PIC Microcontroller

PIC Microcontroller
PIC stands for Peripheral or programmable Interface Controller given by Microchip Technology to identify its single-chip microcontrollers. These devices have been very successful in 8bit microcontrollers. The main reason is that Microchip Technology has continuously upgraded the device architecture and added needed peripherals to the microcontroller to suit customers' requirements.

ARCHITECTURES

The architectures of various PIC microcontrollers can be divided

Low - end PIC Architectures Mid range PIC Architectures

Low - end PIC Architectures

Microchip PIC microcontrollers are available in various types. When PIC microcontroller MCU was first available from General Instruments in early 1980's, the microcontroller consisted of a simple processor executing 12-bit wide instructions with basic I/O functions. These devices are known as low-end architectures. They have limited program memory and are meant for applications requiring simple interface functions and small program & data memories. Some of the low-end device numbers are 12C5XX 16C5X 16C505

Mid range PIC Architectures

Mid range PIC architectures are built by upgrading low-end architectures with more number of peripherals, more number of registers and more data/program memory. Some of the mid-range devices are 16C6X 16C7X 16F87X Program memory type is indicated by an alphabet. C = EPROM F = Flash RC = Mask ROM

PIC microcontrollers -Features

Speed: Harvard Architecture, RISC architecture, 1 instruction cycle = 4 clock cycles. Instruction set simplicity: The instruction set consists of just 35 instructions (as opposed to 111 instructions for 8051). Power-on-reset and brown-out reset. Brown-out-reset means when the power supply goes below a specified voltage (say 4V), it causes PIC to reset; hence malfunction is avoided. A watch dog timer (user programmable) resets the processor if the software/program ever malfunctions and deviates from its normal operation. PIC microcontroller has four optional clock sources.
Low power crystal Mid range crystal High range crystal RC oscillator (low cost).

Program Memory map

Data memory (Register Files):

PIC Microcontroller Instruction Set

Outline

Instruction set Instruction description Assembler directives

Instruction Set

PIC16Cxx @ PIC16Fxx: 14bit word (opcode) Byte-oriented, bit-oriented & literal and control

Instruction Set

cont

Instruction Descriptions

ADDLW K

Add the literal value K to register WREG and put the result back in the WREG register (W) + k (W) K is an 8-bit value: 0-255 (decimal), 00-FF (hex) L: literal (actual value) Affect STATUS bits: C, DC, Z

ADDLW K
Instruction:
Before W = 10H

cont

ADDLW 15H
After W = 25H

ADDWF f, d

Add together contents of WREG and a file register location (SFR @ GPR). Put the result in the register WREG if d = 0 otherwise it is stored back in register f. (W) + (f) (d) 0 f 127, d [0, 1] Affect STATUS bits: C, DC, Z

ADDWF f, d
Instruction: MOVLW ADDWF 17H 5H, 0

cont

Before W = 0H 5H = 0H

After W = 17H 5H = 0H

MOVF

f, d

Move the content of f register upon the status of d (f) (d) Affect bit Z of STATUS register

Instruction: MOVF
Before W = 09AH FSR = 0H

FSR, 0
After

W = value in FSR register Z=1

MOVLW k

Load k literal into WREG register k (W) Dont cares will be assembled as 0s Not affect bit of STATUS register

Instruction: MOVLW
Before W = 09AH After W = 5AH

5AH

MOVWF f

Move data from WREG register to f register (W) (f) Not affect bit of STATUS register

Instruction: MOVWF
Before PORTB = 00H W = 09AH

PORTB
After

PORTB = 09AH W = 09AH

Review
1. Write instructions to move value 34H into the WREG register. 2. Write instructions to add the values 16H and CDH. Place the result in the WREG register. 3. True or false. No value can be moved directly into the WREG register. 4. What is the largest hex value that can be moved into an 8-bit register? What is the decimal equivalent of that hex value?

Review
5. What is the result of the following code and where is it kept?
MOVLW ADDLW (a) (c) (e) (g) MOVLW MOVLW MOVLW MOVLW 15H 13H 500 (b) MOVLW 50 00 (d) MOVLW 255H 25H (f) MOVLW F5H mybyte, 50H

6. Which of the following is (are) illegal?

Review
7. Which of the following is (are) illegal?
(a) (c) (e) (g) ADDLW ADDLW ADDLW ADDLW 300H $500 12H 25H (b) ADDLW 50H (d) ADDLW 255H (f) ADDLW 0F5

8. True or false. We have many WREG registers in the PIC16. 9. The literal value in MOVLW is _____ bits wide.

Review
10. The instruction MOVLW 44H is a ____-byte instruction. 11. True or false. All the instructions in the PIC16 are 2-cycle instructions. 12. Give the value in WREG for the following:
MYCOUNT MOVLW EQU 15 MYCOUNT

Review
13. Give the value in fileReg 0x20 for the following:
MYCOUNT MYREG MOVLW MOVWF EQU 0x95 EQU 0x20 MYCOUNT MYREG

14. Give the value in fileReg 0x63 for the following:

Review
15. Find the C, Z and DC flag bits for the following code:
MOVLW ADDLW 9FH 61H

16. Find the C, Z and DC flag bits for the following:

ANDLW k
Logical

AND k literal with the content of WREG register & the result is placed in the WREG register (W) AND k (W) Affect Z bit of STATUS register

Instruction:
Before W = A3H

ANDLW
After

5FH

W = 03H

ANDWF f, d

AND the WREG register with f register (W) + (f) (d) Affect Z bit of STATUS register

Instruction:

ANDWF
After

FSR, 1

Before W = 17H FSR = 0C2H

W = 17H FSR = 02H

BCF

f, b

Clear bit b in file register 0 (f<b>) Not affect on STATUS register

Instruction:

BCF STATUS, 5
After

Before

STATUS = 0A7H STATUS = 087H

BSF

f, b

Set bit b in f register 1 (f<b>) Not affect on STATUS register

Instruction:

BSF INTCON, 7
After
INTCON = 08BH

Before
INTCON = 0BH

BTFSS

f, b

Execute the next instruction if bit b in file register f is 0, otherwise discard executing next instruction 2-cycle instruction Not affect on STATUS register

Instruction: H BTFSS STATUS, 2

I GOTO J

LOOP

Before

After PC = Add. J if STATUS<2> = 1, PC = Add. I if STATUS<2> = 0

PC = address H

BTFSC

f, b

Execute the next instruction if bit b in file register f is 1, otherwise discard executing next instruction 2-cycle instruction Not affect on STATUS register

Instruction: H BTFSC PORTA, 3

I GOTO J

LOOP

Before PC = address H

After PC = Add. J if PORTA<3> = 0, PC = Add. I if PORTA<3> = 1

Review
Assume RA3 is an input, represents condition of a door alarm. If it goes LOW, it means that the door is opened. Create a program to monitor the bit continuously. Whenever it goes LOW, send a HIGH pulse to port RB5 and turn on buzzer
BSF BSF BCF BCF BTFSC GOTO BSF GOTO BCF GOTO 03H, 5 85H, 3 86H, 5 03H, 5 05H, 3 OFF 6H, 5 HERE 6H, 5 HERE

Vcc

HERE

PIC
RA3

OFF

RB5

CALL

Call subroutine (PC) + 1 TOS (top of stack) k PC<10:0> (PCLATCH<4:3>) PC<12:11> 2-cycle instruction Not affect on STATUS register

Instruction: SO CALL THEN

Before PC = add. SO

After
PC = add. THEN; TOS = add. SO+1

CLRF

Clear the content of f register 00h (f) 1Z

Instruction: CLRF PORTA

CLRW

Clear the content WREG register 00h (W) 1Z

Instruction: CLRW
Before W = 5AH After W = 00H Z=1

COMP f, d

Complement the content of f register (f) (d)

Instruction: COMP
Before ONE = 13H W = 02H

ONE, 0
After

ONE = 13H W = 0ECH

DECF

f, d
CNT, 1
After CNT = 00H Z=1

Decrease f register (f) 1 (d)

Instruction: DECF
Before CNT = 01H Z=0

DECFSZ

f, d

Decrease f register and skip the next instruction if the result is 0; otherwise execute the next instruction (f) 1 (d), skip if result = 0 2-cycle instruction

Instruction: HERE

DECFSZ CNT, 1 GOTO HERE CONT ..

Before PC = add. HERE

After
CNT = CNT - 1 PC = add. CONT if CNT = 0; PC = add. HERE + 1 if CNT 0

GOTO

Unconditional branch k PC<10:0> (PCLATCH<4:3>) PC<12:11> 2-cycle instruction

Instruction: HERE

THERE
Before PC = add. HERE

GOTO THERE
After PC = add. THERE

Review
Toggle all the bits of the Port B by sending to it the values 55H and AAH continuously. Put a time delay in between each issuing of data to Port B.
MYREG EQU 0x08 ORG 0 BACK MOVLW 0x55 MOVWF PORTB CALL DELAY MOVLW 0xAA MOVWF PORTB CALL DELAY GOTO BACK ;this is the delay subroutine ORG 300H DELAY MOVLW 0xFF MOVWF MYREG AGAIN NOP NOP DECFSZ MYREG, F GOTO AGAIN RETURN END

INCF f, d

Increase the content of f register (f) + 1 (d) d is destination

Instruction: INCF SATU, 1 Before SATU = 0FFH After SATU = 00H Z=1

INCFSZ

f, d

Increase the content of f register and skip the next instruction if the result is 0; otherwise execute the next instruction (f) + 1 (d), skip if result = 0 2-cycle instruction

Instruction: HERE

CONT

INCFSZ CNT, 1 GOTO loop ..

Before PC = add. HERE

After
CNT = CNT + 1 PC = add. CONT if CNT = 0; else add. HERE + 1

Review
The difference between INCF f, W & INCF f, F
MOVLW MOVWF INCF INCF INCF INCF INCF INCF INCF INCF O Ox20 0x20, W 0x20, W 0x20, W 0x20, F 0x20, F 0x20 0x20 0x20, W
;WREG = 0 ;0x20 = (0), WREG = 1 ;0x20 = (0), WREG = 1 ;0x20 = (0), WREG = 1 ;0x20 = (1), WREG = 1 ;0x20 = (2), WREG = 1 ;0x20 = (3), WREG = 1 ;0x20 = (4), WREG = 1 ;0x20 = (4), WREG = 5

IORLW

Inclusive OR literal k with the content of WREG register (W) OR k (W) Affect bit Z of STATUS register

Instruction: IORLW
Before W = 09AH Z=?

35H
After

W = 0BFH Z=0

IORWF

f, d

Inclusive OR the content of WREG register with f register (W) OR (f) (d) Affect bit Z of STATUS register

Instruction: IORWF
Before RESULT = 13H W = 91H

RESULT, 0
After

RESULT = 13H W = 93H Z=0

Review
Find the contents of register WREG after execution of the following code:
MOVLW IORLW XORLW 0 0x99 0xFF

NOP

No operation

Instruction: NOP

RETFIE

Return from interrupt TOS PC 1 GIE (Global Interrupt Enable) Not affect bit of STATUS register

Instruction: RETFIE
Before After PC = TOS GIE = 1

RETLW

Return with loading literal k onto WREG register, k (W) TOS PC Not affect on STATUS register

Instruction: RETLW
Before W = 09AH

088H
After

W = 088H

RETURN

Return from subroutine POP the TOS and load into the PC 2-cycle instruction

Instruction: RETURN
Before After PC = TOS

RLF f, d

Rotate left f through carry Affect bit C of STATUS register

Instruction: RLF
Before

REG, 1
After

REG = 1111 1111 = 0FFH C=0

REG = 1111 1110 = 0FEH C=1

RRF f, d

Rotate right f through carry Affect bit C of STATUS register

Instruction: RRF
Before

REG, 1
After

REG = 1111 0111 = 0F7H C=0

REG = 0111 1011 = 07BH C=1

Review
Find the contents of file register MYREG after execution of the following code:
MYREG EQU BCF MOVLW MOVWF RRF RRF RRF 0x20 STATUS, C 0x26 MYREG MYREG, F MYREG, F MYREG, F
;C=0 ;WREG=0010 0110

;MYREG=0001 0011 C=0 ;MYREG=0000 1001 C=1 ;MYREG=1000 0100 C=1

Review
Find the contents of file register MYREG after execution of the following code:
MREG EQU BSF MOVLW MOVWF RLF RLF RLF RLF 0x20 STATUS, C 0x15 MYREG MYREG, F MYREG, F MYREG, F MYREG, F
;C=1 ;WREG=0001 0101

;MYREG=0010 1011 ;MYREG=0101 0110 ;MYREG=1010 1100 ;MYREG=0101 1000

C=0 C=0 C=0 C=1

SLEEP

00h WDT 0 WDT prescalar 1 TO 0 PD Affect TO & PD bits of STATUS register

Instruction: SLEEP

SUBLW

Subtract WREG register (2s complement) from literal k and put the result onto WREG register k (W) (W) Affect C, DC & Z bits of STATUS register

Instruction: SUBLW
Before W = 01H C=? Z=?

02H
After W = 01H C=1 Z=0

SUBWF f, d

Subtract WREG register (2s complement) from f register (f) (W) (d) Affect C, DC & Z bits of STATUS register

Instruction: SUBWF
Before W = 01H F = 05H C=? Z=?

02H, 0
After W = 04H F = 05H C=1 Z=0

Review
Show the steps involved in the following.
MOVLW SUBLW K = 3F - WREG = 23 1C 0x23 0x3F 0011 1111 + 1101 1101 (2s complement) 1 0001 1100
C = 1, Z = 0 (result is +ve)

0011 1111 0010 0011

SWAPF f, d

Exchange the upper & lower nibbles of f register (f<3:0) (d<7:4>), (f<7:4) (d<3:0>) Not affect STATUS register

Instruction: SWAPF
Before ON = 0F4H W = 09AH

ON, 1

After

ON = 04FH W = 09AH

Review
Find the contents of the MYREG register in the following code.
MYREG EQU MOVLW MOVWF SWAPF 0x20 0x72 MYREG MYREG, F
;WREG = 72H ;MYREG = 72H ;MYREG = 27H

XORLW k

Exclusive OR (XOR) the content of WREG register with k literal (W) XOR k (W) Store the result in WREG register Affect bit Z of STATUS register

Instruction: XORLW
Before W = 0B5H

0AFH
After
W = 01AH

XORWF f, d

Exclusive OR (XOR) the content of WREG register with f register (W) XOR (f) (d) Affect bit Z of STATUS register

Instruction: XORWF
Before REG = 0AFH W = 0B5H

REG, 1
After

REG = 01AH W = 0B5H

Review
Show the results of the following:
MOVLW XORLW 0x54 0x78

54H = 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
78H = 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 2CH = 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 54H XOR 78H = 2CH, Z = 0

Assembler Directives
Also known as pseudo-instructions Give directions to assembler EQU, ORG, END

EQU directive:

Define a constant value or a fixed address

COUNT

Assembler Directives
Using EQU for fixed data assignment:
;in hexadecimal DATA1 EQU DATA2 EQU DATA3 EQU DATA4 EQU DATA5 EQU ;in binary DATA6 DATA7

39 0x39 39H H39 h39

;in decimal DATA8 EQU DATA9 EQU ;in ASCII DATA10 DATA11 DATA12

D28 d28

EQU EQU EQU

A2 a2 2

EQU EQU

B00110101 b00110101

Assembler Directives
Using EQU for SFR address assignment:
COUNTER PORTB MOVLW MOVWF INCF INCF INCF EQU 0x00 EQU 0x06 COUNTER PORTB PORTB, F PORTB, F PORTB, F

Assembler Directives
Using EQU for RAM address assignment:
MYREG MOVLW MOVWF MOVLW ADDWF ADDWF ADDWF EQU 0x12 0 MYREG 22H MYREG, F MYREG, F MYREG, F

Assembler Directives
SET directive:

cont

Define a constant value or a fixed address Identical with EQU directive, the only difference is the value assigned by the SET directive may be reassigned later

END directive:

Indicate the end of the source (asm) file

Assembler Directives
LIST directive:

cont

Unique to PIC assembler Indicate specific PIC chip for which the program should be assembled
LIST P = 16F84A

#include directive:

Tells the PIC assembler to use the libraries associated with the specific chip to compile the program

Assembler Directives
_config directive:

cont

Tells the assembler the configuration bits for the target device Incorrect use may cause the chip unusable
CONFIG CONFIG OSC=HS WDT=OFF

radix directive:

Indicate numbering system whether it is hexadecimal or decimal