Unit 7 PP

UNIT 7
GREECE
UNIT 7 KEY TERMS

1. peninsula
2. bard
3. polis
4. agora
5. phalanx
6. helots
7. oracle
8. fable
9. drama
10. tragedy
11. comedy
12. rhetoric
13. Socratic method

14. Hippocratic Oath
15. Hellenistic Era
MOUNTAINS AND SEAS

Greece is a peninsula and there are many islands that are part of
Greece.
Ancient people traded among the islands and along the coastline.
The land on the Greek peninsula has many mountains.
COLONIES AND TRADE

By 700 B.C. Greek communities started to send people outside the
area to form colonies.
Greek people started colonies along the coasts of the Mediterranean

Sea and the Black Sea.
The colonies shipped grains, metals, timber, and enslaved people
to
Greece. In return, the cities shipped wine, olive oil, and pottery to the
colonies.
THE GREEK CITY-STATE

The polis, or city-state, was the basic political unit in early Greece. At
the center of each polis was a for built on a hilltop.
This fort was called an acropolis. The open area outside the acropolis
was called the agora. This space was used as a marketplace. People
gathered in the agora and debated issues, passed laws, and chose
officials.
Each polis was governed by its own citizens.
In early Greece, only males who had been born in the polis and owned land
were citizens. They had the right to vote, hold public office, and defend
themselves in court.
Women and children, however, had no political rights.
Citizens fought to defend their city-state. These citizen soldiers were called
hoplites.
When fighting, the hoplites would march shoulder to shoulder into battle.
This formation was called a phalanx.
The polis gave Greek citizens a sense of belonging. However, strong

loyalty to their individual city-states also divided Greece.
This lack of unity weakened Greece and made it easier for outsiders
to conquer Greece.
POLITICAL CHANGES
The common people and the hoplites, or citizen soldiers, supported
the tyrants overthrowing the nobles.
Tyrants became more popular by building new marketplaces, temples,

and fortresses.
Most people in the Greek city-states objected to rule by one person.

They wanted a government in which all citizens had a say.
Tyrants ruled many Greek city-states until about 500 B.C. Then most
Greek city-states changed to either an oligarchy or a democracy.
Sparta and Athens, two important Greek city-states, had different

types of government.
SPARTA: A MILITARY SOCIETY

Sparta was located on the Peloponnesus Peninsula in southern
Greece.
Sparta invaded nearby city-states and enslaved the people who lived
there.
The Spartans called these enslaved people helots.
LIFE FOR MEN IN SPARTA

Age 7: Left home for military camps
Age 20: Joined the regular army
Age 30: Could live at home while serving in the military
Age 60: Finally left military service
Spartas government was an oligarchy.

Spartas leaders believed education could lead to unrest. For this
reason, the government discouraged people from studying literature
and the arts.
Foreign visitors were not welcome.

People could leave Sparta only form military purposes.
Trade was limited and Sparta became isolated.
ATHENS: A YOUNG DEMOCRACY

Located northeast of Sparta.
Boys studied arithmetic, geometry, drawing, music, and public
speaking. Finished school at age 18. At that age, they were expected
to be active in public affairs.
PERSIAS EMPIRE
While Greek city-states were going through changes in their
governments, the Persians were building a large empire in southwest
Asia. Persia was located in what is today called Iran.
The Persian Empire was constantly expanding.
THE PERSIAN WARS

In the 400s B.C., the Persians wanted to expand their empire into
Europe.
They soon clashed with the Greeks who had a very different
civilization.
The Persians believed in an all-powerful king. Many Greeks believed

that citizens should choose their own rulers.
The Persians already controlled Greek city-states in Anatolia. In 499

B.C. these city-states revolted.
The Persians crushed the revolt and the Persian king was upset at
Athens for interfering.
In 490 B.C. the Persians landed in Athens.

The Athenians knew they were outnumbered and would lose if they
attacked.
The Persians attacked Athens by sea.

When the strongest Persian fighting units were on the ships, the
Athenians attacked.
The Persians suffered a terrible defeat.

According to Greek legend, a young runner raced to Athens with the
news. He reached Athens and cried out Victory. Then he fell and
died from exhaustion. Today, marathon races are named for that
famous run.
The Persians vowed revenge against the Athenians.
The Greek city-states joined together to fight the Persians.
In 480 B.C. a new Persian king named Xerxes invaded Greece with a large
army and thousands of warships.
For three days Spartan soldiers fought the Persians at Thermopylae.
The Spartans fought bravely but could not stop the Persians.
Many troops abandoned the battle. Only 300 Spartan soldiers remained and
fought to the death.
The Spartans heroic fight gave Themistocles and the Athenians time to
carry out the plan.
The Athenian fleet lured the Persians fleet into the strait of Salamis near
Athens.
The Greek navy destroyed most of the Persian fleet.
The Persian Empire now faced many challenges.
Persia weakened and became open to outside attack. In the 300s B.C.,
Persia was invaded by a young and powerful Greek ruler named Alexander.
THE RULE OF PERICLES

When the Persian wars ended, Athens became a powerful city-state.
The government of Athens was a direct democracy.
This worked due to the small number of citizens.
The most important general in Athens was Pericles who: led for 30
years, gave jobs based on abilities, did not care about social classes,
rebuilt Athens, supported the arts.
ATHENIAN LIFE
At its height, about 285,000 people lived in Athens. Only about 43,000
males had political rights.
Women, foreign-born men, and enslaved people could not be citizens.

They had no political rights.
WAR BETWEEN ATHENS AND SPARTA

The Greek city-states learned over time that their survival depended
on cooperation. Even after the Persian Wars, Persia remained a
threat.
In 478 B.C. the Greek city-states joined together to form a defensive

league. Sparta did not join this league.
It was called the Delian League because its headquarters was on the
island of Delos.
The league drove the Persians out of Greek territories and increased
trade.
Athens began to control the other member city-states.

In 433 B.C. Athens interfered with some of Spartas allies.
These allies pressured Sparta to attack Athens.
After about two years, a deadly disease broke out in Athens. One-third
of the people died, including Pericles.
During the next 25 years, each side won some victories. Neither side
was able to defeat its opponent.
Finally, Sparta made a deal with the Persians.

While the city-states fought each other, a kingdom grew to the north.
The kingdom was Macedonia. Eventually the strength of Macedonia
cost the Greek city-states their independence.
GREEK BELIEFS
The Greeks believed in many gods and goddesses, and they told
myths about them.
The Greeks believed that the gods made prophecies, or predictions,

to help people plan for the future.
EPICS AND FABLES

The earliest Greek stories were called epics.
Epics are long poems about heroes and their brave deeds.
Fables are short tales that teach a lesson.
They always have a point, or moral.
GREEK ART AND ARCHITECTURE

Greek artists created art that expressed the ideals of order, balance,
and harmony.
GREEK THINKERS
A group of Philosophers called the Sophists were teachers who
traveled throughout ancient Greece.
Socrates was trained as a sculptor but became a teacher of

philosophy.
Socrates would ask his students questions. He wanted them to think

for themselves.
Plato was one of Socrates students.

He did not like Athenian democracy. His ideal government divided
people into three groups: Philosopher kings, warriors, and everyone
else.
PHILIP II OF MACEDONIA
Macedonia was a kingdom north of Greece.
In 359 B.C., Philip II became king of Macedonia. He wanted to defeat
the Persian Empire.
First he had to unite the Greek city-states and put them under his rule.
He took control of the city-states one-by-one.
Before Philip could conquer the Persian Empire, he was killed.

His son Alexander took over.
He took over Asia Minor and then went south. In 331 B.C., he
conquered Egypt.
Later that year, he would take the Persian Empire.
Alexander went to India in 327 B.C. and fought a number of tough

battles.
His soldiers grew tired of way, so Alexander agreed to lead them

home.
On the way there, the army crosses a desert in what is modern Iran.
They almost thirst to death.
ALEXANDERS LEGACY
Alexander was a great and brave military leader.
When he died, Alexander was the most powerful ruler in the ancient
world.
After he died, his generals began to fight one another and four
separate kingdoms were formed.
They often fought against one another.
Rome was a city-state in central Italy.

In the late 200s B.C., Rome conquered all of Italy.
The Greeks tried to stop Rome.
They supported Romes enemies in wars.
The Romans won all those wars, though.
Soon, Rome gained control of the Greek mainland.

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UNIT 7

UNIT 7 KEY TERMS

13. Socratic method

15. Hellenistic Era

MOUNTAINS AND SEAS

COLONIES AND TRADE

Greek people started colonies along the coasts of the Mediterranean

The colonies shipped grains, metals, timber, and enslaved people

THE GREEK CITY-STATE

Each polis was governed by its own citizens.

Women and children, however, had no political rights.

The polis gave Greek citizens a sense of belonging. However, strong

Tyrants became more popular by building new marketplaces, temples,

Most people in the Greek city-states objected to rule by one person.

Sparta and Athens, two important Greek city-states, had different

SPARTA: A MILITARY SOCIETY

The Spartans called these enslaved people helots.

LIFE FOR MEN IN SPARTA

Spartas government was an oligarchy.

Foreign visitors were not welcome.

ATHENS: A YOUNG DEMOCRACY

The Persian Empire was constantly expanding.

THE PERSIAN WARS

The Persians believed in an all-powerful king. Many Greeks believed

The Persians already controlled Greek city-states in Anatolia. In 499

In 490 B.C. the Persians landed in Athens.

The Persians attacked Athens by sea.

The Persians suffered a terrible defeat.

The Persians vowed revenge against the Athenians.

The Greek city-states joined together to fight the Persians.

The Greek navy destroyed most of the Persian fleet.

The Persian Empire now faced many challenges.

THE RULE OF PERICLES

Women, foreign-born men, and enslaved people could not be citizens.

WAR BETWEEN ATHENS AND SPARTA

In 478 B.C. the Greek city-states joined together to form a defensive

Athens began to control the other member city-states.

Finally, Sparta made a deal with the Persians.

The Greeks believed that the gods made prophecies, or predictions,

EPICS AND FABLES

GREEK ART AND ARCHITECTURE

Socrates was trained as a sculptor but became a teacher of

Socrates would ask his students questions. He wanted them to think

Plato was one of Socrates students.

Before Philip could conquer the Persian Empire, he was killed.

Later that year, he would take the Persian Empire.

Alexander went to India in 327 B.C. and fought a number of tough

His soldiers grew tired of way, so Alexander agreed to lead them

They often fought against one another.

Rome was a city-state in central Italy.

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