Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning

Civil Engineering Department

Petra Christian University
1

INTRODUCTION
BEHAVIOR OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
CONCENTRICALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMN
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMN
BALANCED, COMPRESSION & TENSION REGION
LENGTH EFFECT
MAGNIFICATION FACTOR
SNI CODE
FLOWCHART & SUMMARY OF USEFUL EQUATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES

* COLUMN is structural elements used primarily to support compression

loads.
* Concrete columns are reinforced by longitudinal and transverse steel.
The transverse steel is generally in the form of ties or
closely spaced spiral.
* Types of columns :
1. SHORT COLUMN
The ultimate load at a given eccentricity is governed only by the
strength of the of the materials and the dimensions of the cross section.
2. SLENDER COLUMN
The ultimate load is also influenced by slenderness, which produces
additional bending because of transverse deformation.
3

Ties

Spiral

Steel tubing

Concrete filled
Typically 300 - 400 mm

Typically 50 - 75 mm

Spiral

Pipe

(a) Tied column

(d) Composite
column
(c) Composite column (steel encased
(spiral bound
concrete core)
(b) Spirally
encasement around
reinforced
structural
column
steel core)
4

Pn = kc fc Ac + fy Ast + ks fsy Asp

Load

Pn = nominal strength for tied column (third term omitted if no spiral)

kc = coefficient (0.85) to account for the difference between concrete
in the column and that in a test cylinder
fc = concrete cylinder strength
Ac = net area of concrete
Ast = area of longitudinal reinforcement
fy = yield stress for longitudinal reinforcement
ks = constant that varies from 1.5 to 2.5 (with an average of 1.95)
fsy = yield stress of spiral steel
Asp = volumeYield
of spiral
steel per
unit length of column
point (spirally
reinforced
x

column shell spalls off)

Spirally reinforced column

shows ability to deform
prior to failure

Tied column fails suddenly

Tied and spirally reinforced columns

Deformation (unit shortening)

A1

A2

h
P0

C2 = f y A1

C3 = f y A2

C1 = 0.85 fc (Ag - Ast)

P0 = 0.85 fc (Ag - Ast) + fy Ast

Where :
P0 = maximum nominal strength for concentrically loaded
short column
fc = concrete strength
Ag = gross area of section = b h
Ast = total area of longitudinal reinforcement = A1 + A2
fy = steel yield strength

Note :
This equation is also in agreement with the
rectangular stress block assumptions where the
entire cross section is subject to a failure compressive
strain of 0.003.
6

It is common in reinforced concrete buildings that bending moments act

on all columns. These moments are generally due to :
1. Unbalanced floor loads on both exterior and interior columns,
2. Eccentric loads such as crane loads in industrial buildings,
3. Lateral loading such as from wind or earthquake.
monolithic

The vertical members are subjected

to a high ratio of axial force to
bending moment.
Rigid Frame
7

Plastic
centroid

Eccentrically
loaded member

Axial load and

bending moment
Statically Equivalent for
Eccentrically Loaded Column

M
e=
P

Section A-A

When combined axial compression and bending moment act on a member

having a low slenderness ratio (unbraced length Lu to radius of gyration r)
where column buckling is not a possible mode of failure, the strength of the
member is governed by the material strength of the cross section.
Pn-axis

e=

P0

Compression
controls

e=0

Pb

For this so-called short column,

the strength is achieved when the
extreme concrete compression fiber
reaches the strain 0.003.

Mn
Pn

Balanced strain
condition
e=

eb

M0

e=
Mb

Tension
controls

Depending on the ratio of Mn to Pn,

the strain diagram will exhibit two
distinct categories :
1. Compression Controls region
2. Tension Controls region

Mn-axis

Pn-axis

e=

P0

Axis of bending

Mn
Pn
Compression
controls

e=0

s < y

A
Pb

Balanced strain
condition
e=

eb

M0

e=
Mb

Tension
controls
Mn-axis

0.003
0.003
f
s = y = y
Es
0.003
s > y

Compression
controls
Balanced
condition
Tension
controls

Compression Controls Region (point A)

There may be compression over most or all of the section such that the compressive strain
in the concrete reaches 0.003 before section the tension steel yields.
Compression Controls Region (point B)
Tension in a large portion of the section such that the strain in the tension steel is greater
than the yield strain when the compressive strain in the concrete reaches 0.003.

10

Pn
Compression
control

d
N.A
b

e = eb
Plastic centroid

As

As

0.003
fy/Es + 0.003

cb
=
d

Pn = Pb

cb =

600
d
fy + 600

Balanced
Tension
control
Mn

Force equilibrium requires :

s < y/Es

Pb = Cc + Cs - T

cb
s
d

cu = 0.003

h
Actual stress distribution
T = As fy

Cc
Cs
a = 1cb

Pn = Pb

Where :
Cc = 0.85 fc a b = 0.85 fc 1 cb b
C s = A s fs
T = As fy

Taking moments about the plastic centroid

Pb eb = Cc(d-a/2-d) + Cs(d-d-d) + Td
11
Both equations may be solved to obtain

Pn
Compression
control

e
d
N.A Plastic centroid
Pn
x
As

As

s < y

d
c

d
cu = 0.003

Pn

Cc
a = 1 c

Tension
control
Mn

Force equilibrium :
Pn = Cc + Cs - T

s > y

T = As fs

Balanced

Where :
Cc = 0.85 fc a b = 0.85 fc 1 c b
Cs = As fy
T = As f s

Taking moments about the plastic centroid

Cs

Pn e = Cc(d-a/2-d) + Cs(d-d-d) + Td
12

Pn
Compression
control

d
Plastic centroid

N.A

Tension
control
Mn

Pn
x
As

As

Balanced

Force equilibrium :
Pn = Cc + Cs - T

d
s > y

s
Pn

T = As fY

cu = 0.003

Where :
Cc = 0.85 fc a b = 0.85 fc 1 c b
Cs = As fs
T = As f y

Taking moments about the plastic centroid

Cc Cs
a

Pn e = Cc(d-a/2-d) + Cs(d-d-d) + Td
13

Pn

Pn (max) = 0.80 P0 (for tied columns)

= 0.85 P0 (for spirally columns)
SNI 3.3.3.5)

em

in

=1
5+

0.0
3h

Pn (max)

Mn

Where :
P0 = 0.85 fc (Ag - Ast) + fy Ast
fc = concrete strength
Ag = gross area of column section
Ast = total area of longitudinal reinforcement
fy = steel yield strength

14

Pn
Axial
compression
P0

Region I
Maximum axial compression permitted by SNI
Pn (max) = 0.80 P0 (tied)
Pn (max) = 0.85 P0 (spirally reinforced)
Region II
Compression controls

+ 0.
03h
m

Pn (max)

= 15
in

em

Pb

Balanced strain condition

Region III
Tension controls

eb

M0

Mb

Mn, Bending moment

15

The percentage of longitudinal reinforcement must be :

1% < < 8%

SNI 3.3.9.1)

Where :
= As / Ag
As = total area of longitudinal reinforcement
Ag = gross area of section

16

* Are used to hold the vertical bars in position

* Providing lateral support so that individual bar cold have the tendency
to buckle only between the tie support.
* Do not contribute to the strength of columns.
* Are placed at a sufficiently close spacing provide confinement and
increase the strain at which concrete crushes to values well above
the maximum of 0.003.
SNI PROVISION
* All nonprestressed bars for tied columns shall be enclosed by lateral ties
* The ties shall be so arranged that every corner and alternate longitudinal
bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of a tie. (SNI 3.3.9)
* Where the bars are located around the periphery of a circle, a complete
circular tie may be used.
17

4 Bar

Alternate position of hooks

in successive sets of ties
(for all bar arrangements)
db

6 Bar

Dc2
Ac =
4
h2
Ag = 4

Dc
h

8 Bar

as = area of
spiral
s

12 Bar

s =
s min = 0.45

Ag
f
-1 c
Ac
fy

as ( Dc - db )
( Dc2 / 4) s

SNI eq. 3.3-5

18

P
L < 3b

L 3b

b
Pedestal

b
Slender member
W

P
L

For longer member, the effect of

slenderness ratio L/r (ratio of unbraced
length Lu to radius of gyration r) must be
considered. For this member, buckling
may control the strength.
Note : r = (I/A)

Stability problem due to secondary

moment has become increasingly important.

M = Primary bending moment

P = Secondary bending moment

19

BUCKLING OF CONCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS

Euler formula :

2 Et I
Pc =
(k Lu)2

kLu

Where :
Pc = buckling load
Et = tangent modulus of elasticity of concrete
at the buckling load
I = moment of inertia of the effective section
kLu = equivalent pin-end length
k = effective length factor
Lu = actual unbraced length
20

EQUIVALENT PIN-END LENGTHS

P

k Lu = 0.7 Lu
k Lu = Lu

P
(a)
End rotation
unrestrained

k Lu = Lu

Lu

P
(b)
End rotation
fully restrained

Lu

Lu

P
(c)
One end restrained,
other unrestrained

k Lu < Lu

P
(d)
Partially restrained
at each end

The magnitude of the slenderness ratio determines the strength reduction.

The reference condition for slenderness ratio is that of a column with hinged ends.
Equivalent pin-end lengths of columns with end restraints can be expressed by k Lu,
where k is the effective length factor and Lu is the actual unsupported length.
21

BRACED / UNBRACED SYSTEMS

A vital factor in the determination of the equivalent pin-end length is
whether the structural system is :
* braced so that relative movement of the ends of a compression member
transverse to the axis of the member is prevented, or
* unbraced where such relative movement is possible and restraint is
provided only by the rigidity of the joints and the stiffness of interacting
beams and columns.
For Braced Systems
For Unbraced Systems

k 1.0
k > 1.0

22

EQUIVALENT PIN-END LENGTHS ; JOINT TRANSLATION POSSIBLE

P

Lu

Lu

Lu
k Lu > 2 L u

k Lu = Lu

k Lu = 2 Lu

(a)
End rotation
fully restrained
(b)
One end rotation
fully restrained,
other unrestrained

Partial
restraint

(c)
One end rotation
partially restrained,
other end unrestrained

23

EQUIVALENT PIN-END LENGTHS for FRAMES

Lu

0.7 Lu < k Lu < Lu

P
k Lu
2 L
u

(a) Braced frame, hinge base

P

Lu

k Lu > 2 L u

(b) Unbraced frame, hinge base

P

0.5 Lu < k Lu < 0.7 Lu

Lu
Lu < k Lu < 2 Lu

(c) Braced frame, fixed base

(d) Unbraced frame, fixed base 24

EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR FOR

BEAM-COLUMNS IN RIGID FRAMES

EIbeam 1

EIcolumn 1
EIbeam 2
A
EIcolumn 2

EIbeam 3

B EIbeam 4

The effective length factor k is a function of

the end restraint factor A and B, for the
top and bottom joints at the ends of the
member.
EI / L (for column members)
=
EI / L (for beam members)

EIcolumn 3

25

ALIGNMENT CHARTS FOR EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR, k

A

50.0
10.0
5.0
4.0
3.0

k
1.0

0.9

2.0

50.0
10.0
5.0
4.0
3.0

0.7

1.0
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

100.0
50.0
30.0
20.0

2.0
0.8

1.0
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

0.6

20.0
10.0
5.0
4.0

10.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0

3.0

10.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0

4.0

2.0

4.0

3.0

3.0

2.0

2.0
1.5

0.2
1.0

0.1

100.0
50.0
30.0
20.0

1.0

0.1

0.5

(a) Sideway prevented

(Braced frame)

1.0

(a) Sideway not prevented

(Unbraced frame)

26

NEGLECT OF LENGTH EFFECTS

The SNI is to permit the design of compression members as short columns,
without strength reduction for slenderness effect, when :
k Lu
M
< 34 - 12 1b
r
M2b
k Lu
< 22
r

for Braced Systems - SNI 3.3.11.4).(1)

for Unbraced Systems - SNI 3.3.11.4).(2)

The Second-Order Analysis should be used if :

k Lu
> 100
r

SNI 3.3.11.4).(3)

Where :
k = effective length factor
Lu = unbraced length
r = radius of gyration = (I/A)

I
A
M1b
M2b

=
=
=
=

moment inertia of section

gross area of section
smaller bending moment at member end
larger bending moment at member27
end

P
x

1
Mi

L/

Mm
(0 + 1)P

P
L/2

Centroid of
shaded area

According to the moment area

principle, the midspan deflection 1
equals the moment of the
M/(EI) diagram between the support
and midspan :

Primary
bending
moment, Mi
Secondary
bending
moment, P

P
1 =
( 0 + 1) L 2 L
EI
2
P L2
1 = ( 0 + 1) 2 EI

Where :
0 = deflection due to
primary bending moment
1 = additional deflection due to
secondary bending moment

28

From which :
1 = 0
= 0

PL2 / ( 2EI)
1 - PL2 / ( 2EI)

(1-)

where = PL2 / (2/EI)

Since max is the sum of 0 and 1,
max = 0 + 1

= 0 + 0 1 - =

0
1-

1
Mi

L/

Mm
(0 + 1)P

P
L/2

Centroid of
shaded area

Primary
bending
moment, Mi
Secondary
bending
moment, P

The maximum bending moment, including the effect of axial load, becomes :
Cm
Mmax = Mm + P max = Mm
= Mm
1-
Where :
= Cm
= maginfication factor and
1- 2
EI 0
Cm = 1 +
-1
29
2
Mm L

Suggested values of Cm for common situations with no joint translation

Case
P

P
L/2

Cm (M+)

L/2

L/2

P
P

P
MA

MA MB

MB

1.0 + 0.2
1.0
1.0 - 0.2
1.0 - 0.3
1.0 - 0.4
1.0 - 0.4
1.0 - 0.6
See general
equation

Cm (M-)

Primary Bending Moment

Mm
+

Mm
+
+

1.0 - 0.4
1.0 - 0.4

Not
available

Mm

+
+

1.0 - 0.3
1.0 - 0.2

Mm

+
+

Mm
Mm
Mm
Mm
-

30

M1

M2
z

Mmax = M2

y
M2

M1

Primary Moment, Mi
M2 > M1

Cm
1-

Py
Secondary Moment, Py

Where :

Cm / (1-) = magnification factor

M1b
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4
0.4
M2b
subscript b is used to denote moments on a braced member
31

Mmax = Mm

Cm
1-

Lu

Where :
P

Cm / (1-) = magnification factor

Cm 1
Mm = maximum moment at the member

32

PU
M1b

M2b
PU
M2b > M1b

Mc = b M2b

(SNI eq. 3.3-6)

Where :

Cm
b = moment magnification factor =
1.0
PU
1(SNI eq. 3.3-7)
Pc
Cm = 1.0 (with transverse loading)
`
M
= 0.6 + 0.4 1b 0.4 (end moments only) - M1b/M2b is positive
M2b
when the member is bent in single curvature
2 EI
Pc = (k L )2 (SNI eq. 3.3-9)
u
0.2 Ec Ig + Es Is (SNI eq. 3.3-10)
EI =
1 + d
Ec = concrete modulus of elasticity 4700 fc MPa
Es = steel modulus of elasticity = 2.105 MPa
Ig = gross moment of inertia of concrete section neglecting reinforcement
Is = moment of inertia of reinforcement
33
d = proportion of the factored dead load moment to total factored load moment

PU
M1b

Mc = b M2b + S M2S

(SNI eq. 3.3-6)

Where :
b = moment magnification factor for frames braced against sidesway to reflect
effects of member curvature between ends of compression members

M2b

Cm
=
1.0
PU
(SNI eq. 3.3-7)
1 Pc
s = moment magnification
factor for frames not braced against sidesway to

PU

reflect lateral drift resulting from lateral and gravity loads

M2b > M1b

1
PU
1 Pc

1.0

(SNI eq. 3.3-8)

M2b = value of larger factored end moment on compression members due to

M2s

loads which result in no appreciable sidesway

= value of larger factored end moment on compression member due to
loads which result in appreciable sidesway.

34

START
Define the section of column, b and h

Calculate effective length factor, k

using the alignment charts
yes
kLu/r < 34 - 12 M1b/M2b
no

no

BRACED FRAME

yes Designed as Short Column yes

kLu/r < 22
no

1
no
kL /r > 100
yesu
Column should be designed with dynamic
magnification factor (Second-Order Analysis)

Designed as
Slender Column
2

35

1
SHORT COLUMN DESIGN
Calculate the loads :
PU = 1.2PD + 1.6PL Pn(max)
MU = 1.2MD + 1.6ML PU . emin
where : emin = 15 + 0.03h (mm)
With PU and MU,
calculate the column reinforcement,
using P - M Diagram
yes

Use = min

< min ( = 1%)

no
yes
> max ( = 8%)
no
As = . Ag
FINISH

Redesign the
section
3

36

2
SLENDER COLUMN DESIGN
Calculate the Loads :
PU = 1.2PD + 1.6PL Pn (max)
M1b, M2b (due to loads which result in no appreciable sidesway)
M2s (due to load which result in appreciable sidesway)
d = 1.2PD / PU
EI = {0.2Ec.Ig + Es.Ise} / (1 + d)
Pc = 2 EI / (kLu)2
yes
M1b = 0
no

yes

M1b/M2b 1

no
BRACED MEMBER

Cm = 1

Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 M1b/M2b 0.4

s = 1 / (1 - PU / Pc) 1

s = 1

37

b = Cm / (1 - PU / Pc) 1
Mc = b M2b + s M2s Pu . emin
where : emin = 15 + 0.03h mm
With PU and Mc,
calculate the column reinforcement,
using P - M Diagram
yes

Use = min

< min ( = 1%)

no
yes
> max ( = 8%)
no
As = . Ag
FINISH

Redesign the
section
3

38

1. DEFINITIONS
=

EI / L of columns
EI / L of beams

EI
Pc =
(k Lu)2

= 0 (fixed end)
= 10 (column end supported on footing)
= (theoretical hinged end)

2. SLENDERNESS RATIO LIMITATION (NO LENGTH EFFECT)

k Lu
M1b
Braced Frames :
r < 34 - 12 M2b
k Lu
Unbraced Frames :
r < 22

M1b < M2b ;

M1b/M2b positive for single curvature
Approximate values of r :
r = 0.3h for rectangular columns
r = 0.25h for circular columns

39

3.STIFFNESS FACTOR EI IN MOMENT MAGNIFIER METHOD

0.2 EcIg + EsIs
EI =
Larger
1 + d
0.4 EcIg
of
EI =
1 + d

d =

Factored sustained load moment

Factored total load moment

Ec = 4700 fc (MPa)
EIcr of beam 0.5 EIg

4. EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR k IN MOMENT MAGNIFIER METHOD

Braced Frames : see nomogram (alignment chart)
Unbraced Frames : see nomogram (alignment chart)
5. Cm FACTOR IN MOMENT MAGNIFIER METHOD
Braced Frames : * Transverse loading,
* End moments only,

Unbraced Frames :

Cm = 1.0
M
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 1b 0.4
M
M1b < M2b ; 2b
M1b/M2b positive for single curvature
Cm = 1.0

40

6. MOMENT MAGNIFIER METHOD

Braced Frames :

Mc = b M2b
Cm
b =
Pu
1 Pc

(M2b = larger end moment)

1.0

Unbraced Frames : Mc = b M2b + s M2s

1

(M2b = larger end moment in braced case)

(M2s = larger end moment in sway case)

s = 1 - Pu 1.0
Pc
7. SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS METHOD
Unbraced Frames : Qu = stability index
(a) Qu = Pu 1 / (H1 hs) 0.04 ; 1/hs = 1/400 or 1/500
Second-order analysis may be neglected
(b) 0.04 < Qu 0.2 Second-order analysis must be performed
s = 1 / (1 - Qu)

41

A (250x250)

Determine the adequacy of the interior

top floor column (column A) of the
300 X 500
300 X 500
braced frame. The column is 250x250
250x250
with 8D22 bars (fy = 400 MPa and
fc = 20 MPa) and is to carry a service
axial compression of 360 kN live load
4 @ 7.30 m
and 120 kN dead load.
The bending moments that may act in combination with the axial load have been computed
and found to negligible. If the member is not adequate, revise the design so that it satisfies
the moment magnifier method of SNI.
300 X 500

3 @ 3.65 m

300 X 500

SOLUTION
(a) Determine slenderness ratio
The clear length of column : Lu = 3650 - 500 = 3150 mm
If the rational evaluation of end restraint is not made and taking the effective length factor k = 1 for a braced frame, and radius of gyration may be taken as 0.3h,

42

then :

1 (3150)
kLu
= 0.3 (250) = 42
r

(b) Slenderness ratio limits

Since the end moments are negligible, the minimum eccentricity provision govern the
design. Accordingly, the deformation should be considered as single curvature with
M1b/M2b = 1.0. The slenderness limit is :
kLu
r

= 34 - 12
limit

M1b
M2b

= 22 < 42

Thus slenderness effects must be considered.

(c) Moment Magnifier
Cm
b =
Pu
1 Pc
where : Cm
Pu

= 1.0 for single-curvature member in braced frame

= 1.2 (120) + 1.6 (360) = 720 kN
= 0.65 for this tied column (SNI 3.2.3.2))

43

For the stiffness parameter EI using :

Ec = 4700 fc = 4700 20 = 21019 MPa
8D22 tied : 10
3
4
Ig = 250 (250) / 12 = 325520833 mm
Es = 2.105 MPa
Is = 6 ( 222) (64)2 = 9342142 mm4
1.2 (160)
d =
= 0.2
64 64
1.2 (160) + 1.6 (480)
0.2 EcIg + EsIs
EI =
= 2.7.1012 Nmm2
1 + d
2 2.7.1012
2 EI
Pc = (k L )2 = [ 1 (3150)]2 = 2685607 N = 2686 kN
u
Cm
1.0
b =
= 1.70
Pu =
1 - 720 / [0.65 (2686)]
1 Pc
Required e = b . emin = 2.22 (15 + 0.03h) = 1.70 [15 + 0.03(250)] = 38 mm

44

(d) Rational analysis for effective length factor k.

For the beam, the cracked section moment of inertia is recommended. An approximation
is Icr = Ig/2 = [(300) (500)3 / 12 ]/ 2 = 15625.105 mm4.
(EI) beam = Ec Icr = 21019 (15625.105) = 3.28.1013 Nmm2
(EI) column = 2.7.1012 Nmm2
End restraint factors,
EI / L for cols
2.7.1012 / 3650
A (top) =
=
= 0.08
EI / L for beams
2 (3.28.1013/ 7300)
2 (2.7.1012 / 3650)
A (bottom) = 2 (3.28.1013 / 7300)
= 0.16
From the alignment chart, k = 0.56
The more correct effective slenderness ratio is :
kLu 0.56 (3150)
= 0.3 (250) = 24
> 22 (the limit)
r
The magnification factor is also affected,
2 EI
2 2.7.1012
Pc = (k L )2 = [ 0.56 (3150)]2 = 8564 kN
u
Cm
1.0
b =
=
= 1.15
Pu
1
720
/
[0.65
(8564)]
1 Pc
Required e = b . emin = 1.15 (15 + 0.03h) = 26 mm

45

r=

(e) Check capacity.

The strength of the section may be checked by this following methods :
Required Pn = Pu / = 720 / 0.65 = 1108 kN
required e = 26 mm
Using P-M Diagram of fig. 6.2.f - CUR IV :
= As / Ag = 8 ( 222) / (250)2 = 0.049
r = / = 0.049 / 0.8 = 0.06
Pu . e
720000 (26)
1.73
2
x-axis = A 0.85 f h = 0.65 (250) 0.85 (20) (250) = 0.11
g
c
Pu
y-axis = 1.73 =
Ag 0.85 fc
Pu
= Pn = actual nominal strength at e = 26 mm = 1838 kN

0.11
> 1108 kN
Note :
Even when e = 38 mm as obtained in (c), the nominal strength P n is 1657 (> 1108 kN).
So this section is adequate as a braced frame column.
6
0.0

46

Note that the strength Pn may not be taken in design greater than 0.80 P0
according to SNI 3.3.3,
Pn (max) = 0.80 [ 0.85 fc (Ag - Ast) + fy Ast ]
= 0.80 (0.65) [ 0.85 (20) ( 2502 - 8 . . 222) + 400 (8 . . 222)]
= 1158 kN < 1838 (actual Pn)
Thus, Pn = 1838 kN at e = 26 mm (point A) has a greater capacity than the
required factored load 720 kN.
For design purposes, this section must take Pn (max) = 1158 kN as the nominal strength.
Pu
Ag 0.85 fc

r=

0.0

Must be used in design

e=

26

1.73
Pn (max) = 1108 kN

0.11

Pu e
Ag 0.85 fc h

47

3 @ 3.65 m

A (250x250)
300 X 500

300 X 500

300 X 500

300 X 500
250x250

Repeat Example 1 except consider

the frame as unbraced.

4 @ 7.30 m

SOLUTION
In general, members in unbraced frames will have end moments on the members. One might
assume that this case was the result of gravity load analysis that happened to give negligible
column moment. In some cases where beams are unusually stiff, the behavior of the unbraced frame is little different from that of the braced frame.

48

(a) Effective pin-end length.

From part (d) of Example 1, the end restraint factor are :
A (top) = 0.08
A (bottom) = 0.16
From the alignment chart (nomogram) , k = 1.25
(b) Compute magnification factor s, for sidesway.
From part (c) of Example 1, EI = 2.7.1012 Nmm2 (for column).
2 EI
2 2.7.1012
Pc = (k L )2 = [ 1.25 (3150)]2 = 1719 kN
u
Assuming Pu/Pc is the same for all columns in the story, Pu/Pc = Pu/Pc,
Pu
720
=
= 0.644
0.65 (1719)
Pc
Cm
1.0
s =
=
= 2.81
1
0.644
1 - Pu/(Pc)

49

(c) Compute magnified factored moment Mc.

Mc = b M2b + s M2s
Assuming this is the gravity dead and live load case where the moment M2b = Mg and
is negligible; M2s may also be considered negligible, and design is nominally based on
minimum eccentricity emin. The magnified factored moment Mc is :
Mc = s M2s = s Pu emin
= 2.81 Pu (15 + 0.03 (250)) = 63.225 Pu Nmm
required e = Mc / Pu = 63.225
Using P-M Diagram of fig. 6.2.f - CUR IV :
= As / Ag = 8 ( 222) / (250)2 = 0.049
r = / = 0.049 / 0.8 = 0.06

50

The ratio of value of x-axis to y-axis with e = 63.225 mm :

Pu . e
Pu (63.225)
-7
x-axis =
=
=
3.66.10
Pu
Ag 0.85 fc h
0.65 (250)2 0.85 (20) (250)
Pu
Pu
y-axis = A 0.85 f = 0.65 (250)2 0.85 (20)
= 1.45.10 -6 Pu
g
c
x-axis = 0.253 y-axis,

25

0.0
6

63.2

1.05
1.0

r=

The strength Pn for the member with e = 63.225 is :

e=

Pu
Ag 0.85 fc

Pn
y-axis = 1.05 =
Ag 0.85 fc
Pn = 725 kN which exceeds the requirement of
Pu = 720 kN, and is acceptable
x

0.253

Pu e
Ag 0.85 fc h

51

4.50
500x500

9.50

4.50

350x600

500x500
350x600
500x500

9,50

4.50

500x500

9.50

ln

A 500 x 500 mm2 rectangular column

section is part of the first floor exterior
elements of the unbraced frame.
This column is to carry a service
axial compression of 600 kN live load
and 965 kN dead load.
The bending moment due to gravity load
(M2b) = 95 kNm and dure to dynamic
load (M2s) = 395 kNm.

Assume that bending moment is linear from +M to -M/2 at the top and bottom
end of column respectively. The concrete strength is 35 Mpa and steel strength is 400 Mpa.
Determine the 4-side reinforcement of this column.

52

* The ultimate loads of column :

Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L = 1.2 . 965 + 1.6 . 660 = 2214 kN

Pu
A

Mu = M2b + M2s = 95 + 395 = 490 kNm

ln

M2b 95
M1b = - 2 = 2 = - 47.5 kNm
* Length effect of column :
Ec = 4700 fc
= 4700 35 = 27806 MPa
Ig

Mu = M2b + M2s

M1b + M1s

1
1
3
= 12 . b . h = 12 . 5004 = 5.21 . 109 mm4

Ise =
=
=
=

Ast . [ . ( h - 2d) ]2 Static moment of reinforcement to center of mass.

. Agross [ ( h - 2d) ]2 preliminary assumption 4%
0.04 . 500 . 500 [ ( 500 - 2 . 64 ) ]2
3.46 . 108 mm4

53

1.2 D
1.2 (965)
=
=
= 0.523
1.2D + 1.6L
1.2 (965) + 1.6 (660)

Es

= 2 . 105 MPa

Ec . Ig/5 + Es . Ise
(27806) (5.21 . 109)/ 5 + (2.105) (3.46.108)
EI(col) =
=
1 + 0.523
1 + d
= 6.446 . 1013 Nmm2
* Beam stiffness contribution :

64

Assume the beam reinforcement using :

compression bar As = 3 D 22 = 11.41 cm2 and tension bar As = 4 D 22 = 15.21 cm2 ;
concrete cover = 40 mm
A s
x
As

x
536

The position of center of mass of the beam reinforcement

(from top fibre of beam) :
15.21 . 53.6 + 11.41 . 6.4 = (11.41 + 15.21) . X
x = 33.4 cm = 334 mm

350x600

54

Beam section in cracking condition :

ACI recommends a simplified calculation of moment of inertia as :
Icr = Igr = b h3 / 24 = (350) (600)3 / 24 = 3.15 . 109 mm4
EI(beam) = Ec . Icr = 27806 . 3.15 . 109 = 8.76 . 1013 Nmm2
Effective pin-end length :
EI / ln (col)
A =
EI / ln (beam)

2 ( 6.446 . 1013) / 4500

=
1 ( 8.76 . 1013) / 9500

B = 0 (fixed end)

= 3.1

A
B

From the nomogram 7.2c (CUR IV) for unbraced member : k = 1.38 thus :
k . Lu = 1.38 (4500) = 41.4 > 22
r
(0.3) (500)
Then the slenderness effect may not be neglected.

55

* Magnification factor b :
2 EI
2 (6.446.1013 )
Pc =
=
= 16497 kN
(k . Lu)2
[(1.38) (4500)]2
Cm = 1
Cm
b = 1 - ( P / P ) 1
u
c
1
= 1 - ( 2214 / 0.65 . 16497)
* Magnification factor s:
1
b =
1 - ( Pu / Pc)

= 1.26

There are two exterior columns and two interior columns. The slenderness effect
and the critical load capacity Pc of each columns are :
For exterior columns : k = 1.38 (see previous page) and Pc = 16497 kN
For interior columns :
2 (6.446.1013 / 4500)
A (top) = 2 (8.76.1013 / 9500) = 1.55
k = 1.22
B (bottom) = 0 (fixed end)

56

Pc =

2 EI
(k . Lu)2

2 (6.446.1013 )
=
= 21108 kN
[(1.22) (4500)]2

Pc = 2 (Pc exterior) + 2 (Pc interior) = 2 (16497) + 2 (21108) = 75210 kN

Pu = 14040 kN (total factored compression load for four columns, calculated
from structural analysis)
Then the magnification factor s is :
1
s = 1 - (Pu / Pc) 1
1
= 1 - [14040 / 0.65 (75210)] = 1.4
* Design moment Mc :
Mc = b . M2b + s . M2s
= 1.26 . 95 + 1.4 . 395
= 672.7 kNm

57

Check with the minimum e :

e

Mc
Pu

672.7
=
2214

= 0.304 m = 304 mm

e > emin (OK !!)

emin = (15 + 0.03 h) = (15 + 0.03 . 500) = 30 mm

* The reinforcement arrangement :
With Pu = 2214 kN dan Mc = 672.7 kNm and using nomogram 6.2.g - CUR IV :
d/h = 64 / 500 = 0.128 0.15
Pu
2214 . 103
y-axis = Agr . 0.85 . fc = 0.65 . 5002 . 0.85 . 35 = 0.46
r = 0.036
Mu
672.7 . 106
x-axis = A . 0.85 . f . h = 0.65 . 5002 . 0.85 . 35 . 500 = 0.28
gr
c
= r . = 0.036 . 1.33 = 0.048
As = 0.048 (500)2 = 12000 mm2 16 D 32
60
500

16 D 32
Tied 10
500

Concrete cover = 40 mm

58