Chem

STOICHIOMETRY
Prepared by:
MS.MARJORIE ROSE Z. TEODOSIO
MAT-GEN. SCI STUDENT
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 1. Define Stoichiometry;
 2. Calculate the number of moles and the
number of particles of a substance in a
given mass of that substance;
 3. Calculate the percentage composition.
STOICHIOMETRY
o pronounce as “stoy-kee-ah-met-tree” or
abbreviate it as “stoyk”.
o The study of the quantitative relationships or
ratios between two or more substances.
o The word derives from the Greek word:
stoicheion meaning “element” and metron
meaning “to measure”
Measuring Matter
Chemists need a convenient method for counting
accurately the number of atoms, molecules or formula
units in a sample of a substance. That’s why chemists
created their own counting unit called the mole.
THE MOLE
• commonly abbreviated mol, the SI unit used to

measure the amount of substance.
• it has been established that a mole of anything
contains 6.02213467 x 1023
• 1 mole of an element contains 6.02213467 x 1023
atoms of that element.
AMEDEO CARLO AVOGADRO
- was an Italian savant. He is most noted
for his contributions to molecular
theory now known as
 Avogadro’s law. In tribute to him, the
elementary entities (atoms, molecules,
( 9 August 1776- 9 July 1856 ) ions or other particles) in 1 mole of a
substance, 6.02214179(30) x 1023 is
known as the Avogadro’s number.
THE AVOGADRO’S NUMBER
• The number 6.02213467 x 1023 is called Avogadro’s in

honor to the Italian physicist and chemist Amedeo
Avogadro who, in 1811, determined the volume of one
mole of a gas.
• The Avogadro’s number is usually rounded to three
significant figures- 6.02x 1023
• If you write out Avogadro’s number, it looks like this.
602 213 673 600 000 000 000 000
MOLAR MASS
- Is the sum of the masses of the atoms
present in one mole of a substance,
which can be an element or a compound.
- Expressed as a unit of mass per mole like
g/mol or kg/mol
MOLAR MASS OF AN ELEMENT
o The mass in grams of one mole of any pure

substance.
o One mole of an element has a mass in grams (g)
equal to its atomic weight in atomic mass unit
(amu)
o The molar mass of any element is numerically
equal to its atomic mass and has the unit g/mol.
ATOMIC NUMBER OF
ELEMENT MOLAR MASS
WEIGHT/MASS ATOMS
MAGNESIUM
24.31 amu 24.31 g/mol 6.02x 1023
(Mg)
HYDROGEN (H) 1.01 amu 1.01 g/mol 6.02x 1023
SODIUM (Na)
Converting Mass of an Element to
Moles
Use the atomic weight of an element given on the periodic table to
apply a conversion factor to the mass given in the sample problem.
 Example:
A roll of copper of wire has a mass of 848g. How many moles of
copper are in the roll?
Moles of Cu = 848g Cu =13. 34 mol Cu

Converting Moles to Mass of an
Element
 Example:
Calculate the mass of 0.625 moles of calcium.
Use the molar mass of calcium to apply a conversion factor to
the number of moles given in the problem.
According to the periodic table, the atomic mass of calcium is
40.01 amu, so the molar mass of calcium is 40.01 g.
Mass of Ca = 0.625 mol Ca x = 25. 01 g Ca

Converting Mass to Number of Particles
 Example:
Calculate the number of atoms in 4.77 g lead. To find the
number of atoms in the sample, you must first determine how
many moles are in 4.77 g lead.
First,
Moles of Pb= 4.77 g Pb = 0.023 mol Pb
Second,
Atoms of Pb= 0.023 mol Pb = 1.38 x 1022 atoms Pb
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Compute: How many boron atoms are
there in a 77.8g sample of element
boron?
Moles of a Compound
 The molar mass of the compound is found by adding the
molar masses of all atoms in a substance.
 It is numerically equal to the compound’s formula
(molecular) weight.
 Formula weight is the sum of the atomic weights of the
elements the multiplied by the number of atoms of each
element in the formula for the substance. For substances
that exist as the individual molecules, the formula weight is
called the molecular weight.
Example: Find the molar mass of ammonia (NH3).
Molar Mass of (NH3) = molar mass of N + 3 (molar mass
of H)
Molar Mass of (NH3) = 14.01g/mol + 3(1.01g/mol) = 17.04
g/mol
Compute for the molar mass of the following:
• MgCl2
• Fe3(PO4)2
• C2H4
Converting Mass of a Compound to Moles
Example: A mole of water (H2O) consists of two moles of hydrogen
atoms and one mole of oxygen atoms. How many moles of water are in
10.0 g of water (1.000L at 4.0oC)?
 First, you must calculate the molar mass of water.
Molar Mass= 2(molar mass H) + molar of O
= 2(1.01g/mol) + (16.0g/mol)
= 18.02 g/mol
 Second, compute for the moles of water using the molar mass
above.
10.0g H2O x = 0.55 mol H2O
Percent Composition
The percent of an element in a compound can be
found in the following way.

% by mass of an element = Total mass of component elemet x 100
Molar mass of compound
Example: Calculate the percentage composition of
aluminium hydroxide Al(OH)3, a gastric antacid.
Al= 1 x 27.0 g = 27.0 g

O= 3 x 16.0 g = 48.0 g
H= 3 x 1.0g = 3.0 g
78.0g Al(OH)3
Use the total masses as the numerators of the ratio, then divide by the formula
mass.
% Al = x 100 % =34.6 %
% O = x 100 % =61. 5 %
% H = x 100 % = 3.8 %
Calculate the percentage composition
of the following:
1. Baking soda or sodium
bicarbonate NaHCO3
2. Ascorbic Acid C6H8O6
Empirical Formula
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of
elements in the compound.
 For example, the simplest ratio of atoms of
sodium to atoms of chlorine in sodium
chloride(NaCl) is 1 atom of Na:1 atom and Cl:1
 Example:
A platinum (II) compound, which is used to treat
tumors, contains 65.0% Pt, 23.6% Cl, 9.35% N,
and 2.05% H by mass. Calculate its empirical
formula.
 Solution:
Dividing the relative mass of each element by its
atomic mass gives the relative number of moles of
atoms of the element. A tabular solution follows.
Atomic Mole
Element Mass (g) Mole
Mass(g) Ratio
Pt 65.0 195.1 0.333 1
Cl 23.6 35.5 0.665 2
N 9.35 14.0 0.668 2
H 2.05 1.0 2.05 6

Molecular Formula
Molecular formula of a substance is a
whole number multiple of its empirical
formula. The empirical formula of a
compound may or may not be the
same as its molecular formula.
Name of Empirical Molecular
Multiple
Compounds Formula Formula
Hydrazine NH2 2 N2H4
Propene CH2 3 C3 H6
Glucose CH2O 6 C6H12O6

 Example: Caffeine found in tea and coffee
is a white solid that contains 49.5% carbon,
5.20% hydrogen, 28.8% nitrogen, and
16.5% oxygen by mass. Its molecular mass
is 194.1% g/mole. Find the molecular
formula of caffeine.
Solution:
Calculate first the empirical fomula.
Atomic Mole
Element Mass (g) Mole
Mass(g) Ratio
C 49.5 12.0 4.125 4
H 5.20 1.0 5.20 5
N 28.8 14.0 2.06 2
1.03
O 16.5 16.0 1

The empirical formula of caffeine is C4H5N2O
To get the molecular formula, solve for the
multiple factor, X.
Molecular/ molar mass of C4H5N2O = 194.1 g/mole.

Formula mass of C4H5N2O:
C= 4 moles of C x = 48.0 g
H= 5 moles of H x = 5.0g
N= 2 moles of N x =28.0g
O= 1 mole of O x = 16.0g

Formula mass of C4H5N2O = 97.0g
X= molecular mass
Formula mass
X= 194.1 g/mole
97.0g/mole
X=2

Therefore, the molecular formula is
(C4H5N2O)2 = C8H10N4O2
Compute:
Cholesterol, which has a molar
mass of 386g/mol, is composed
of 84.0% C, 11.85% H, and
4.15% O by mass. Find its
molecular formula.

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STOICHIOMETRY

• commonly abbreviated mol, the SI unit used to

• The number 6.02213467 x 1023 is called Avogadro’s in

o The mass in grams of one mole of any pure

HYDROGEN (H) 1.01 amu 1.01 g/mol 6.02x 1023

Moles of Cu = 848g Cu =13. 34 mol Cu

Mass of Ca = 0.625 mol Ca x = 25. 01 g Ca

Al= 1 x 27.0 g = 27.0 g

Molecular/ molar mass of C4H5N2O = 194.1 g/mole.

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