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Database Fundamentals Distributed Databases

This document discusses distributed databases. It defines a distributed database as a single logical database spread across multiple physical locations, compared to a decentralized database which is a collection of independent databases. It describes distributed database architectures, including homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. It explains advantages like increased reliability and availability, but also risks like additional complexity and potential for slower queries. Finally, it outlines strategies for distributed database design, such as data replication, horizontal and vertical partitioning.

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Suada Bőw Wéěžý
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
94 views

Database Fundamentals Distributed Databases

This document discusses distributed databases. It defines a distributed database as a single logical database spread across multiple physical locations, compared to a decentralized database which is a collection of independent databases. It describes distributed database architectures, including homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. It explains advantages like increased reliability and availability, but also risks like additional complexity and potential for slower queries. Finally, it outlines strategies for distributed database design, such as data replication, horizontal and vertical partitioning.

Uploaded by

Suada Bőw Wéěžý
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Fundamentals

Distributed Databases

Overview

Distributed vs. decentralized Why distributed databases Distributed database architecture and environment Explain advantages and risks of distributed databases Explain strategies and options for distributed database design

Distributed vs. Decentralized

Distributed Database: A single


logical database that is spread
physically across computers in multiple locations that are connected by a data communications link Decentralized Database: A collection of independent databases

They are NOT the same thing!


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Why Distributed Database

Business unit autonomy and distribution Data sharing Data communication costs Data communication reliability and costs Multiple application vendors Database recovery Transaction and analytic processing
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Distributed DBMS architecture


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Homogeneous Database

Identical DBMSs

Typical Heterogeneous Environment

Non-identical DBMSs

Source: adapted from Bell and Grimson, 1992.

Distributed Database Options

Homogeneous - Same DBMS at each node

Autonomous - Independent DBMSs Non-autonomous - Central, coordinating DBMS Easy to manage, difficult to enforce

Heterogeneous - Different DBMSs at different nodes


Systems With full or partial DBMS functionality Gateways - Simple paths are created to other databases without the benefits of one logical database Difficult to manage, preferred by independent organizations
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Homogeneous, NonAutonomous Database

Data is distributed across all the nodes Same DBMS at each node All data is managed by the distributed DBMS (no exclusively local data) All access is through one, global schema The global schema is the union of all the local schema
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Typical Heterogeneous Environment

Data distributed across all the nodes Different DBMSs may be used at each node Local access is done using the local DBMS and schema Remote access is done using the global schema

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Major Objectives

Location Transparency

User does not have to know the location of the data Data requests automatically forwarded to appropriate sites
Local site can operate with its database when network connections fail Each site controls its own data, security, logging, recovery

Local Autonomy

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Significant Trade-Offs

Synchronous Distributed Database


All copies of the same data are always identical Data updates are immediately applied to all copies throughout network Good for data integrity High overhead slow response times Some data inconsistency is tolerated Data update propagation is delayed Lower data integrity Less overhead faster response time

Asynchronous Distributed Database


NOTE: all this assumes replicated data


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Advantages of Distributed Database over Centralized Databases


Increased reliability/availability Local control over data Modular growth Lower communication costs Faster response for certain queries
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Disadvantages of Distributed Database Compared to Centralized Databases


Software cost and complexity Processing overhead Data integrity exposure Slower response for certain queries
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Options for Distributing a Database

Data replication

Copies of data distributed to different sites Different rows of a table distributed to different sites Different columns of a table distributed to different sites

Horizontal partitioning

Vertical partitioning

Combinations of the above

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Distributed processing system for a manufacturing company


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Distributed DBMS

Distributed database requires distributed DBMS


Functions of a distributed DBMS:

Locate data with a distributed data dictionary Determine location from which to retrieve data and process query components DBMS translation between nodes with different local DBMSs (using middleware) Data consistency (via multiphase commit protocols) Global primary key control Scalability Security, concurrency, query optimization, failure recovery
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