Lect 1 Basic Principles

Magnetically coupled circuits
Magnetically coupled electric circuits are central to the operation of transformers and electric machines. In the case of transformers, stationary circuits are magnetically coupled for the purpose of changing the voltage and current levels.
Transformer
Transformer
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Transformer
In general, the flux produced by each coil can be separated into two components:

a leakage component denoted with ILand a magnetizing component Im
Each of these components is depicted by a single Streamline with the positive direction determined by applying the right-hand rule to the direction of current flow in the coil. Often, in transformer analysis, i2 is selected positive out of the top of coil 2, and a dot is placed at that terminal.
Flux in Transformer
The leakage flux l1 is produced by current flowing in coil 1, and it links only the turns of coil 1. Likewise, the leakage flux l2 is produced by current flowing in coil 2, and it links only the turns of coil 2. The magnetizing flux m1 is produced by current flowing in coil 1, and it links all turns of coils 1 and 2. Similarly, the magnetizing flux m2 is produced by current flowing in coil 2, and it also links all turns of coils 1 and 2.
Basic Principles
The transformer is a static device working on the principle of Faradays law of induction. Faradays law states that a voltage appears across the terminals of an electric coil when the flux linkages associated with the same changes. This emf is proportional to the rate of change of flux linkages. Putting mathematically:
Where, e is the induced emf in volt and is the flux linkages in Weber turn.
dj e= dt
Transformer Model
Equivalent Circuit
Mechanical Analogy
Transformer in action
Transformer Core Design
Transformer Model
Voltage Equation of a transformer in matrix form is:
where r = diag [r1 r2], a diagonal matrix, and
The resistances r1 and r2 and the flux linkages l1 and l2 are related to coils 1 and 2, respectively. Because it is assumed that 1 links the equivalent turns of coil 1 and 2 links the equivalent turns of coil 2, the flux linkages may be written as
Where
Linear Magnetic System

Reluctance is impossible to measure accurately, could be determined using:
l = mA N1i1 N1i1 N2i 2 f1= + + l 1 m m f

2
N2 i 2 N2 i 2 N1i1 = + + l 2 m m
N N N1N2 l1= i1 + i1 + i2 l1 m m N N N1N2 l2= i2 + i2 + i1 l 2 m m

2 2 2 2
2 1
2 1
Flux Linkage of a Coil

Fig. 1 shows a coil of N turns. All these N turns link flux lines of Weber resulting in the N flux linkages. In such a case:
y = Nf df e= N dt
Where N is number of turns in a coil; e is emf induced, and is flux linking to each coil
Change in Flux
The change in the flux linkage can be brought about in a variety of ways: 1. coil may be static and unmoving but the flux linking the same may change with time 2. flux lines may be constant and not changing in time but the coil may move in space linking different value of flux with time. 3. both 1 and 2 above may take place. The flux lines may change in time with coil moving in space.
Magnetically coupled M/C

In the case of electric machines, circuits in relative motion are magnetically coupled for the purpose of transferring energy between mechanical and electrical systems. Because magnetically coupled circuits play such an important role in power transmission and conversion, it is important to establish the equations that describe their behavior and to express these equations in a form convenient for analysis.
Experiment LHR
RHR & LHR
Generating
Fig. 2 shows a region of length L m, of uniform flux density B Tesla, the flux lines being normal to the plane of the paper. A loop of one turn links part of this flux. The flux linked by the turn is L B X Weber. Here X is the length of overlap in meters as shown in the figure.
If now B does not change with time and the loop is unmoving then no emf is induced in the coil as the flux linkages do not change. Such a condition does not yield any useful machine. On the other hand if the value of B varies with time a voltage is induced in the coil linking the same coil even if the coil does not move.
Change in Flux Linkage

The magnitude of B is assumed to be varying sinusoidal, and can be expressed as:
B = Bm sin wt
Where Bm is the peak amplitude of the flux density. is the angular rate of change with time. Then, the instantaneous value of the flux linkage is given by: = N = NLXBm sin t Which of electrical machine that is applicable?
Rate of change of Flux Linkage

Instantaneous
flux:
j = Nf = NLXBm sin wt
Moving Coil
Instantaneous emf : dj p e= = Nf m w cos wt = Nf m w sin(wt + ) dt 2
(MatLab) Flux and Emf
EMF induced
The Peak emf induced:
em = Nf m w
rms value of induced emf is:
E=
Nf m w 2
volts

Lect 1 Basic Principles

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Magnetically coupled circuits

a leakage component denoted with ILand a magnetizing component Im

Transformer Core Design

where r = diag [r1 r2], a diagonal matrix, and

Linear Magnetic System

l = mA N1i1 N1i1 N2i 2 f1= + + l 1 m m f

N N N1N2 l1= i1 + i1 + i2 l1 m m N N N1N2 l2= i2 + i2 + i1 l 2 m m

Flux Linkage of a Coil

Magnetically coupled M/C

RHR & LHR

Change in Flux Linkage

Rate of change of Flux Linkage

Instantaneous emf : dj p e= = Nf m w cos wt = Nf m w sin(wt + ) dt 2

(MatLab) Flux and Emf

The Peak emf induced:

rms value of induced emf is:

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