Chemical Math

IB Core

1.1.1 Apply the mole concept to substances. Apply: Use an idea, equation principle, theory or law in a new situation.

1.1.1 Apply the mole concept to substances.

How many eggs are in a dozen?

Atoms are VERY small, how small?

Take a ping pong ball an placed it in the center of a soccer stadium. This is the atoms nucleus. Then take a pin and stand on the very edge of the stadium. The pin head is the electron.

1.1.1 Apply the mole concept to substances.

To count small things we need a large number 1 dozen atoms is only 12 atoms

We need a new number. Avogadro's Number

The mole: 6.02 x 10 23 1 mole atoms = 6.02 x 10 23 atoms 3 moles of atoms = 3 (6.02 x 10 23 ) atoms

Understanding the number If you ordered a mole of donuts instead of a dozen, that would be enough to give every person in the world over 9 trillion donuts. The Earth is estimated to be about 4.54 billion years old. That is approximately 1.43 x 1017 seconds, still much less than a mole. Spreading a mole of marbles over the Earth would produce a layer almost five kilometers thick If you traveled a mole in inches, you would be able to cross the galaxy and back eight times, or go around the Earth 300 trillion times.

The Sahara Desert is about 1500 km north to south and 4000 km east to west. If the average depth of sand throughout is 10 m, and there were about 1000 grains of sand in each cm3, then the Sahara Desert would contain about 6 x 1022 grains of sand. This is still one tenth of a mole. This means there are more atoms of carbon in a 12 g sample (one mole) then there are grains of sand in the Sahara Desert

1.1.2 Determine the number of particles and the amount of substance (in moles). Determine: Find the only possible answer. (Obj. 3)

1.1.2 Determine the number of particles and the amount of substance (in moles).

How many Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms are there in 1 mol of water? What is the total # of atoms?
H2O Ratio 1:2: There are 2 Hydrogen atoms for every water molecule.

1 mol of water molecules has 2 moles of hydrogen atoms 2 mol Hydrogen x (6.02 x 10 23 )atoms/mol = 12.04 x 10 23 hydrogen atoms.

Ratio 1:1 There is 1 Oxygen atom for ever water molecule.

1 mol oxygen 6.02 x 10 23 atoms/mol = 6.02 x 10 23 oxygen atoms / mol

1.1.2 Determine the number of particles and the amount of substance (in moles).

Using 1 mol of substance, how many atoms?

HCl O3

CH4

There are 2 mols of atoms:

1.20*1024 atoms 1.81*1024 atoms 3.01*1024 atoms

Click for answers

There are 3 mols of atoms:

There are 5 mols of atoms:

1.2.1 Define the terms relative atomic mass (Ar) and relative molecular mass (Mr). Define: Give the precise meaning of a word, phrase or physical quantity. (Obj 1)

Relative Atomic Mass (Ar):

You find these values on the Periodic Table

Weighted mean mass of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element. The number is the ratio of the average mass per atom to 1/12 of an atom of the C-12 isotope.

Relative Molecular Mass (Mr)

The mass of a molecule. Indicates how heavy the molecule is compared to the C-12 isotope.
To get this value, just use the Ar from above and -1) to the end g/mol (g add mol

Relative things have NO UNITS! But!! Atomic Mass does! (g/mol) or

1.2.2 Calculate the mass of one mole of a species from its formula.

Calculate: Find a numerical answer showing the relevant stages in the working (unless instructed not to do so).

Number of Atoms involved

Molar Whatmass is the(M) Molar is the mass

mass of one mol of atoms (g/mol) H: 1.008 g/mol

of H2O?
Atomic Mass (On P-table)

O: 16.00 g/mol For compounds or Elements with multiple atoms: M = 2(1.008)g/mol +

Add the atomic mass of =18.02 g/mol all the atoms in the compound.
Final Molar Mass of Water

1(16.00) g/mol
Units...Dont be lazy!

Sig. Figs

What is the Molar Mass of:

CO2
CH4 Sodium Sulphate

What is the Molar Mass of: Potassium Chloride

Iron(III) Oxide

Copper(II) Nitrate

1.2.3 Solve problems involving the relationship between the amount of substance in moles, mass and molar mass. Solve: Obtain an answer using algebraic and/or numerical methods.

Stoichiometry Time! Time to learn what stoichiometry is all about! Yee-haw!! Definition of stoichiometry: The relationships among the quantities of reactants and products involved in chemical reactions.

 When you have something to start with, and you know what unit you are after, you can solve the problem!! Be sure to cancel out units as you go through.

desired unit Given unit x desired unit given unit

1 mol of ANY IDEAL GAS occupies a volume of 22.4 dm3 at S.T.P.

Formula

n= m M

n = # of moles (mol)
m = mass (g) MM = Molar Mass (g/mol)

Oxygen 8 O 15.999

Sample problems:
If you have 4.904 g of sulfuric acid, how many moles would you have? You have 2.00 mols of carbon dioxide. How many grams of carbon dioxide do you have?

Sulfuric acid is H2SO4 . So the molar mass would be (2 x 1.01) + (32.07) + (4 x 16.00) = 98.09 g mol-1 4.904 g H2SO4 x = 0.04999 mols 1 mol H2SO4 H2SO4 Carbon dioxide is 98.09 CO2. gSo 12.01 + (2 x 16.00) = 44.01 g mol-1. 2.0 mol CO2 x = 88 g CO2

44.01g CO2 1 mol CO2

The combustion of Hydrogen gas and Oxygen.

1) Determine the product and write the chemical equation for the reaction 2) Balance the equation 3) What is the ratio of Oxygen to Hydrogen?

If I react 24 g of Hydrogen gas with oxygen, 1) How many grams of oxygen will I need? 2) How many grams of product will I make?

2H2 + O2 2H2O

1 mol O2 Ratio: 2 mol H2

You will need 380 grams of oxygen.

You will make 214 grams (210 using sig figs) of product (H2O)

1.2.4 Distinguish between the terms empirical formula and molecular formula. Distinguish: Give the difference between two or more different terms.

Empirical formula
States the elements present in the compound. Simplest whole number ratio of these elements. Example: Empirical formula of glucose=CH2O

Molecular formula

The elements present in the compound Actual number of atoms of the elements in one molecule Example: Molecular formula of glucose=C6H12O6

1.2.5 Determine the empirical formula from the percentage composition or from other experimental data.
Determine: Find the only possible answer (Obj. 3)

An analogy A test is worth 100% and there are 3 sections: Section A = 20 marks Section B = 50 marks Section C = 30 marks What % of the test is Section A? What would you make the test out of to make mark calculations easy?

The easiest way to mark this test is to make the total 100.

You need to determine the empirical formula for a compound of phosphorous and oxygen that contains 43.64% phosphorus by mass. You are not given a mass, so make up one. Remember, 100 is an easy number, so lets start there. In 100g, there would be 43.64 g of P, and 56.36g of O (100-43.64=56.36). Now mole it out (find the moles!!) Amount of phosphorus = 43 .64 g 30 .97 g mol - 1 = 1.409 mols Amount of oxygen = 56.36g 16.00 g mol - 1 = 3.523 mols Ratio = 1.409 : 3.523 Divide 3.523 by 1.409= 2.5, so 1:2.5. But we need whole numbers!!!! So multiply both sides by two= 2:5 ratio. What is the empirical formula?

Empirical formula with 2:5 ratio would be: P2O5

A compound was found to have a % composition of

38.67 % Carbon 16.22 % Hydrogen 45.11 % Nitrogen Click for answer

What is the Empirical formula?

Answer: CH5N

You run an experiment where you start with a compound containing hydrogen and carbon. You use 2.80 g of this compound, and after it combusts, you have 8.80 g of carbon dioxide and 3.60 g of water. Use your stoichiometry skills, mole it out, follow the mole ratios, and find the empirical formula.

1.2.6 Determine the molecular formula when given the empirical formula and experimental data. Determine: Find the only possible answer (Obj. 3)

Molecular formula is related to the molar mass of the compound

Sometimes the Molecular Formula is the same as the Empirical Formula. Ratio = Relative Molecular Mass (Mr)
Empirical Relative Molecular Mass

Multiply the Empirical Formula by the ratio found

A compound was found to contain

71.65 % Cl Remember, assume a 100g sample 24.27 % C 4.07 % H The molar mass is known to be 98.96g/mol

What is the empirical and molecular formula?

1.3.1 Deduce chemical equations when all reactants and products are given. Deduce: Reach a conclusion from the information given.

1) To start, balance all the metals 2) Next balance all the non metals EXCEPT for Oxygen and Hydrogen AND that are not in a complex ion.

3) Next balance all complex ions (you must be able to recognize these!!!)
4) Finally balance Oxygen and Hydrogen, if one of the 2 is in its elemental state balance it last.

You already have practice and knowledge of chemical equations. Practice balancing these equations: CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O

C2H5OH(l) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g) (NH4)2Cr2O7(s) Cr2O3(s) + N2(g) + H2O(g)

CH4 + O2

CO2 + H2O

Dont forget the State subscripts!

C2H5OH(l) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g) (NH4)2Cr2O7(s) Cr2O3(s) + N2(g) + H2O(g)

Solid lithium hydroxide is used as a carbon dioxide absorber on the space shuttle. The products formed are solid lithium carbonate and liquid water. What mass and volume of carbon dioxide will be absorbed if 1.00kg of lithium hydroxide is used at S.T.P.? (HW)

1.3.2 Identify the mole ratio of any two species in a chemical equation.

Identify: What is the definition? Your turn. Identify: Find an answer from a given number of possibilities. (Obj 2)

You already have practice with this as well. Yeahh! Practice makes perfect. 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O (l) What is the ratio of sodium hydroxide to sodium sulfate? What is the ratio of sodium hydroxide to sulfuric acid? What is the ratio of moles of oxygen atoms in sulfuric acid to moles of sulfuric acid? What is the ratio of moles of oxygen atoms in water to moles of water?

1.3.3 Apply the state symbols (s), (l), (g), and (aq).
Apply: Use an idea, equation, principle, theory, or law in a new situation.

(s) = solid (l) = liquid (g) = gas (aq) = aqueous solution

Intermission Dance Party!!!!!!

For a reaction occurring in aqueous solution forming a precipitate (solid), or part of an acid-base or redox reaction, it is often better to write the ionic equation. For example: Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) PbCl2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq) What are the ions which would be in solution (nonsolid) for each of these molecules? Write them down. Then put the ions and solid in an equation, just like above. This is the ionic equation.

The previous ionic equation is often referred to as the complete ionic equation. However, we can reduce this to the net ionic equation. To do this, we get rid of the spectator ions. This would be any ions that are not involved in forming the main product. Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3 -(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl- (aq) PbCl2(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) Which ones are the spectator ions? (Which appear twice?). Take these out, re-write, and you have the net ionic equation.

Answer Net ionic equation: Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl- (aq) PbCl2(s)

1.4.1 Calculate theoretical yield from chemical equations.

Calculate: Find a numerical answer showing the relevant stages in the working (unless instructed not to do so).

You already have practice doing this with mass to mass calculations! Practice: What mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3) must be heated to give 8.80g of carbon dioxide (CO2)? 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

Answer: 33.6 g

1.4.2 Determine the limiting reactant and the reactant in excess when quantities of reacting substances are given. Determine: Find the only possible answer.

We sometimes dont always have perfect amounts of each reactant. We can only make as much product as the limiting reactant will allow. We must determine which reactant is limiting

Finding The Limiting Reactant

1) Balance the chemical equation 2) Find the number of mols of each reactant 3) Divide the # of moles by the coefficient found in the balanced equation. 4) The chemical that has the smallest value is the limiting reactant.

In the reaction 2NH3 + CO2 (NH2)2CO + H2O You have 25.5 g of ammonia (NH3) and 22.0 g of carbon dioxide (CO2). Which is the limiting reactant? What is the mass of each product? How much reactant is left over?
Answers: Limiting: carbon dioxide Mass of each product: (NH2)2CO = 30.0g H2O = 9.01 g. NH3 left over= 8.52 g

2.50 g of methane is mixed with 3.00 g of water

1) Which reactant is the limiting one? 2) What is the mass of each product? 3) What is the mass of reactant left?

CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) +

H2(g)

1.4.3 Solve problems involving theoretical, experimental and percentage yield. Solve: Obtain an answer using algebraic and/or numerical methods.

Theoretical yield: Value that you should get mathematically. Experimental yield: The value you actually get from an experiment. Percentage yield=Actual or experiment al yield 100% Theoretica l yield x

Put it all together: limiting reactants and yield.

For the reaction H2O2(aq) + 2KI(aq) + H2SO4(aq) I2(s) + K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) If you add 100.00 g of KI to a solution of 12.00 g of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 50.00 g of sulfuric acid (H2SO4), what would the theoretical yield of iodine (I2) be? Answer: 76.44 g In the experiment you performed, you produced an experimental yield of 62.37 g of iodine (I2). What was the percentage yield? Answer: 81.59%

What is the composition by mass of 1 mol of Iron(III) Oxide?

Click for answer: If it doesnt add up to 100% something is wrong!

M = 159.7 g/mol Fe = 69.9% O = 30.1%

Chemical Math

1.5.1 Distinguish between the terms solute, solvent, solution and concentration (g dm-3 and mol dm-3) Distinguish: Give the difference between two or more different items.

Solution: Homogenous mixture of two or more substances. Solvent: Liquid in which the dispersion occurs. Solute: The substance dissolved in the solvent. So.a solution contains a solute dissolved in a solvent.
Concentration: Amount of substance contained within a given volume

Concentration C = Concentration or Molarity (mol/L or mol/dm3 or M)

Molarity = moles of solute Liters of solvent

V = volume (L, dm3) Q: How many moles are in a 25cm3 of 10M sulphuric acid (H2SO4)? A: 0.25 moles

1.5.2 Solve problems involving concentration, amount of solute and volume of solution. Solve: Obtain an answer using algebraic and/or numerical methods.

Q: Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 1.56 g of gaseous HCl in enough water to make 26.8ml(cm3) of solution. Click for answer

A: 1.60M HCl

Calculate the number of moles of each ion in 1.75L of 1.0 x 10-3 M ZnCl2 Click for answer

A: 1.8*10-3 mol Zn2+ 3.5*10-3 mol Cl-

Dilutions Sometimes a concentrated solution will have solvent added to produce a more dilute one.

# of moles does not change so, n is common to both!!!

C1 x V 1 = C 2 x V2

Q: What volume of 16M sulfuric acid must be used to prepare 1.5L of a 0.10M H2SO4 solution?

Click for answer

Special note: Always add acid to water not the other way around!!

A: 9.4 *10-3dm3 or 9.4 cm3 (mL)

1999 Mars Orbital Lander

IB Core Objective
1.4.4 Apply Avogadros law to calculate reacting volumes of gases.

Apply: Use an idea, equation, principle, theory, or law in a new situation.

At a constant temperature and pressure, a given volume of any gas always contains the same number of particles. In other words, equal amounts of gases at the same temperature and pressure occupy the same volume!

Using the following reaction C2H2(g) + 2H2(g) C2H6(g) If you had 10cm3 of ethyne (C2H2), what volume of hydrogen (H2) would you need to fully react with it? What is the volume of ethane (C2H6) that would be produced? Answer: 20cm3 H2 10cm3 of ethane

1.4.5 Apply the concept of molar volume at standard temperature and pressure in calculations. Apply: Use an idea, equation, principle, theory or law in a new situation. (Obj. 2)

Molar volume: The volume of any gas that contains one mole. If temperature and pressure are specified, then molar volume can be calculated. At Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP): 1 mol of gas occupies 22.4dm3

0oC = 273.15K, 1atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr = 101.3kPa

How many moles of oxygen (O2) are there in 5.00 dm3 of oxygen?

Answer: 0.223 mol

1.4.6 Solve problems involving the relationship between temperature, pressure and volume for a fixed mass of an ideal gas. Solve: Obtain an answer using algebraic and/or numerical methods. (Obj. 3)

Ideal gas: Particles have negligible volume, there are no attractive forces between particles, and kinetic energy is proportional to absolute temperature. Boyles Law: volume is inversely proportional to pressure at a constant temperature. i.e. When volume decreases, pressure increases. When volume increases, pressure decreases.

Charless Law: Volume is proportional to temperature at constant pressure. (This is for variable volume only, such as a balloon) Therefore, doubling the temperature doubles the volume. Gay-Lussacs Law: The pressure is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas. Therefore, increasing the temperature increases the pressure, and vice versa. How do we put this all together.?

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
The one refers to the initial measurement, the two refers to the second measurement. If one of the values is constant, then you can just remove that value!

A sample of methane gas that has a volume of 3.8L at 5oC is heated to 86 oC at constant pressure. Calculate its new volume. Remember to convert Celsius to Kelvins!

Click for answer

Answer: 4.9L

Solve problems using the ideal gas equation, PV=nRT Solve: Obtain an answer using algebraic and/or numerical methods. (Obj. 3)

Universal Gas Equation:

PV=nRT
1L = 1000cm3 1L = 1dm3 1000cm3 = 1dm3

P = Pressure V = Volume N = # of mols T = Temperature (K) R = Universal Gas Constant = 8.314 JK-1 mol-1

OR

=0.08206 (Latm)(Kmol)-1

A sample of hydrogen gas has a volume of 8.56dm3 at a temperature of 0.00C and a pressure of 152.0 kPa. Calculate the moles of hydrogen gas present in this gas sample P= PV = nRT V= n= Click for T= answer R = 0.08206 (Latm)(Kmol)-1 Or = 8.314 JK-1 mol-1

Answer: 0.57 mol

1.4.8 Analyse graphs relating to the ideal gas equation. Analyse: Interpret data to reach conclusions. (Obj. 3)

Homework: Look at the graphs in your textbook. Analyse: Would Gay-Lussacs Law look the same as Boyles Law or Charless Law?