AS Geography

Case Studies

AS Geography: Human
Population

Rapid
growth
for
LEDCs

Pop =
Poorest
Impacts of
8.1million
overpopulati country in 80% live in Doubled
western
absolute less than
on
hemisphere poverty
years

Core Themes

Malthus
optimistic Stage 2
theory country

Background

GDP =
$1,500

Hurricanes,
flooding and
earthquakes

Fertility rate
= 5.2
inchildren perPop density
50 woman = 295 people
per sq/km
Population
pressure

Population

Sun Oven
reduced
Case Study:
deforestation and
Over population:
its cheap to make
Afforestati
Haiti
Solutions
Sharp drop
on help
AIDs (6% of High birth
soil
Low life
rate
adults)
fertility
expectancy
+ Youthful
reduce
(53)
population
Population
over land
pressure on
flow
source of
Human Spreading
Other
ideas;
food
Poor health
environment
disease - TB
Intercropping,
care
Plant nitrogen
HIV/AIDs 300,000
fixers for soil
cases - highest in Latin
fertility
America and the

1960s gov
Gov
Gov control
Legalise
sponsored family
Stop at 2 media abortions and
control pop numbers GNP =
$30,550
planning schemecampaigns
Fertility rate
pop
Population
sterilisations
to
stem
growth
=
1.4
movemen
4million
Social and economic
Core
Themes
children per
t
incentives- paid maternity
woman
leave, cheaper
Populatio
SDS Background
Initial policy
5
healthcare, free
n declineStage graduate
High life
education,
numbertax relief
MEDC country blind
expectancy Large
better middle aged Drop in
1987
dates
Ext.
base
quality of previous high
have 3
Maternity
reflects
birth rate
life
slogan
Reversing
the
Targeted
Case Study:
leave
success
decline
educated
Under population:
Females of policy
young
Less
Low BR +
Singapore
live
women Gov. Parteducated
smaller
longer
Fertility
Too
fund
housing
families
Get
than men
rate now
successful
education
3750 for
1.4 well
BR decline
each ofOther factors for below the
for the last
their first
the fall in
2.1 Success?
20 years
3 children fertility rate
replaceme
Impacts
+ no tax
nt
level
Tend to
50% Falling economic
growth,
suffer
women
Ageing pop. health service
stress
work
+ pensions,
reduced Childrencareers
Jobs unfilled 40% workforce
desire for costly priority
migrants
children

BR = 10.1
DR =
11.9
Females
22,895

Population
Structure

Age
45-64
27.50

Males
Total
21,521 44,416

65+
21.77

Population
dynamics

Grants for
Private Case Study:
Affects of migration and
communit education
y bus
population change in Rural
Transport

areas:

Village
Schools

Isle of Purbeck, Dorset

What is not there?

Post
offices

Health
care

Library
Food
's
shops
Have to travel
Combined

Rural service
decline

Ethnicity
Chines
e
0.6

White
98.8
Black
0.6

Qualifications

Level Level
None
4-5
2
27.4
17.6
20.9
No village
Conflict
between locals activity
and
newcomersElderly and
poor left
Isolatio
n

What happened?

GP
Dormito
Deprivation
closure
ry
village
Mobile
Second home commuters
Locals cannot
ones
services unused
afford local
- pollution
houses

Site and service schemes given Developments Rehab encouraged to

land for them to work and have
tower blocks
work as community to
1870 an address
(crime, poorly
build schools etc.
25,000
Population
built)
Industrial
Transport
people
Structure
estates
Charities jobs and
1990 Authorities
medical gap years
What they did
15 mil
cleared slums
Lack of
Land
people
Rapid
formal
inappropriate
Population
for
employmen
riverside
dynamics
Housing
LEDCs
t shoe
Move to cities
Case Study:
shining etc.
for work
Affects of migration and
40% live in
population change in Urban
shanty towns
Machines take
over farming
jobs
Medias
positive
image
Services

areas:

Sau Paulo, Brazil

Push and Pull

factors
-Why?

City
attracti
ons
Jobs
Housing

Rapid
populatio
n growth

Shortage of
affordable
housing

Textiles etc.
Affects of Urban
Cheaper
Crime
growth
elsewhere
gangs

Decline in
industries
In
-migration
BR
high
DR falls

Transpo
rt
Unemployment
Pollution;
/
noise, air,
underemploym
visual
ent

Extra info:
So they set limits on who could
23 sewing needles woman They wanted to
have children and when
China could only
avoid a
- infanticide
have a rising
Malthusian type
Chinas elderly care conundrum
living standard if
disaster
heavy burden
Chinese government
the population
1960-73
concerned about
1974-79
was controlled
Pop. Boom Encouraged
population growth
Aimed to
Population control could Infanticide
55 million to reduce
stabilise
couples
cause social unrest
1950-59
-Longer,
population
wanted
Case
Study:
they could research life
Large pop.
later, fewer growth by 2050
males,
Attempts to manage elsewhere
(Famine in
Wan-xikilled if girl`
population
change
to
59)
shao
- males
achieve sustainable
Stages of the policy
spoilt
Disadvantages
2006+
development (over
. little
Growth fallen
population) :
emperor
.
Unsuccessf
0.6%
China One Child
ul in
Fertility rate 1.6 With one child the average
Allowed syndrome
Policy
Better health
second countrysid
families would fall to 370
e hard to
service
ratio
1979-90
1990+
Elderly million Advantages child if first
Didnt
One 118:100
child more dependent
a girl enforce in
rural areas
work well
relaxed
population
Financial and
still
ageing pop younger would Successful in
Source of
increased social influenceshave to create urban areas,educational incentives
for one child fines , cheap
from west
more wealth with 90% of
labour +
abortions and
contracep successful in
to maintain children beingsterilisations for more
kept going
tion
urban
only children
the same
till they had
granny
Report

Percentage of potential
parents of child baring
age within the Russian
population is so small

Alcohol abuse and

smoking highest in
the world

Threat of HIV/Aids

Cause

Russia census 50%

increase

Case Study:
Attempts to manage
population change to
achieve sustainable
development (under
population):

Russia

Aged workforce

Muslim majority nation

Scare-mongering

Slow depopulation

Effect

Muslim population
groups that are
experiencing very rapid Long term
consequences
growth

Urgent, polarised
and angry debate
Population decline
Destroyed Russia

High birth
More diverse and
A lot of middle
rates as
multi-cultural
Migrants
migrants aged people due
society
experience racism
have children to migration
and prejudice
More
This strain on the
interesting
healthcare service
experience
will cause an
different
increase in the
Population
Social Impacts cultures
numbers of staff
changes
(e.g.
needed to work
Celebrating
Case Study:
these will all also
Chinese new
need to be trained
Change of population
year)
Send
structures because of
money
migration:
Employment in
back to the
(Poland to) Slough, UK
healthcare
loosing
3000-4000
country
services This growth in
Economic
more
the
population
As their are
permanent
Impacts
will cause
more people of
jobs created
Takes money
huge
strain
on
working age
because of
away from
health
Companies
based
they will have
Help other
labour
the
services
as
in
UK
may
move
more children
shortage
receiving countries
when
they
overseas
if
they
putting more
Businesses get
become
country
become
could not get the cheap labour
strain on
more
elderly
they
workers
hospitals
with flexible
affluent and
will
need
care
especially
hours
developed

AS Geography: Physical
Rivers

Reservoir
Deforestation
Dredging make deeper Diversion Generate
electricity
100m high,
(3000 acres),
channel (greater volumechannels send
2.3km
away from floodfrom HEP land slides andFarmland
allowed pass)
for
risk areas
animals and touristlong
Increased
Central
Dams +
disturbed attractions
flood plain
and
Weirs to
height
destroyed
Eastern
regulate
Increased
Retention
china
water
downstream
What?
basins +
Clean
Environmental
erosion
balance lakes
energy no
Between 1998- divert when
fossil fuels
2004 sediment
high Banks/channel Case Study:
transport fell by
discharge
Hard Engineering (extensive
modification
50%
strengthen and
modification):
Expensiv raise artificially
Toxins 16,000
Three
Gorges
Dam,
e + a lot
factories
Sedimen
China
of work
t buildNo
up
Economic
flooding
Political
needing
Social
85
and less
Forced
dredging
billion
problem
Resettleme
Need for
Also
kilowatt
s in
nt of
maintenan
withstan
s
future
1.3million
ce
Improve
d
created
Reduced
people
d
Reservoir
earthqua
risk of
Community
and
navigati
behind
ke
flooding
14million
history
on
dam
for 15
homeless
disappears
along
25billio
million
-2300 years
river

Floodplain zoning some

areas allowed to flood
naturally
Wetland
+

Contour
ploughing and
strip farming
reduce runoff

Artificial
channels
built for
diversion

Environment agency
more sustainable

river bank
conservati
Afforestation
on
interception
schemes
Forecasting
slows down
What?
Environmental
floods and
water reaching
warnings river
Case Study:
shelter and
River restoration
Soft Engineering (Slow down
protect
scheme to original the rate and/or reduce the
stat before being
amount):
Might not managed
River Quaggy
always
work
restoration scheme,

UK
Introdu
ce
scheme
s to do
less
later

Political

Won 2007
Natural
environment
category

Social

Flood
zones
don't save
people in
poorer

Reduce
d risk to
600
homes
and
busines

New lake and

floodplains
created
collect
naturally
Diverse
environment
for wildlife
Park
lowered
and
shaped

Economic

Can collect
85,000m3
(3 Olympic

Flood
managem
ent and
park
quality
improved

Flood
7 new
80% river On bay of Borders Improve
action plan dams 7 meters of
flood plains Bengal
India and forecasts
embankment
Cut
cost to 6 billion
Burma
Population
North5000 flood
Aid
120
Water
Eastern,shelters
Food and
agencies
million
purification
Long
term
South Asia
plastic
Governme
(dense)
tablets
response
sheets
4 rivers
Location
nt
gave
Afforestatio
meet here
rice and
n - Napal
Ganges,
money
Sanitation
Meghna
World
Wettest
Short term
etc.
poorest
climate
response
countries Case Study:
Less than 1Flooding in LEDCs:
All 3 rivers
Medicine Internation
(GNP
$200)
2 meters
peak flow at
and
Bangladesh, Asia
al aid
above flood
same time
health
-1998
level
Fodder Repair and
care
Physical Causes
food for construct
On a
live stock houses
Snow melt
Monsoonfloodplai
Secondary
Primary Effects
Global rains
Effects
n and
(instant)
Communicati
Cost
warming
(as a result)
delta
Human
Causes
ons down
$1billion
Global
warming
Spread
Urbanisation
30 million
980,571
1000
of
affected
flooded of
Farakka dam
died disease
26,564
Banglades
1 million
Shortage of
Deforestatio Build up
cattle
h
under
people to
flood plains
clean drinking
n
killed
water
refuge

Minimal keep Unsupportable economic

Confluence present level of
and environmental cost
of River
flood defence
Upstream storage large sca
Eden
Cumbria,
Option 1 Option 2 reservoirs and dams
northwest
Option 3
Lower
Eden
strategic
+
England
History 3
planning Appraisal
Up streamed
major
Location
Risk to
Report
(SPAR)
managed
floods in
Long
term
property
realignment,
four years
response
Geology
and lives
This selected
move flood
Rainfall
sand and
environ. defence, larger
lime stone in 73% runoff in
acceptable flood plain and
Eden
Eden
Case Study:
raise existing
Physical Causes
Short
term
Flooding in MEDCs:
defences
Soils
response
Carlisle, UK - 2005
Alluvium
Relief
Emergency
News
+ deeper
Vegetation low
warnings services
1915 homes and
soils
gradient
police and
Secondary hospital on
businesses
in
flooded to 2
Urbanisation
3000
jobs at
Effects
Carlisle
standby
(as a result)
meters
increased Human Causes
risk
3,000
Damage in
spread of
homeless
public
Primary
Effects
towns and 3 people
(some
for
Emotional
perceptions of
(instant)
died
villages in
more than 3
impact
the area
Extreme financial
valley areas
months)
120
People Communicatio 40,000 homes
cost
injuries
without
power
stranded ns affected
10 miles
south of
Population Scottish
71,773
border

AS Geography: Human
Health

People with: medical conditions, lung

Seasonal
Nose, throatdisease, diabetes, cancer, kidney/heart
epidemics
problems
As a result can lead
bronchi and Lungs
Fever,
to infection,
headache,
Occurrence
Lasts a
complications,
severe
week
pneumonia and
malaise,
(aprox.)
Vulnerabledeath
cough and
Burden on High attack
Recover 1-2
groups
sore throat
Symptoms
hospitals and caseAffects
weeks
mortality
without
rates
treatment

Case Study:
Patterns of morbidity:

Severe
health
Influenza
Impactsconsequen
ces in
poorly
Transmitted
nourished
One form:
from birds to
250,000
population
Spanish Flu History
humans
300,000
s also
deaths every
limited
2003
Hong Kong
year
2002- to
access
Killed 40
Three times
in
threats of
-1993
Madagasca
health care
million
the last
pandemic
r 27,000
world
Death rates
Geneticcentury
mutations
cases in 3
wide in
highest among
= global pandemics
months,
1918-19
healthy young
Large death and disease
800 deaths
adults
tolls

Another form:
Bird Flu H5N1
(subtype)

Life expectancy
below 40 (first time
since 1950)
50% of expectant
mothers in urban
areas
24% of adults
infected
- out of a
1.6million
population

Currently at 26 years and 8

months
In 2006 34 years
- Without AIDS In 5 months raised to 74
(estimated)

Impact on health

Gov. Had
money
Governmen
through
t provided
diamond
free antiindustry
retroviral
drug

Case Study:
HIV/AIDs:

Botswana

Impacts on
Lifestyle

None specific
to HIV in
Botswana

Because of a
lack of workers

Impact on
economic
development

Economy one
Income
third smaller
seven
(33%) by 2021
than it would be times SubSaharan
without aids
Africa's

66,000 AIDs
deaths

1995
5,000
infected
babies

1999 1 million
infected

1984 first case

diagnosed

Impact on health
Rise to 90%
condom use
for
prostitutes
after gov Case Study:
intervention
HIV/AIDs:

Thailand

Impacts on
Lifestyle
Rapid
spread
drug users, Prostitution
low condominfection rates
30% by the
use, sex
1990s
workers

Vulnerable
groups
prostitutes,
drug users

Impact on
economic
development

60million free
condoms
to sex workers
100% condom
programme
Promoted by TV,
Radio and
posters

Tobacco
Obesity
(LEDC)
Lack of
nutrition

Alcohol
95,000 deaths per
abuse High blood
year (UK)
pressure
(stress)
High

Causes

USA ban on
customers suing
fast food
companies because
of obesity

Impacts on
lifestyle

cholesterol

Impacts on
health

Last 10 years, rates of

people over 65 decreased
by 45% due to lifestyle
The additional
improvements
cost of the
Obesity costs
unemployed
the NHS
due to health
0.5billion a
year

Impact on
economic
development

Case Study:
Disease of affluence:

Coronary Heart
Disease

Smoking Cardiovascul
ar disease
related
costs the
conditions
NHS
costs NHS
2.7billion 14.4billion
-2006
-2008
Heart attack
every 15mins
LE average
69.3 years (UK
Health
lowest)
2005
10,331

Japan gov
New
5-a-side
health
Zealand
education - recognisableHigh risk football teams
lifestyles
advertise
healthy food
Glasgow
alcohol,
reduce in
logos
Public smoking, diet
high BP
Lifestyle
Smoking ban
deaths
Social
(UK) -2007
Glasgow
Social class working
deprivation

Improvements in diet,
women highest
twice as likely to have a
high rates of rate of heart
quitting smoking and
heart attack than middle
exercise reduced by 27% heart disease attacks in the

15,000 people work in Only pharmaceutical company

Every hour we spend more our research team to
to tackle the three priority
than 300,000 to find new discover new medicinesdiseases identified by the WHO
medicines
HIV, TB and Malaria
We are a research based
pharmaceutical company
We screen about
65million compounds
Mission to improve the
every year for new
quality of human life by
Research
medicines
We
supply
of the worlds
enabling people to do
vaccines and by Feb 07 we
more, feel better and live
We are
had 23 vaccines in clinical
LEDC longer
encouraged Case Study:
development
factories to
to by GSK by
Pharmaceutical
ship drugs
adverts and
mainly to
Transnational's:
Distribution
campaigns
MEDCs for
GlaxoSmithKline, GSK (shipping/transp
GSK process
us to buy
orting)
Factory
Design new
owners
GSK people drugs in HQProduction
2006- we
want to
travel to
in the UK (making the
shipped
2006- we
make
LEDCs to find
drug)
206 million
donated 155
profit
factories to
HIV
million tablets
We make almost Our business
so they
make the
treatments
to eliminate
make
drugs they four billion packs of employs over
to
elephantiasis,
medicines and
their
use these
100,000
developing
making 600
workers
factories so healthcare products people in 117
countries
million
every year
work
that they don't
countries
treatments in
long

Annual
revenue:
33,921millio
Factories inn
44 countries

Worlds
largest

Plants in
more than 60
countries

British American
Tobacco

Make more money than the

combined GDP of Costa Rica,
Lithuania and 4 other
countries

Case Study:
Tobacco Transnational's:

a class of
11-14 year
olds smoke
Aware of BAT
brands (e.g.
Embassy)
Children not
aware of the
dangers of
smoking

Mauritius British
American Tobacco
(BAT)
Mauritius

1/3 of all children

13-15 smoke
poorest sector of
society

Given
leaflets
shops also
BAT offer painted in
to paint
BAT
cardiac
colours
hospital
sponsorshi
Advertising
banned
p
but carries on in a
disguised form

Single sticks
make more
Can buy accessible to
single sticks children
from 7p each

BAT controls
98.9% of the
market
Free pots to
shop owners to
contain single

Lack of rain fall

reduces water
supply, ruins soils,
takes away
nutrients
Drought
People and occurs
In 2000
cattle go in
rains failed
search for
water and
pasture
Too many
on areas
which used
to have
enough
People and
livestock
die
No livestock
no food
source
What
livestock is
left is
worthless

Rise in price of
food including
animals as their
land deteriorates

Cause

Case Study:
Famine:

Somalia

Effect

Price of
food rises

Population increase
greater than food
production
migration (war or
drought)

People wont fit in

cities and stay in
cams were foods
scares
People
abandon
land and
head for

Improved
infrastructure
insure produce can
get to markets for
selling e.g. Better
roads.

Solution

Food aid non Improvements

gov aid e.g.
in farming
Red cross
productivity
fertilisers,
seeds, irrigation
schemes

Biggest are mostHereditary diabetes

Exchange canoes for
Average 20-39 male
attractive
cars
8,700 calories a day
Different work
Do not take
moved from
advantage of health
farming to
Not a lotcare
of money for
modern (not
rural health
physical)
Social status
Dependent on high
in fat imported
foods
Tonga weight loss
programmes annually
between 1995 and
2002 prises given
and local media
involvement

Cause Limited medical access transport

to and from the island costly and
time consuming
WHO must be
Case Study:
addressed through
public health policy
Obesity:
promote healthy
Pacific Islands
food and physical
activity

Response

Effect

Need of a healthier
diet using local food to
benefit the economy
as well as themselves

Diabetes only takes

20 yrs to appear in
populations that adopt
a high calorie and lack
of exercise lifestyle

WHOcomprehensive and
effective clinical
programmes and
education
essential in tackling
the problem

AS Geography: Physical
Cold Environments

Pipeline built 5
If disturbed Open pit gold and copper mine destroy
to
years to design, 3 Transport
to
could take up breeding / ground
Anglo-American
Location
Damage worlds most vulnerable build and costing South
to 50 years to
11,000
40mil.salmon
Litres habitats
made it
Alaska
$8billion
return to
1.4million
difficult workers and spilt, cover Zigzag
Could not be
original state.
barrels per
Slow rate of 24th Mar 89residents 1300 sq miles earth
transported by
Skimmers
day
restored
plant growth
quakes Above
tanker
reduce
Why
is
it
fragile?
Strong
pilings

Limited
ground
because
to 112,000lt
Exxon Valdez
prevent frost prevent
species
melt Alaskan
Trans
of ice seas
Fluctuations in energy in
Insulation meltheave

Pipeline1968 oil
food chain
refrigeration
units
Adaptations
Permafrost
Low
Poor
discovered
Transport

thinprecipitation
Short
damaged in Prudhoe
Blizzards
Case Study:
soils
summers
bay
ground
Air
What are the
Impacts pollution
(growing
Tundra region:
Hunting
) challenges to
Alaska
Surface
over
Tourism litter,
Low
thaw(waterhumans
exploitatio vegetation
temperatures
logging)
How have newn
removal, etc
Snow lies for
Aggregate
Use all of long periods
How have comers adapted
pads for large
what is How have people
to the
people
hunted noadapted to the
Utilidors
above ground buildings
environment
exploited
it
waste
insulated box for pipes layers of sand
Sustainab
conditions
WW2time
Trans Alaskan highway
over
and gravel
le dont
Elevate small
sustainably?
Transport weapons to Tundra
exploit
mining for oil, HEP, buildings piles
areas.
(Inuit) 20th Century Fishing,
driven into
Inuits just take
Tourism.
17th Century Sealing, whaling, trapping for fur and
permafrost
what they need
mining
for
gold.
to survive Post war (cold war) Alaska close to Russia strategicallyfor circulation

300
If disturbed
Affects food
Species running
Slow rate of
employed
could take up
web
lowUK
Saildangerously
from USA and
plant growth
to 50 years to
International whaling
Fishing - krill Whaling
Limited
return to
convention -1946
species
original
state.
Over 3 years
Fluctuations
19th Century 27500
300,000
in energy in
Use of the
1964 1000-2000
food chain
Why is it fragile?killed
Southern ocean (after restrictions) More
Sealing
used
Damage
than 5000 whales left
for
fur
natural
Peaceful noStop cruses
guidelines
causes
military/nucl over 500
Case Study:
ear
people from
No litter
Glaciated region:
stopping
Free
access
Antartica/Southern
Sustainable
100
and
management
ocean
visitors at
research
a time
rights
12
Code
of
Antarctic
Glacial landscapes ,
Nations
conduct
tourism
wildlife seals whales Antarctica Treaty
Tourism
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shows Scott Polar
and penguinsBans on
environment research
Cruisemineral
Protocol for
Tern
Why
go?
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resource
Visitor Numbers
Ships
environmental
colonies
activity
Impacts
suffer
Foot prints
protection
Over-flights
disturbances
remain for a 6700 in 1992
Camping Comprehens 91
2/3 worlds
45,000
in
2009
long time
ive
population
Over flying
Naturalist,
monitoring
45
causing
1000-5000 researchers a photographers,
to prevent
singatories
stress
year