Wireless and Mobile Communications: Dr. Surbhi Sharma

Wireless and Mobile Communications
Dr. Surbhi Sharma
Outline
Course
Basics
Course
Syllabus
The
Wireless Vision
Technical
Current
Challenges
Wireless Systems
Emerging
Wireless Systems
Spectrum
Regulation
Standards
Wireless History
Ancient
Systems: Smoke Signals,

Radio invented in the 1880s by Marconi
Carrier Pigeons,
Many
sophisticated military radio

systems were developed during and
after WW2
Cellular has enjoyed exponential
growth since 1988, with almost 3
billion users worldwide today
Ignited
the wireless revolution

Voice, data, and multimedia becoming
ubiquitous
Wifi
also enjoying tremendous success
Use in third world countries growing
and
growth
rapidly
Wide area networks (e.g. Wimax) and
Future Wireless
Networks
Ubiquitous Communication Among People an
Next-generation
Cellular
Wireless Internet
Access
Wireless Multimedia
Sensor Networks
Smart
Homes/Spaces
Challenges
Network
Challenges
Scarce
spectrum
Demanding/diverse applications
Reliability
Ubiquitous coverage
Seamless indoor/outdoor operation
Device
Size,
Challenges
Power, Cost
Multiple Antennas in Silicon
Multiradio Integration
Coexistance
BT
Cellular
FM/XM
GPS
DVB-H
Apps
WLAN
Processor
Media
Wimax
Processor
Evolution of Current
Systems
Wireless
systems today
3G Cellular: ~200-300 Kbps.

WLANs: ~450 Mbps (and growing).
Next
4G
4G
Generation is in the works
Cellular: Likely OFDM/MIMO

WLANs: Wide open, 3G just being finalized
Technology Enhancements
Hardware: Better batteries. Better circuits/processors.

Link: Antennas, modulation, coding, adaptivity, DSP,
BW.
Network: Not much: more efficient resource allocation
Application: Soft and adaptive QoS.
Future Generations
Rate
802.11n
802.11b WLAN
2G
Other Tradeoffs:
Rate vs. Coverage
Rate vs. Delay
Rate vs. Cost
Rate vs. Energy
4G
3G
Wimax/3G
2G Cellular
Mobility
Fundamental Design Breakthroughs Needed
Multimedia
Requirements
Voice
Data
Video
Delay
<100ms
<100ms
Packet Loss
BER
<1%
10-3
0
10-6
<1%
10-6
Data Rate
Traffic
8-32 Kbps 10-1000 Mbps 10-1000 Mbps

Continuous
Bursty
Continuous
One-size-fits-all protocols and design do not work well

Wired networks use this approach, with poor results
Quality-of-Service
(QoS)
QoS
refers to the requirements associated with a

given application, typically rate and delay
requirements.
It
is hard to make a one-size-fits all network that

supports requirements of different applications.
Wired
networks often use this approach with poor

results, and they have much higher data rates and
better reliability than wireless.
QoS
for all applications requires a cross-layer

design approach.
Crosslayer Design
Application
Network
Delay Constraints
Rate Constraints
Energy Constraints
Access
Link
Hardware
Adapt across design layers

Reduce uncertainty through scheduling
Provide robustness via diversity
Current Wireless
Systems
Cellular
Wireless
Systems
LANs
WIMAX
Satellite
Paging
Systems
Systems
Bluetooth
Ultrawideband
Zigbee
radios
radios
Cellular Phones
Everything Wireless in One
Device
Cellular Systems:
Reuse channels to maximize

capacity
Geographic region divided into cells

Frequency/timeslots/codes/ reused at spatially-separated locations.
Co-channel interference between same color cells.
Base stations/MTSOs coordinate handoff and control functions
Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as networking burden
BASE
STATION
MTSO
Cellular Networks
Future networks want better performance a

- Gbps rates, low latency, 99% coverage indo
3G Cellular Design:
Voice and Data
Data
is bursty, whereas voice is continuous
Typically
3G
require different access and routing strategies
widens the data pipe:
384 Kbps (802.11n has 100s of Mbps).

Standard based on wideband CDMA
Packet-based switching for both voice and
3G cellular popular in Asia and Europe
Evolution
data
of existing systems in US (2.5G++)
GSM+EDGE, IS-95(CDMA)+HDR
100 Kbps may be enough
Dual phone (2/3G+Wifi) use growing (iPhone, Google)
What
is beyond 3G?
The trillion dollar question
4G and LTE
(long term evolution)

OFDM/MIMO
Much
higher data rates (50-100 Mbps)
Greater
spectral efficiency (bits/s/Hz)
Flexible
use of up to 100 MHz of spectrum
Low
packet latency (<5ms).
Increased
Reduced
Support
system capacity
cost-per-bit
for multimedia
Wifi Networks
Multimedia Everywhere,
Without Wires
802.11n++
Streaming video
Gbps data rates

High reliability
Wireless HDTV
and Gaming
Coverage in every room
Wireless Local Area

Networks (WLANs)
01011011
0101
1011
Internet
Access
Point
WLANs
connect local computers

(100m range)
Breaks data into packets
Channel access is shared (random
access)
Wireless LAN
Standards
802.11b
(Old 1990s)
Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz)

Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
Speeds of 11 Mbps, approx. 500 ft range
802.11a/g
(Middle Age mid-late 1990s)
Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz)

OFDM in 20 MHz with adaptive rate/codes
Speeds of 54 Mbps, approx. 100-200 ft range
802.11n
Many WLAN
cards have
all 3 (a/b/g)
(Hot stuff, standard done, published in Oct)
Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHzband

Adaptive OFDM /MIMO in 20/40 MHz (2-4 antennas)
Speeds up to 600Mbps, approx. 200 ft range
Other advances in packetization, antenna use, etc.
Wimax
WiMAX(Worldwide
Interoperability
for
Microwave Access) is awirelesscommunications
standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabitper-second data rates,with the 2011 update
providing up to 1 Gbit/sfor fixed stations. The
name "WiMAX" was created by theWiMAX
Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to
promote conformity and interoperability of the
standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a
standards-based technology enabling the delivery
of last milewireless broadbandaccess as an
alternative tocableandDSL"
Uses of Wi-max
Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity

across cities and countries through a variety of devices.
Providing a wireless alternative to cable anddigital

subscriber line(DSL) for "last mile" broadband access.
Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP)

andIPTVservices .
Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a

business continuity plan.
Smart grids and metering
Wimax
Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access (802.16)
Wide
area wireless network standard
System
architecture similar to cellular

Hopes to compete with cellular
OFDM/MIMO
Operates
is core link technology
in 2.5 and 3.5 MHz bands
Different
for different countries, 5.8 also used.

Bandwidth is 3.5-10 MHz
Fixed
(802.16d) vs. Mobile (802.16e) Wimax
Fixed:
75 Mbps max, up to 50 mile cell radius

Mobile: 15 Mbps max, up to 1-2 mile cell radius
Satellite Systems
Cover very large areas
Different orbit heights

GEOs
(39000 Km) versus LEOs (2000 Km)
Optimized for one-way transmission

Radio
Most
(XM, Sirius) and movie (SatTV, DVB/S) broadcasts
two-way systems struggling or bankrupt
Global Positioning System (GPS) use growing

Satellite
signals used to pinpoint location
Popular
in cell phones, PDAs, and navigation devices
Paging Systems
Broad
coverage for short messaging
Message
broadcast from all base
stations
Simple
terminals
Optimized
for 1-way transmission
Answer-back
Overtaken
hard
by cellular
Bluetooth
Cable
replacement RF technology (low cost)
Short
range (10m, extendable to 100m)
2.4
GHz band (crowded)
Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels, up

to 3 Mbps
Widely
supported by telecommunications,
PC, and consumer electronics companies
Few
8C32810.61-Cimini-7/98
applications beyond cable replacement
Ultrawideband Radio
(UWB)
UWB
is an impulse radio: sends pulses of

tens of picoseconds(10-12) to nanoseconds
(10-9)
Duty
cycle of only a fraction of a percent
carrier is not necessarily needed
Uses
a lot of bandwidth (GHz)
High
data rates, up to 500 Mbps
7.5
Ghz of free spectrum in the U.S.

(underlay)
Multipath
highly resolvable: good and bad
ZigBee Radios
ZigBeeis aspecificationfor a suite of high level

communication protocols used to createpersonal area
networksbuilt from small, low-powerdigital radios.
ZigBee is based on anIEEE 802.15 standard. Though lowpowered, ZigBee devices can transmit data over long
distances by passing data through intermediate devices to
reach more distant ones, creating amesh network; i.e., a
network with no centralized control or high-power
transmitter/receiver able to reach all of the networked
devices. The decentralized nature of suchwireless ad hoc
networksmake them suitable for applications where a
central node can't be relied upon.
ZigBee Radios
ZigBee is used in applications that require only a low data

rate, long battery life, and secure networking. ZigBee has a
defined rate of 250 kbit/s, best suited for periodic or
intermittent data or a single signal transmission from a
sensor or input device. Applications include wireless light
switches, electrical meters with in-home-displays, traffic
management systems, and other consumer and industrial
equipment that requires short-range wireless transfer of data
at relatively low rates. The technology defined by the ZigBee
specification is intended to be simpler and less expensive
than other wireless personal area networks(WPANs), such
asBluetoothorWi-Fi.
Home Entertainment and Control
Industrial control
Embedded sensing
Medical data collection
Smoke and intruder warning
Building automation
Scarce Wireless
Spectrum
$$$
and Expensive
Spectrum Regulation
Spectral
Allocation in US controlled by
FCC (commercial) or OSM (defense)
FCC
auctions spectral blocks for set

applications.
Some
spectrum set aside for universal use
Worldwide
Regulation
spectrum controlled by ITU-R

is a necessary evil.
Innovations in regulation being considered worldwide,

including underlays, overlays, and cognitive radios
Spectral Reuse
Due to its scarcity, spectrum is reused
In licensed
bands
and unlicensed
bands
BS
Cellular, Wimax
Wifi, BT, UWB,
Reuse introduces
Coexistence
Many devices use the same radio

band
Technical
Solutions:
Interference
Cancellation
Smart/Cognitive Radios
Emerging Systems*
4th
generation cellular (4G)
OFDMA
will be PHY layer (like Wimax)

Other new features and bandwidth still in
flux
Ad
hoc/mesh wireless networks

Cognitive radios
Sensor networks
Distributed control networks
Biomedical networks
Ad-Hoc/Mesh Networks
Outdoor Mesh
ce
Indoor Mesh
Design Issues
Ad-hoc
networks provide a flexible network

infrastructure for many emerging applications.
The
capacity of such networks is generally

unknown.
Transmission,
access, and routing strategies for

ad-hoc networks are generally ad-hoc.
Crosslayer
Energy
design critical and very challenging.
constraints impose interesting design

tradeoffs for communication and networking.
Cognitive Radio
Paradigms
Underlay
Cognitive
radios constrained to cause minimal

interference to noncognitive radios
Interweave
Cognitive
radios find and exploit spectral holes

to avoid interfering with noncognitive radios
Overlay
Cognitive
radios overhear and enhance

noncognitive radio transmissions
Knowled
ge
and
Wireless Sensor Networks
Data Collection and Distributed Control
Smart homes/buildin
Smart structures
Search and rescue
Homeland security
Event detection
Battlefield surveillan
Energy (transmit and processing) is the driving

constraint
Data flows to centralized location (joint compression)
Low per-node rates but tens to thousands of nodes
Energy-Constrained
Nodes
Each
node can only send a finite number of bits.
Transmit
energy minimized by maximizing bit time

Circuit energy consumption increases with bit time
Introduces a delay versus energy tradeoff for each bit
Short-range
networks must consider transmit,

circuit, and processing energy.
Sophisticated
techniques not necessarily energy-efficient.

Sleep modes save energy but complicate networking.
Changes
Bit
everything about the network design:
allocation must be optimized across all protocols.

Delay vs. throughput vs. node/network lifetime tradeoffs.
Optimization of node cooperation.
Distributed Control over

Wireless
Automated Vehic
- Cars
- Airplanes/UAV
- Insect flyers
Interdisciplinary design
approach
Control requires fast, accurate, and

reliable feedback.
Wireless networks
introduce
and
: Many
designdelay
challenges
Wireless Biomedical
Systems
Wireless
Telemedicine
Wireless
Network
In- Body Wireless

Devices
-Sensors/monitoring
devices
-Drug delivery systems
Recovery from
Nerve Damage
Main Points
The wireless vision encompasses many exciting systems

and applications
Technical challenges transcend across all layers of the

system design.
Cross-layer design emerging as a key theme in wireless.
Existing and emerging systems provide excellent quality

for certain applications but poor interoperability.
Standards and spectral allocation heavily impact the

evolution of wireless technology

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Wireless and Mobile Communications

Dr. Surbhi Sharma

Systems: Smoke Signals,

sophisticated military radio

the wireless revolution

Ubiquitous Communication Among People an

3G Cellular: ~200-300 Kbps.

Generation is in the works

Cellular: Likely OFDM/MIMO

Hardware: Better batteries. Better circuits/processors.

Fundamental Design Breakthroughs Needed

8-32 Kbps 10-1000 Mbps 10-1000 Mbps

One-size-fits-all protocols and design do not work well

refers to the requirements associated with a

is hard to make a one-size-fits all network that

networks often use this approach with poor

for all applications requires a cross-layer

Adapt across design layers

Reuse channels to maximize

Geographic region divided into cells

Future networks want better performance a

is bursty, whereas voice is continuous

require different access and routing strategies

widens the data pipe:

384 Kbps (802.11n has 100s of Mbps).

of existing systems in US (2.5G++)

The trillion dollar question

(long term evolution)

higher data rates (50-100 Mbps)

spectral efficiency (bits/s/Hz)

use of up to 100 MHz of spectrum

packet latency (<5ms).

Gbps data rates

Wireless Local Area

connect local computers

Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz)

(Middle Age mid-late 1990s)

Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz)

(Hot stuff, standard done, published in Oct)

Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHzband

Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity

Providing a wireless alternative to cable anddigital

Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP)

Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a

Smart grids and metering

area wireless network standard

architecture similar to cellular

is core link technology

in 2.5 and 3.5 MHz bands

for different countries, 5.8 also used.

(802.16d) vs. Mobile (802.16e) Wimax

75 Mbps max, up to 50 mile cell radius

Cover very large areas

Different orbit heights

(39000 Km) versus LEOs (2000 Km)

Optimized for one-way transmission

(XM, Sirius) and movie (SatTV, DVB/S) broadcasts

two-way systems struggling or bankrupt