Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
1K views

Physics 1.2 Scalars and Vectors: Scalar

This document summarizes key concepts about scalars and vectors from a physics textbook chapter: - Scalars have magnitude only, while vectors have both magnitude and direction. Examples of each are provided. - Vectors can be represented and added using graphical methods like triangles and parallelograms, as well as using Cartesian coordinates. Rules for vector addition and subtraction are explained. - Examples are given of how to add and subtract vectors graphically, as well as how vectors can represent physical quantities like displacement, velocity, and acceleration. An exercise problem at the end asks the reader to apply these methods.

Uploaded by

ps_da
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1K views

Physics 1.2 Scalars and Vectors: Scalar

This document summarizes key concepts about scalars and vectors from a physics textbook chapter: - Scalars have magnitude only, while vectors have both magnitude and direction. Examples of each are provided. - Vectors can be represented and added using graphical methods like triangles and parallelograms, as well as using Cartesian coordinates. Rules for vector addition and subtraction are explained. - Examples are given of how to add and subtract vectors graphically, as well as how vectors can represent physical quantities like displacement, velocity, and acceleration. An exercise problem at the end asks the reader to apply these methods.

Uploaded by

ps_da
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

PHYSICS CHAPTER 1

1
Scalar quantity is defined as a quantity with magnitude only.
e.g. mass, time, temperature, pressure, electric current, work,
energy and etc.
Mathematics operational : ordinary algebra

Vector quantity is defined as a quantity with both magnitude &
direction.
e.g. displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum,
electric field, magnetic field and etc.
Mathematics operational : vector algebra
1.2 Scalars and Vectors
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
2




Table 1.6 shows written form (notation) of vectors.







Notation of magnitude of vectors.
1.2.1 Vectors
Vector A
Length of an arrow magnitude of vector A
displacement velocity acceleration
s

s
a v
v v =

a a =

s (bold)
v (bold) a (bold)
Direction of arrow direction of vector A
Table 1.6
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
3
Two vectors equal if both magnitude and direction are the same.
(shown in figure 1.1)





If vector A is multiplied by a scalar quantity k
Then, vector A is






if k = +ve, the vector is in the same direction as vector A.
if k = - ve, the vector is in the opposite direction of vector A.
P

Q P

=
Figure 1.1
A k

A k

PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
4
Can be represented by using:
a) Direction of compass, i.e east, west, north, south, north-east,
north-west, south-east and south-west
b) Angle with a reference line
e.g. A man throws a stone with a velocity of 10 m s
-1
, 30 above
horizontal.


1.2.2 Direction of Vectors
30

v

x
y
0
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
5
c) Cartesian coordinates
2-Dimension (2-D)
m) 4 m, 2 ( ) , ( = = y x s

y/m
x/m
4
2
0
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
6
3-Dimension (3-D)
s

2
3
4
m 2) 3, 4, ( ) , , ( = = z y x s

y/m
x/m
z/m
0
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
7
d) Polar coordinates








e) Denotes with + or signs.
( )

N,120 50 = F
F

120

+
+
-
-
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
8
There are two methods involved in addition of vectors graphically i.e.
Parallelogram
Triangle
For example :
1.2.3 Addition of Vectors
Parallelogram Triangle
B

B A

+
O
B A

+
B

B A

+
O
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
9
Triangle of vectors method:
a) Use a suitable scale to draw vector A.
b) From the head of vector A draw a line to represent the vector B.
c) Complete the triangle. Draw a line from the tail of vector A to the
head of vector B to represent the vector A + B.
A B B A

+ = +
Commutative Rule
B

A B

+
O
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
10
If there are more than 2 vectors therefore
Use vector polygon and associative rule. E.g.

R Q P

+ +
R

( ) Q P

+
( ) ( ) R Q P R Q P

+ + = + +
Associative Rule
( ) R Q P

+ +
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
11
Distributive Rule :

a.

b.
For example :
Proof of case a: let o = 2
( ) B A B A

o o o + = +
( ) A A A

| o | o + = +
number real are , | o
( ) ( ) B A B A

+ = + 2 o
B

B A

+
O
( ) B A

+ 2
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
12
A

2
O
B

2
B A

2 2 +
( ) B A B A

2 2 2 + = +

B A B A

2 2 + = +o o
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
13
Proof of case b: let o = 2 and | = 1
A

( ) ( ) A A A

3 1 2 = + = + | o
A

3
A A A A

1 2 + = + | o
A

2
A

+
A

3
=
( ) A A A

1 2 1 2 + = +

PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
14
For example :
1.2.4 Subtraction of Vectors
Parallelogram Triangle
D

O
D C

O
D

( ) D C D C

+ =
C

D C

D C

PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
15
Vectors subtraction can be used
to determine the velocity of one object relative to another object
i.e. to determine the relative velocity.
to determine the change in velocity of a moving object.


1. Vector A has a magnitude of 8.00 units and 45 above the positive x
axis. Vector B also has a magnitude of 8.00 units and is directed along
the negative x axis. Using graphical methods and suitable scale to
determine
a) b)

c) d)
(Hint : use 1 cm = 2.00 units)
Exercise 1.2 :
B A

+ B A

B 2 A

+ B A 2

You might also like