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    Mole - Chapter 9

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    shanesha blackhood

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    Mole - Chapter 9

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    shanesha blackhood
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    Mole- Chapter 9

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    74 views52 pages

    Mole - Chapter 9

    Uploaded by

    shanesha blackhood

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 52

    The Mole &

    Stoichiometry
    - Quantitative study of
    substances and their
    relationship to each
    other in chemical
    reactions.

    - The “Math” of Chemistry


    The Mole
     Similar to how a dozen = 12 things

     One mole = 602 billion trillion things


    602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

     6.02 X 1023 (in scientific notation)


     6.02 X 1023 is called
    Avogadro’s number.

     Amedeo Avogadro
     (1776 – 1856)

     Mole is abbreviated mol


     (gee, that’s a lot quicker to
    write, huh?)
    Just How Big is a Mole?
     Enough soft drink cans to cover the
    surface of the earth to a depth of over
    200 miles.
     If you had Avogadro's number of
    unpopped popcorn kernels, and
    spread them across the United States
    of America, the country would be
    covered in popcorn to a depth of over
    9 miles.
     If we were able to count atoms at the
    rate of 10 million per second, it would
    take about 2 billion years to count the
    atoms in one mole.
    Mole Concept
    A mole is equal to 3 things:

    1 mole = gram formula mass (molar mass)

    1 mole = 6.02 X 1023 particles

    1mole = 22.4 liters of a gas at STP


    Mole Conversions
    The Mole

     1 mole Al = 6.02 X 1023 “atoms”

     1 mole H2O = 6.02 x 1023 “molecules”

     Note:
     the NUMBER of particles is always the same, but
    the MASS of each mole will be very different!
     This is because atoms have different atomic
    masses.
    Molar Mass
     Molar Mass = Mass of 1 mole of particles
    (in grams)

     Use average atomic mass rounded to the


    nearest whole number
    1 mole of C atoms = 12 g
    1 mole of Mg atoms = 24g
    1 mole of Cu atoms = 63.5 g
    Learning Check!

    Find the molar mass

    1 mole of Br atoms = ________ g/mole

    1 mole of Sn atoms = ________ g/mole


    Molar Mass of Molecules and Compounds

    Called “gram formula mass” or “molecular mass”

    Add up atomic masses of atoms in the formula

    1 mole of CaCl2

    1 mole Ca x 40 g/mol
    + 2 moles Cl x 35.5 g/mol = 111 g/mol
    Learning Check!
    A. Molar Mass of K2O = ________

    B. Molar Mass of Al(OH)3 = ________


    Learning Check
     Prozac, C17H18F3NO, is a widely used
    antidepressant that inhibits uptake of serotonin
    by the brain. Find molar mass.

     C: 12 g/mol x 17 =
     H: 1 g/mol x 18 =
     F: 19 g/mol x 3 =
     N: 14 g/mol x 1 =
     O: 16 g/mol x 1 = Total = g/mol
    Calculations with Molar Mass

    # moles = given mass (grams)


    gram-formula mass
    Converting Moles and Grams

    Aluminum is often used for the structure of


    light-weight bicycle frames. How many
    grams of Al are in 3.00 moles of Al?

    3.00 moles Al ? g Al
    On Ref Tables find molar mass of Al

    1 mole Al = 27 g Al

    3.00 moles Al = x grams


    27 g/mol

    Answer = 81 g Al
    Mole/Gram Conversion Practice

     If you have 30 grams of CO2 how many moles do you


    have?

     If you have 6 moles of MgBr2 how many grams do you


    have?
    Learning Check!
    The artificial sweetener aspartame
    (Nutra-Sweet) formula C14H18N2O5 is
    used to sweeten diet foods, coffee and
    soft drinks. How many moles of
    aspartame are present in 225 g of
    aspartame?
    Add up the formula mass
     C: 12 g/mol x 14 =
     H: 1 g/mol x 18 =
     N: 14 g/mol x 2=
     O: 16 g/mol x 5= Total =
    g/mol

    # moles = ____grams = ______ mol


    g/mol
    Particles and Moles

     1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 particles

    # Moles = # particles
    6.02 x 1023 particles
    A Mole of Particles
    Contains 6.02 x 1023 particles
    1 mole C = 6.02 x 1023 C atoms
    1 mole H2O = 6.02 x 1023 H2O molecules
    1 mole NaCl = 6.02 x 1023 NaCl “formula units”
    (technically, ionics are compounds not molecules
    so they are called formula units)
    A Mole of Gas
     1 mole = 22.4 Liters of any gas at STP

    # Moles = # liters of gas (at STP)


    22.4 Liters
     1 mole = 24.0 Liters of any gas at RTP

    # Moles = # liters of gas (at RTP)


    24.0 Liters
    Chemical Quantities

    Percent Composition
    and
    Empirical Formulas

    Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
    Percent Composition
     Formula on Ref. Tables

    % Comp. by Mass = Mass of Part x 100


    Mass of Whole
    Percent Composition

    Is the percent by mass of each element in a formula.

    Ex: Calculate the percent composition of CO2.


    CO2 = 1 (12g) + 2 (16 g) = 44 g/mol)

    12. g C x 100 = 27.27 % C


    44g CO2

    32 g O x 100 = 72.72 % O
    44 g CO2
    Learning Check
    What is the percent composition of lactic acid,
    C3H6O3, a compound that appears in the blood
    after vigorous activity?
    Solution
    STEP 1
    3 (12) + 6 (1) + 3 (16) = 90 g/mol

    STEP 2
    %C = 36 g C x 100= 40% C
    90 g

    %H = 6 g H x 100 = 6.7% H
    90 g

    %O = 48 g O x 100 = 53.3% O
    90 g
    Percent Composition
    What is the percent of carbon in C5H8NO4
    (the glutamic acid used to make MSG
    monosodium glutamate), a compound used
    to flavor foods and tenderize meats?

    a) 8.22 %C
    b) 24.3 %C
    c) 41.1 %C
    You Try
    The chemical isoamyl acetate
    C7H14O2 gives the odor of
    pears. What is the percent
    carbon in isoamyl acetate?

    1) 7.102 %C
    2) 35.51 %C
    3) 64.58 %C
    Solution
    64.58 %C

    Molar mass C7H14O2 =


    7(12) + 14(1) + 2(16) = 130g/mol

    % C = 84g C x 100 = 64.6 % C


    130g
    Percent of Water in a Hydrate
     Hydrate: an ionic compound
    with water molecules loosely
    attached.
    Ex: BaCl2 ∙ 2H2O

     Anhydrous Salt: the hydrate


    with the water driven off by
    heating in a crucible
     Finding % from Formula

    Ex: BaCl2 ∙ 2H2O


     Finding % from Experimental Data

     Ex: If 11 grams of an unknown hydrate is


    heated in a crucible to a constant mass of
    9.5 grams calculate the % of water that
    was in the hydrate.
    Chemical Formulas and Moles

     Formulas can tell us:


     Relative number of atoms of each element in compound
    Ex: NO2 2 atoms of O for every 1 atom of N

     Mole ratio of each element in a formula unit


    Ex: 1 mole of NO2 contains 2 moles of O atoms to
    every 1 mole of N atoms

     Thus if we know or can determine the relative number of


    moles of each element in a compound, we can determine a
    formula for the compound.
    Types of Formulas

     Empirical Formula: expresses smallest


    whole number ratio of the atoms present.
    Ex: ______________

    (Note: Ionic formulas are always empirical)

     Molecular Formula: states actual number of


    each kind of atom found in one molecule of
    the compound.
    Ex: ______________
    Writing Empirical Formulas
    • The simplest whole number ratio of the atoms.
    • Some molecular formulas can be reduced to their empirical
    form

    • Calculated by dividing the subscripts in the actual (molecular)


    formula by a whole number to give the lowest ratio.

    C5H10O5  5 = C1H2O1 = CH2O


    actual (molecular) empirical
    formula formula
    Molecular and Empirical Formulas
    • The molecular formula is the same or a
    multiple of the empirical.
    Learning Check

    A. What is the empirical formula for C4H8?


    1) C2H4 2) CH2 3) CH

    B. What is the empirical formula for C8H14?


    1) C4H7 2) C6H12 3) C8H14

    C. Which is a possible molecular formula for CH2O?


    1) C4H4O4 2) C2H4O2 3) C3H6O3
    Find Empirical Formula Given Grams

    1. Determine the mass in grams of each element


    present, if necessary.
    2. Calculate number of moles of each element.
    3. Divide each by the smallest number of moles to
    obtain the simplest whole number ratio.

    Note:
    If whole numbers are not obtained* multiply through by the
    smallest number that will give all whole numbers
    Find Empirical Formula Given Grams

    A compound contains 7.31 g Ni and 20.0 g Br.


    Calculate its empirical (simplest) formula.
    Solution
    Convert 7.31 g Ni and 20.0 g Br to moles.

    Moles of Ni = 7.31 g Ni = 0.124 mol Ni


    59 g Ni

    Moles of Br = 20.0 g Br = 0.250 mol Br


    80 g Br

    Divide by smallest # moles to get ratio


    0.124 mol Ni = 1 Ni 0.250 mol Br = 2 Br
    0.124 0.124
    Write ratio as subscripts: NiBr2
    Converting Decimals to Whole
    Numbers
    When number of moles for an element is a decimal, all the
    moles are multiplied by a small integer to obtain whole number.
    A sample of a brown gas, a major air pollutant, is found
    to contain 2.34 g N and 5.34g O. Determine empirical
    formula:

    You need mole ratios so convert grams to moles

    moles of N = 2.34g of N = _______moles of N


    14 g/mole

    moles of O = 5.34 g = _________moles of O


    16 g/mole

    Formula: _______________
    N0.167 O0.334 N 0.167 O 0.334  NO2
    0.167 0.167
    Empirical Formula from
    % Composition

    A substance has the following composition by


    mass:

    60.80 % Na ; 28.60 % B ; 10.60 % H

    What is the empirical formula of the substance?


    Consider a sample size of 100 grams
    60.80 grams of Na
    28.60 grams of B
    10.60 grams H

    Determine the number of moles of each

    Determine the simplest whole number ratio


    Empirical Formula from
    % Composition
    Aspirin is 60.0% C, 4.5 % H and 35.5 % O.
    Calculate its empirical (simplest) formula.
    Solution
    Calculate moles of each element in 100 g.
    100 g aspirin contains 60.0% C or 60.0 g C, 4.5% H or 4.5 g H, and
    35.5% O or 35.5 g O.

    60.0 g C = 5.00 mol C


    12 g C

    4.5 g H = 4.5 mol H


    1gH

    35.5 g O = 2.22 mol O


    16 g O
    Solution (continued)
    Divide by the smallest number of mol.

    5.00 mol C = 2.25 mol C (decimal)


    2.22

    4.5 mol H = 2.0 mol H


    2.22

    2.22 mol O = 1.00 mole O


    2.22
    Solution (continued)
    Use the lowest whole number ratio as subscripts
    When the moles are not whole numbers, multiply by a factor to give
    whole numbers, in this case x 4
    .
    C: 2.25 mol C x 4 = 9 mol C
    H: 2.0 mol H x 4 = 8 mol H
    O: 1.00 mol O x 4 = 4 mol O

    Using these whole numbers as subscripts the simplest formula is

    C9H8O4
    Finding the Molecular Formula
     Molecular Mass (GFM) of a compound is either equal to or
    some whole number multiple of the empirical formula’s mass.

    Molecular Mass = “Magic Number”


    Empirical Mass

    Distribute this number through the Empirical formula to


    determine the Molecular formula
    Finding the Molecular
    Formula
    A compound has an empirical formula of
    NO2. The colorless liquid, used in rocket
    engines has a molar mass of 92.0 g/mole.
    What is the molecular formula of this
    substance?
    Finding the Molecular
    Formula
    A compound has an empirical formula of
    CH2O. The white crystal, has a molar mass
    of 180.0 g/mole. What is the molecular
    formula of this substance?

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