e (1GL) (4GL)
e (2GL) (3GL) language
(5GL)

Classification of programming languages


Machine Language
Machine language is the first language of a computer system. It is the
language of CPU till date. In the early days of computing, there were no
complex hardware and software, so machine language was for data
input/output and process. It consists of sets of instructions composed with
0s and 1s that represent electrically off state and on state respectively in
computer system.

Assembly Language
During 1950s, some standard programming languages were developed to
reduce programming complexity of machine languages. Bob Nevelen, Jack
Powell, Clement and Michael worked together in the development of
assembly language in IBM laboratory.
Programming could easily be done using alphanumeric symbols instead of
0s and 1s. Meaningful and easily memorable symbols are selected for this
purpose. For example: ADD for addition, SUB for subtraction, MUL for
multiplication, COM for comparison etc. Such symbols are known as
mnemonics. A program written using mnemonics is called assembly
language program.
Third Generation Language (3GL)
High level languages were developed during 60s to make programming easier and
overcome the limitations of low level languages. General purpose first high level
language is known as third generation language. In 1956, FORTRAN (Formula
Translation) was the first high level language developed by John Backus in IBM
laboratory. The instructions of high level language are called statements which are
expressed like human language such as English. More mathematical and logical
expression (True/False) are used to form statements.

Fourth Generation Language (4GL)


Problem oriented specific purpose high level languages are called fourth
generation languages. They are specially developed for solving specific type of
problems such as database problems, web-based problems, application
development etc. Mainly they are GUI (Graphical User Interface) based languages
which help to make attractive interfaces to access database. More powerful and
efficient mathematical and logical expressions are also incorporated. They are
easier for programming than any other programming languages.
Fifth Generation Language (5GL)
Fifth generation language are still in the developing stage. It is also known
as natural language. Natural language such as English, Nepali language
would be used in computer because they make computer more intelligent
and user friendly. They are used particularly in the areas of robotics,
artificial intelligence and expert system. Countries like USA and JAPAN are
still trying to make these kinds of languages.
Language Translator
Assembler
Assembler is defined as language translator which translates assembly language
program into machine language program. As computer understands only machine
language, assembly language program must be translated into machine language
program before execution. Otherwise, computer does not understand the codes. The
original assembly language program codes are known as source codes and after
translation, the final machine language program codes are known as object codes.

Interpreter
An interpreter is a language translator which translates high level language program
into machine language program one instruction at a time. Unlike complier, it
translates one statement of a program, executes the statement immediately and
moves to the next statement. When an error is encountered in the program, the
process of translation is halted and error message is displayed. Programming
languages such as BASIC, LISP use interpreter.
Compiler
A compiler is a language translator which translates high level languages
program into machine language program. The original code of high level
language is called source code and after translation, the final machine
language program code is known as object code. While translating the
program, it checks the syntax that means grammar of the source code of
high level language program and translates it into machine language
program code at single attempt. If there is a syntax error on source code
then compiler produces syntax errors and causes of the errors. The source
code file must be free from syntax errors for complete compilation process.
Compiler is more efficient and faster than interpreter.

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