Instructor: Dr. S.M.Sajid,: SM - Sajid@nu - Edu.pk
Instructor: Dr. S.M.Sajid,: SM - Sajid@nu - Edu.pk
Reference Texts:
Theodore S. Rappaport Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice William Stallings Wireless Communications and Networks P. Nicopolitidis, et al. Wireless Networks William C. Y. Lee Wireless and Cellular Telecommunications
Ancient Systems: Smoke Signals, Carrier Pigeons, Radio invented in the 1880s by Marconi Many sophisticated military radio systems were developed during and after WW2 Cellular has enjoyed exponential growth since 1988, with almost 1 billion users worldwide today
Ignited the recent wireless revolution Growth rate tapering off 3G (voice+data) roll-out disappointing 1G Wireless LANs/Iridium/Metricom
RIP
Wireless Revolution 1980-2003
Glimmers of Hope
Design Challenges
Wireless channels are a difficult and capacitylimited broadcast communications medium Traffic patterns, user locations, and network conditions are constantly changing Applications are heterogeneous with hard constraints that must be met by the network Energy and delay constraints change design principles across all layers of the protocol stack
Multimedia Requirements
Voice Delay <100ms Data Video <100ms
<1% 10-3
8-32 Kbps
0 10-6
1-100 Mbps
<1% 10-6
1-20 Mbps
Traffic
Continuous
Bursty
Continuous
One-size-fits-all protocols and design do not work well Wired networks use this approach, with poor results
ISDN
100
9.6 modem
9.6 cellular 2.4 modem 2.4 cellular
.1
.01
1970
1980
YEAR
1990
2000
1970
1980
YEAR
1990
2000
2G Cellular: ~30-70 Kbps. WLANs: ~10 Mbps. 3G Cellular: ~300 Kbps. WLANs: ~70 Mbps. Hardware: Better batteries. Better circuits/processors. Link: Antennas, modulation, coding, adaptivity, DSP, BW. Network: Dynamic resource allocation. Mobility support. Application: Soft and adaptive QoS.
Next Generation
Technology Enhancements
Future Generations
Rate 4G
802.11b WLAN
3G
Other Tradeoffs: Rate vs. Coverage Rate vs. Delay Rate vs. Cost Rate vs. Energy
2G
2G Cellular
Mobility
Crosslayer Design
Cellular Systems
Cellular Systems:
Geographic region divided into cells Frequencies/timeslots/codes reused at spatially-separated locations. Co-channel interference between same color cells. Base stations/MTSOs coordinate handoff and control functions Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as networking burden
BASE STATION
MTSO
BS
New York
BS
3G Cellular Design:
Voice and Data
384 Kbps. Standard based on wideband CDMA Packet-based switching for both voice and data
WLANs connect local computers (100m range) Breaks data into packets Channel access is shared (random access) Backbone Internet provides best-effort service Poor performance in some apps (e.g. video)
Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz) Frequency hopped spread spectrum 1.6-10 Mbps, 500 ft range Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz) OFDM with time division 20-70 Mbps, variable range Similar to HiperLAN in Europe Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands OFDM Speeds up to 54 Mbps In 200?, all WLAN cards will have all 3 standards
Satellite Systems
Paging Systems
Broad coverage for short messaging Message broadcast from all base stations Simple terminals
Overtaken by cellular
Bluetooth
8C32810.61-Cimini-7/98
Emerging Systems
Ad-Hoc Networks
Peer-to-peer communications. No backbone infrastructure. Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic. Fully connected with different link SINRs
Design Issues
Ad-hoc networks provide a flexible network infrastructure for many emerging applications. The capacity of such networks is generally unknown. Transmission, access, and routing strategies for ad-hoc networks are generally ad-hoc. Crosslayer design critical and very challenging. Energy constraints impose interesting design tradeoffs for communication and networking.
Sensor Networks
Nodes powered by nonrechargeable batteries Data flows to centralized location. Low per-node rates but up to 100,000 nodes. Data highly correlated in time and space. Nodes can cooperate in transmission, reception,
Energy-Constrained Nodes
Sophisticated techniques not necessarily energy-efficient. Sleep modes save energy but complicate networking. Bit allocation must be optimized across all protocols. Delay vs. throughput vs. node/network lifetime tradeoffs. Optimization of node cooperation.
Packet loss and/or delays impacts controller performance. Controller design should be robust to network faults. Joint application and communication network design.
There is no methodology to incorporate random delays or packet losses into control system designs. The best rate/delay tradeoff for a communication system in distributed control cannot be determined.
Current autonomous vehicle platoon controllers are not string stable with any communication delay
Can we make distributed control robust to the network? Yes, by a radical redesign of the controller and the network.
Spectrum Regulation
Regulation can stunt innovation, cause economic disasters, and delay system rollout
Standards
Interacting systems require standardization Companies want their systems adopted as standard Alternatively try for de-facto standards Standards determined by TIA/CTIA in US IEEE standards often adopted Worldwide standards determined by ITU-T In Europe, ETSI is equivalent of IEEE Standards process fraught with inefficiencies and conflicts of interest
Main Points