Seminar on

Recent Trends in Power Quality

Improvements Techniques
By
Prof. Bhim Singh
Deptt of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
New Delhi-110016, India
bsingh@ee.iitd.ac.in
bhimsinghr@gmail.com
1/155

What are power quality problems ?

It include all possible situations in which the
waveforms of the supply voltage or load current
deviate from the sinusoidal waveform at rated
frequency with amplitude corresponding to the
rated rms value for all three phases of a threephase system
Power quality disturbance covers sudden, short
duration deviation impulsive and oscillatory
transients, voltage dips (or sags), short
interruptions, as well as steady- state deviations,
such as harmonics and flicker

2/155

Voltage Power Quality Problems

Voltage Sag
Voltage Swell
Voltage Interruption
Under/ Over Voltage
Voltage Flicker
Harmonic Distortion
Voltage Notching
Transient Disturbance
Outage and frequency variation
3/155

 Voltage Sag
A voltage sag is a reduction in the RMS voltage in the range of 0.1
to 0.9 p.u. (retained) for duration greater than hall a mains cycle
and less than 1 minute. Often referred to as a sag. Caused by
faults, increased load demand and transitional events such as large
motor starting.
Voltage Swell
A voltage swell is an increase in the RMS voltage in the range of
1.1 to 1.8 p.u. for a duration greater than half a main cycle and
less than 1 minute. Caused by system faults, load switching and
capacitor switching.
Voltage Interruption
A voltage interruption is the complete loss of electric voltage.
Interruptions can be short duration (lasting less than 2 minutes) or
long duration. A disconnection of electricity causes an interruption
usually by the opening of a circuit breaker, line recloser, or fuse
4/155

5/155

Over Voltage and Under Voltage

Long-duration voltage variations that are outside the

normal limits (that is, too high or too low) are most
often caused by unusual conditions on the power
system. For example, out-of-service lines or
transformers sometimes cause under voltage
conditions. These types of root-mean-square (RMS)
voltage variations are normally short term, lasting
less than one or two days.
In addition, voltage can be reduced intentionally in
response to a shortage of electric supply.
6/155

RMS Measurement of under voltage during one day

7/155

Voltage Flicker
A waveform may exhibit voltage flicker if its
waveform amplitude is modulated at frequencies less
than 25 Hz, which the human eye can detect as a
variation in the lamp intensity of a standard bulb.
Voltage flicker is caused by an arcing condition on
the power system.
Flicker problems can be corrected with the
installation of filters, static VAR systems, or
distribution static compensators

8/155

Example voltage waveforms showing flicker created

by an arc furnace

9/155

Harmonics Distortion
Harmonics are periodic sinusoidal distortions of the supply
voltage or load current caused by non-linear loads.
Harmonics are measured in integer multiples of the
fundamental supply frequency.
In commercial facilities, computers, lighting, and electronic
office equipment generate harmonic distortion. In industrial
facilities, adjustable-speed drives and other power electronic
loads can generate significant amounts of harmonics.
Solutions to problems caused by harmonic distortion include
installing active or passive filters at the load or bus, or taking
advantage of transformer connections that enable cancellation
of zero-sequence components.
10/155

Distorted Voltage Waveforms

11/155

Voltage Notching
Voltage notching is caused by the commutation of power
electronic rectifiers. It is an effect that can raise PQ issues in
any facility where solid-state rectifiers (for example, variablespeed drives) are used
When the drive DC link current is commutated from one
rectifier thyristor to the next, an instant exists during which a
line-to-line short circuit occurs at the input terminals to the
rectifier.
With this disturbance, any given phase voltage waveform will
typically contain four notches per cycle as caused by a sixpulse electronic rectifier
12/155

Voltage Notching Waveform

13/155

Transient Disturbance
Transient disturbances are undesirable
momentary deviation of the supply voltage
or load current and caused by the injection
of energy by switching or by lightning.
Transients are classified in two categories
Impulsive and oscillatory

14/155

15/155

 Outage
Outage is defined as an interruption that has
duration lasting in excess of one minute.
Frequency Deviation
It is a variation in frequency from the nominal
supply
frequency
above/below
a
predetermined level, normally + 0.1%.
16/155

Outage

17/155

Effects of PQ Quantities
Voltage dips

machine/process downtime, scrap cost, clean up costs, product quality and

repair costs all contribute to make these types of problems costly to the
end-user
Transients

tripping, component failure, hardware reboot required, software glitches,

poor product quality
Harmonics

transformer and neutral conductor heating leading to reduced equipment

life span; audio hum, video flutter, software glitches, power supply
failure
Flicker

visual irritation
18/155

19/155

Current Based Power Quality

Problems
Reactive Power Compensation
Voltage Regulation
Current Harmonics Compensation
Load Unbalancing (for 3-phase systems)
Neutral Current Compensation (for 3-phase
4-wire systems)
20/155

Sources of Power Quality Problems

Power electronic devices

IT and office equipments
Arching devices
Load switching
Large motor starting
Embedded generation
Sensitive equipment
Storm and environmental related damage
21/155

Solution of Power Quality Problems

Flicker Mitigation
Static Var Compensator
D-Statcom
Harmonic Mitigation
Passive Filter
Active Filter
Multi-pulse Configuration
22/155

Solution of Power Quality Problems

Mitigation of Voltage Dips and Short
Interruption
Motor-generator set
Static series compensator
Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR)
Static transfer switch

23/155

Other Possible Solutions

Proper earthing practices
Online UPS/Hybrid UPS
Energy storage system
Ferro- resonant transformer
Network equipment and design
24/155

Solution of Harmonic Mitigation

Using Power Filters
Power Filters

Passive Filters

Active Filters

Shunt

Shunt

Series

Series

Hybrid

Hybrid
UPQC

Hybrid Filters

Several Combinations
are possible for hybrid
of active and passive

25/155

Passive Filters
Passive Filters
Harmonic reduction
Reactive power compensation
Resonance with line impedance
Heavy and bulky

26/155

Passive Filters
1. LC passive filter
2. Tuned passive filters

27/155

Tuned Passive Filters

28/155

Tuned Shunt Passive Filters

Zsa

vsa
isa
vsb

Three-Phase
Three-Wire
Nonlinear
Loads

Zsb
isb
Zsc

vsc
isc

PFShb

PFSha

PFShc

C5

C7

Ch

C5

C7

Ch

C5

C7

Ch

L5

L7

Lh

Rh L5

L7

Lh

Rh L5

L7

Lh

Rh

29/155

Tuned Series Passive Filters

Zsa

vsa
isa
vsb

Zsb

isb
Zsc

vsc
isc

C5
L5
C5
L5
C5
L5

C7
L7
C7
L7
C7
L7

Ch

Rh PF
SSa

Lh
Ch

Rh PF
SSb

Lh
Ch

Three-Phase
Three-Wire
Nonlinear
Loads

Rh PF
SSc

Lh

30/155

Tuned Series Passive Filters

for 3-Ph 4-Wire System

31/155

Tuned Passive Filters

Key filter design considerations include the
following
a) Reactive power (kilovar) requirements
b) Harmonic limitations
c) Normal system conditions, including ambient
harmonics
d) Normal harmonic filter conditions
e) Contingency system conditions, including
ambient harmonics
f) Contingency harmonic filter conditions
32/155

Passive Hybrid Filters

PFss

Zs

AC
Mains

vs

is

Nonlinear
Loads

PFsh

Hybrid Filter as a Combination of Passive-Series (PFss) and Passive-Shunt

(PFsh) Filters
PFss

Zs

AC
Mains

vs

is
PFsh

Nonlinear
Loads

Hybrid Filter as a Combination of Passive-Shunt (PFsh) and Passive-Series (PFss)

Filters
33/155

Passive Hybrid Filters

PFss1

Zs

AC
Mains

PFss2

is

vs

Nonlinear
Loads

PFsh

Hybrid Filter as a Combination of Passive-Series (PFss1), Passive-Shunt

(PFsh) and Passive-Series (PFss2) Filters
PFss

Zs

AC
Mains

vs

is
PFsh1

PFsh2

Nonlinear
Loads

Hybrid Filter as a Combination of Passive-Shunt (PFsh1), Passive-Series

34/155
(PFss) and Passive-Shunt (PFsh2) Filters

Passive Hybrid Filters

35/155

Dynamic response of the system for switching in of shunt and series

component of HPF sequentially at t=0.1s and t=0.2s

36/155

Harmonic spectrum of load current and source

current with ShPF
alone and with Proposed HPF

37/155

Dynamic response of proposed HPF under distorted main and varying load conditions.
The Load has been reduced from 15kW to 11.4kW
at t=0.1s, from 11.4kW to 7.67kW at t=0.18s, from 7.67kW to 4.6kW at t=0.26s and at
t=0.34s the load has been reduced to no-load condition

38/155

39/155

Selection of Power Filters

Nature of Load (Voltage Fed, Converter Fed or
Mixed)
Type of Supply System (single-phase, three
Phase three wire, three phase four wire)
Compensation required in current (harmonics,
reactive power, balancing, neutral current ) or
voltage (harmonic flicker, unbalance, regulation,
sag, swell, spikes, notches)
Pattern of loads (fixed, variable, fluctuating)
40/155

Selection of Power Filters

Level of compensation required (THD,
Individual harmonic reduction meeting
specific standard etc.)
Cost, size, weight
Efficiency
Reliability
Environmental
factors
(ambient
temperature, altitude, pollution, humidity
etc)
41/155

Active Filter
Active Filters
Cancel out harmonics
Block resonance
Reactive power management
Costly
Good for retrofit applications

42/155

Active Filters
Zsa

vsa
isa
vsb

Three-Phase
Three-Wire
Nonlinear
Loads

Zsb
isb
Zsc

vsc
isc

Cr

Cr
Lr

Cr
Lr

AFSh

Lr

Cd

43/155

Active Filters Basic Principle

44/155

AC Mains

is

Shunt and Series Active

Filters
iL

Non-Linear
Load

ic

is

iL

AC Mains

Non-Linear
Load

ic

AF

AF

id

vd

Current Fed Type AF

is

vAF

iL

Voltage Fed Type AF

Non-Linear
Loads

AC Mains
AF

vd

Series Type AF
45/155

Topologies of Active Filters

is

is

vAF
iL

Tr

AC
Mains

Non-Linear
Load

ic

iL
icc

AF

Non-Linear
Load

L
AC
Mains

AF

AF

Two Wire Series AF with Current

Source Converter

Two Wire Shunt AF with Current

Source Converter

46/155

Topologies of Active Filters

~
~
~

4-Wire
3-Phase
AC Mains

isa

iLa

isb

iLb

isc

iLc
isn

Non-Linear Four-Wire
Unbalanced Loads

iLn

icn icc

icb

ica

Cdc
a

0
Cdc

AF

Capacitor Midpoint Four Wire Shunt AF

47/155

Topologies of Active Filters

~
~
~

4-Wire
3-Phase
AC Mains

isa

iLa

isb

iLb

isc

iLc
iLn

isn

icn icc

icb

ica

Non-Linear Four-Wire
Unbalanced Loads

C dc
n

AF

Four Pole, Four Wire Shunt AF

48/155

Topologies of Active Filters

iLa

isa

~
~
~

4-Wire
3-Phase
AC Mains

isb

iLb
b

isc

Non-Linear
Four-Wire
Unbalanced Loads

iLc

isn

iLn

Tr
ica

icb

icc

AF

C dc

vdc

dc bus

Three Bridge, Four Wire Shunt AF

49/155

Control of
Active filter

50/155

Wave-Forms

51/155

Basic Structure: Series Active Filter

52/155

Simulated Performance SeAF

(Dynamic Response: Load Change)

53/155

Experimental Performance (CT-5:1)

VTHD = 1.1%
ILTHD = 35.1%

54/155

Experimental Performance (CT-1:1)

VTHD = 1.1%
ILTHD = 35.1%

55/155

Hybrid Filters

Hybrid Filters

Three-Phase Three-Wire

Single-Phase

Passive-Passive Active-Active
Passive-Active

Passive-Passive

Active-Active

Three-Phase Four-Wire

Passive-Active

Passive-Active

Active-Active

Passive-Active

FIG. 1 - Classification of Hybrid Filters for Power Quality Improvements.

56/155

Hybrid Filters
Cancel out harmonics
Block resonance
Reactive power management
Less costly
Good for retrofit applications

57/155

Hybrid Filters
Hybrid of Active and Passive Filters
Zs

AC
Mains

vs

PFss

is

AFss

Nonlinear
Loads

PFss
Zs

AC
Mains

vs

is

AFss

Nonlinear
Loads

Hybrid Filter as a
Combination of Series
Connected PassiveSeries (PFss) and ActiveSeries (AFss) Filters

Hybrid Filter as a
Combination of parallel
Connected Passive-Series
(PFss) and Active-Series
(AFss) Filters
58/155

Hybrid Filters
Hybrid of Active and Passive Filters
Zs

AC
Mains

AFss

is

vs

PFsh

PFss

Zs

AC
Mains

vs

Nonlinear
Loads

Hybrid Filter as a
Combination of PassiveShunt (PFsh) and ActiveSeries (AFss) Filters

is
AFsh

Nonlinear
Loads

Hybrid Filter as a Combination

of Active-Shunt (AFsh) and
Passive-Series (PFsh) Filters

59/155

Hybrid Filters
Hybrid of Active and Passive Filters
Zs

AC
Mains

vs

is
AFsh

PFsh

Nonlinear
Loads

Hybrid Filter as a
Combination of Active-Shunt
(AFsh) and Passive-Shunt
(PFsh) Filters

Zs

is
AC
Mains

PFsh

vs

Nonlinear
Loads

Hybrid Filter as a Combination

of Series Connected PassiveShunt (PFsh) and Active-Shunt
(AFsh) Filters

AFsh

60/155

Hybrid Filters
Hybrid of Active and Passive Filters
Zs

AC
Mains

PFss

is

vs

AFsh

Zs

AC
Mains

vs

Nonlinear
Loads

Hybrid Filter as a Combination

of Passive-Series (PFsh) and
Active-Shunt (AFsh) Filters

AFss

is
PFsh

Nonlinear
Loads

Hybrid Filter as a Combination

of Active-Series (AFss) and
Passive-Shunt (PFsh) Filters

61/155

Parallel Hybrid Power Filter

(PHF)

62/155

Control Scheme of PHF

63/155

Load current with Passive filter alone along with

harmonic spectrum
before and after the unbalance in passive filters

During balance
ITHD = 44.79%
During
un-balance
ITHD = 28.28%

64/155

Source current with Passive filter alone along with

harmonic spectrum
before and after the unbalance in passive filters

During balance
ITHD = 8.36
During
un-balance
ITHD = 32.88%

65/155

Passive filter current when used alone along with

harmonic spectrum
before and after the unbalance in passive filters

During balance
ITHD = 92.3%
During un-balance
ITHD = 49.51%

66/155

Load current with PHF along with harmonic spectrum

before and after
the unbalance in passive filters

During balance
ILTHD = 42.37%
During
un Balance
ILTHD = 42.82%

67/155

Source current with PHF along with harmonic spectrum

before and after
the unbalance in passive filters

During balance
ITHD = 2.97%
During
Un balance
ITHD = 3.13%

68/155

Performance of PHF under load dynamics

Initially load is 2.62kW, at
t=0.2s the load is increased to 5.23kW
and at t=0.36s is again reverted to 2.62kW

69/155

Steady state performance of passive filters alone and of

PHF with diode rectifier for harmonic compensation along
with harmonic spectrum of load and source currents
(coupling transformer 1:1).

70/155

71/155

72/155

Custom Power Devices

(Static Compensators)
Distribution Static
Compensator

Distribution
Voltage Restorer

Unified Power
Quality Compensator

(DSTATCOM)

(DVR)

(UPQC)

73/155

Distribution Static Compensator

(DSTATCOM)
Functions
Reactive Power Compensation
Voltage Regulation
Unbalance Compensation (for 3-phase systems)
Neutral Current Compensation (for 3-phase 4-wire systems)

74/155

DSTATCOM 1-Phase 2-Wire

Zs

is
T1
AC
Mains

T3

vs
Lr
AFSh

Cr

T4

Cd

Nonlinear
Loads

T2

75/155

DSTATCOM 3-Phase 3-Wire

Zsa

vsa
isa
vsb

Three-Phase
Three-Wire
Nonlinear
Loads

Zsb
isb
Zsc

vsc
isc

Cr

Cr
Lr

Cr
Lr

AFSh

Lr

Cd

76/155

Simulated Performance of 3-Phase 3-Wire DSTATCOM

Dynamic performance of DSTATCOM load change (38kW to 71kW) at t=0.12s, for

operation under unbalance from t=0.18s to t=0.24s similar dynamics in
reverse
77/155
sequence henceforth from t=0.24s to t=0.36s

DSTATCOM 3-Phase 4-Wire

Mid-Point Capacitor Topology

78/155

Four Pole Topology of DSTATCOM

79/155

Three Single-Phase VSC Topology

of DSTATCOM

80/155

Simulated Performance of 3-Phase 4-Wire DSTATCOM

Dynamic performance of DSTATCOM for load change (20kW to 38.5kW) at t=0.12s, for
operation under two phase from t=0.18s to t=0.24s at load (26.8kW) from t=0.24s
to
81/155
t=0.3s at single phase load (13.4kW)

Distribution Voltage Restorer (DVR)

Functions
Reactive Power Compensation
Voltage Regulation
Compensation for Voltage sag and Swell
Unbalance Voltage Compensation (for 3-phase systems)

82/155

DVR 1-Phase 2-Wire

83/155

DVR 3-Phase 3-Wire

Zsa

vsa

Tr

isa
vsb

Three-Phase
Three-Wire
Nonlinear
Loads

Zsb
Tr

isb
Zsc

vsc

Tr

isc

Lr

AFSS

Cr
Lr

Cr

Lr

Cr

Cd

84/155

Performance of DVR During a 20% Sag

in Supply Side
Vs

500
0
-500

Ref

Vc

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2
Time in Sec

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0
-1

Vload

0.05

0
-1

500
0
-500

IL

50
0
-50

Ic

50
0
-50
Vdc

700
600
500

85/155

Vs

Performance of DVR During a 20% Swell

in Supply Side
500
0
-500

Ref

Vconv
Vload

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2
Time in Sec.

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0
-1
1
0
-1

500
0
-500

IL

50
0
-50

Ic

50
0
-50
Vdc

800
600
400

86/155

Performance of DVR During Single Phase

Sag
Vs

500
0
-500

Ref

500

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Vc

0
-500

Vload

0.1

0
-1

500
0
-500

IL

50
0
-50

Ic

50
0
-50
Vdc

800
600
400

Time in sec

87/155

Performance of DVR During Harmonics in

Supply Side
Vs

500
0
-500

Ref

500

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.1

0.2

0.3
Time in Sec

0.4

0.5

0.6

Vc

0
-500

Vload

0.1

0
-1

500
0
-500

IL

50
0
-50

Ic

50
0
-50
Vdc

500
0

88/155

DVR 3-Phase 4-Wire

Zsa

vsa

a
Tr

isa
Zsb

vsb

Cr

b
Tr

isb
n

Zsc

vsc

Cr

Three-Phase
Four-Wire
Nonlinear
Loads

isc

Tr
n
Cr

Lr

Lr

Lr

Cd1

AFSS

Cd2

89/155

Unified Power Quality Compensator

(UPQC)
Functions
Reactive Power Compensation
Voltage Regulation
Compensation for Voltage sag and swell
Unbalance Compensation for current and voltage (for 3-phase
systems)
Neutral Current Compensation (for 3-phase 4-wire systems)

90/155

UPQC 1-Phase 2-Wire

91/155

UPQC 3-Phase 3-Wire

92/155

Right Shunt and Left Shunt UPQC

Convert the feeder (source) current (is) to balanced sinusoids
through the shunt compensator.
Convert the load voltage (vl) to balanced sinusoids through the
series compensator and also regulate it to a desired value.

Right Shunt UPQC

93/155

Three-phase four-wire UPQC with zig-zag

transformer
vsa
vsb
vsc

Za

vta

vCa

vLa

Isa

Tr

Zb
Isb
Zc

3-Phase
4-wire
Linear/
Non-linear
critical
loads

Isc

Lr

Cr

UPQC
Cdc

94/155

Power quality compensation using UPQC during varying

Linear load

95/155

Voltage sag compensation during a non-linear load

96/155

Power quality compensation using UPQC with critical non-Linear load

and during harmonics in supply voltage

97/155

Waveform and their harmonics spectra (a). Load current

(b). Source current (c). Supply voltage (d). Load voltage.

98/155

Improved Power Quality Based Converter (IPQC)

99/155

Functions of IPQC

Reduced harmonic currents

High power factor
Low EMI and RFI at input AC mains
Well regulated and good quality DC output
Rating from fraction of Watt to MW power
in large number of applications

100/155

Applications of IPQC

DC power supplies
Telecommunication power supply
Improved power factor ballast
Power supplies for equipments like computers,
medical equipment, printers, scanners etc
Electrical welding

101/155

Supply Based Classification

Improved Power Quality Converters

Single Phase

Three phase

Unidirectional

Unidirectional

Bi-directional

Bi-directional
102/155

Classification of Single Phase

IPQC

103/155

Classification of Three Phase

IPQC

104/155

Topology Based Classification

Improved Power Quality
Converters

Unidirectional

Diode Bridge +
Step Down Chopper

Pushpull

Bidirectional

Diode Bridge +
Step Up Chopper

Diode Bridge +
Step Up/Down
Chopper

Half Bridge

Bridge

Diode Bridge with

Isolated Derived
Converters
(Flyback, Forward,
Pushpull, Half Bridge,
Bridge, SEPIC, Cuk)

VSI

Multilevel

Diode Bridge
Multipulse

CSI

Multipulse

Bridge

Diode Bridge
Multilevel

Matrix Converters

Multilevel

Multipulse

105/155

Single Phase Boost Converter

idc

Ls
vs

is
Cd

vdc

Load

Single-Phase Unidirectional Boost Converter.

106/155

Single-Phase Unidirectional
Boost Converter.

idc

Ls
vs

is
Cd

vdc

107/155

Load

Single Phase Boost Converter

Control

108/155

Experimental Waveforms
Input AC
Voltage and
Current

Input Power

Input
Current
harmonic
Spectrum

Output DC
Voltage and
Current
109/155

Single Phase Boost IPQC

idc
vs

is

Ls

Cd

vdc

Load

Symmetrical Two Device Single-Phase Unidirectional Boost Converter

110/155

Single Phase Boost IPQC

idc
is

vs

Ls

Cd

vdc

Load

Asymmetrical Two Device Single-Phase Unidirectional Boost Converter

Ls1
vs

is

idc

Ls2
Cd

vdc

Load

Interleaved Two Cell Single-Phase Unidirectional Boost Converter

111/155

Single Phase Boost IPQC

vs

is

Ls1

idc
Ls2
Cdc

vdc

Load

Single-Phase Unidirectional Boost Converter with High Frequency Active

EMI Filter.

Single-Phase Half Bridge Bidirectional Boost Converter.

112/155

Single Phase Boost IPQC

Single-Phase VSI Full Bridge Bidirectional Boost Converter

Single-Phase Bridge Bidirectional Boost Converter with DC Ripple

Compensation using AC Mid Point Capacitors and Third 113/155
Leg.

Single Phase Boost IPQC

idc
vs

is

Ls
Lr

Cd

vdc

Load

Single-Phase Bridge Bidirectional Boost Converter with

DC Ripple Compensation using an Inductor and Third Leg.
114/155

Single Phase Buck IPQC

idc

Ld
vs

is

Ls

Cs

Cd

vdc

Load

Single-Phase Unidirectional Buck Converter with Input AC Filter.

Ls
vs

idc

Ld

is
Cs

Cd

vdc

Load

Single-Phase Unidirectional Buck Converter with Input DC Filter.

115/155

Single Phase Buck IPQC

idc

Ld
is

vs

Ls

Cs

Cd

Load

vdc

GTO Bridge Based Unidirectional Buck Converter

Ls
vs

Ld

is
Cs

vdc

idc
Load

High
Frequency
Transformer

Single-Phase Unidirectional Buck Converter with

High Frequency Isolated DC-DC Buck Stage.

116/155

Single Phase Buck IPQC

Ld
vs

is

Ls
Cs

idc

Cd

vdc

Load

Single-Phase Bidirectional Buck Converter.

Ld
vs

is

Ls

Cs1
Cs2

Cd

idc

vdc

Load

Single-Phase Bidirectional Buck Converter with a Neutral Leg .

117/155

Single Phase Buck-Boost

IPQC
idc

Ls1
vs

is

Ls
Cs

Cd

vdc

Load

Single-Phase Cascaded Unidirectional Buck-Boost Converter.

idc
vs

is

Ls1

Cs

Ls2

Cd

vdc

Load

Single Device Single-Phase Unidirectional Buck-Boost Converter

118/155

Single Phase Buck-Boost

IPQC
Ls
vs

is

idc

Cs
Ls1

Cd

vdc

Load

SEPIC-Derived Single-Phase Unidirectional Buck-Boost Converter.

Ls
vs

is

idc
Cs

Cd

vdc

Load

High
Frequency
Transformer

Flyback Based Single-Phase Unidirectional Buck-Boost Converter

119/155

Single Phase Buck-Boost

IPQC
L1
vs

is

C1

L2

C2

vdc
Load

Cd

idc

High
Frequency
Transformer

Isolated Cuk Derived Single-Phase Unidirectional Buck-Boost

Converter.
idc

Ld

vs

is

Ls
Cs

vdc
Cd

Load

Single Phase Bidirectionnel Buck-Boost Converter

120/155

Single Phase Multi-level IPQC

vs

idc

C1

is

Cd

vdc

Load

C2

Half Bridge Unidirectionnel Multilevel Converter.

vs

is

Ls

S1

idc +
Cd1
vdc
Load

S2

Cd2

Two Bidirectionnel Switch Unidirectionnel Multilevel Converte

121/155

Single Phase Multi-level IPQC

Ls
vs

is

D1

T1

idc

Cd1
vdc

T2

Load

Cd2

Two Switch Mid Point Unidirectionnel Multilevel Converter.

Ls
vs

is

T1

D1

idc

D2

C1

Cd
T2

vdc

Load

Adapted Unidirectionnel Multilevel Converter

122/155

Single Phase Multi-level IPQC

Ls
vs

is

idc

T1
Cd
T2

C1

vdc

Load

Modified Adapted Unidirectional Multilevel Converter

vs

is

Ls

idc

Cd1
vdc

Load

Cd2

Single Phase Bidirectionnel Three Level Converter

using Two Bidirectional Switches.

123/155

Single Phase Multi-level IPQC

Single-Phase Bidirectional Diode Clamped Three Level Converter.

124/155

Single Phase Multi-level IPQC

idc

vs

is

Ls

Cd

vdc

Load

Single-Phase Bidirectional Flying Capacitor Clamped Three Level

Converter.
125/155

Single Phase Multi-level IPQC

idc
is

Cd1

vs

vdc

Load

Cd2

Single-Phase Bidirectional Cascaded Five Level Converter.

126/155

Three Phase
Improved Power Quality Converters

127/155

Classification of Three Phase

IPQC

128/155

Three Phase Boost IPQC

va
vb
vc

ia La1

La2

ib Lb1

Lb2

ic Lc1

Lc2

idc
a
b

Cd

Load

vdc

Ca Cb Cc

Three-Phase Single Switch Unidirectional Boost Converter.

va
vb
vc

ia

Cd1

Load

ib
ic

idc

Cd2

vdc

Three-Phase Two Switch Unidirectional Boost Converter using

Zigzag Injection Transformer (Minnesota Rectifier) 129/155

Three Phase Boost IPQC

idc

va
vb
vc

ia L a

Cd1

i b Lb
ic Lc

Load

vdc
Cd2

Three-Phase Three Switch Unidirectional Boost Converter (Vienna

Rectifier)

130/155

Three Phase Boost IPQC

va
ia

vb

ib

vc

idc
Cd

vdc Load

ic
Three-Phase Unidirectional Boost Converter using Isolated Scott
Connection Transformers.

131/155

Three Phase Boost IPQC

va
vb
vc

ia

La

ib Lb
ic

Lc

idc

Cd1

Cd2

vdc

Load

Four Switch Three-Phase Bidirectional Boost Converter.

va
vb
vc

idc

ia La
ib Lb

Cd

Load

vdc

ic Lc

VSI Bridge Based Three-Phase Bidirectional Boost Converter.

132/155

Three Phase Boost IPQC

va
vb
vc
n

ia

La

ib

Lb

ic

Cd1

idc
Load

Cd2

Lc

vdc

Four Wire Three-Phase Bidirectional Boost Converter.

va
vb
vc
n

ia

La

ib

Lb

ic

Lc

idc
a

n Cd

Load

vdc

Ln

Four-Legged Three-Phase Bidirectional Boost Converter.

133/155

Three Phase Buck IPQC

va
vb
vc

ia La
ib Lb

T1

a
b

idc

Ld
Cd

Load

vdc

ic Lc
Ca Cb Cc

Single Switch Three-Phase Unidirectional Buck Converter.

134/155

Three Phase Buck IPQC

va
vb
vc

Lp

ia La

ib Lb

Ca
Cb

ic Lc

TP
Cc M

Cd
TN

DP

idc

Ld

DN

Load

vdc

LN

Two Switch Three-Phase Unidirectional Buck Converter.

135/155

Three Phase Buck IPQC

va
vb
vc

ia La
ib Lb
ic Lc

idc

Ld
Cd

vdc

Load

Ca Cb Cc

Three Switch Three-Phase Unidirectional Buck Converter.

136/155

Three Phase Buck IPQC

va
vb
vc

ia La
ib Lb
ic Lc

idc

Ld
Cd

vdc

Load

Ca Cb Cc
Three-Phase CSI Based Three-Phase Unidirectional Buck Converter.

137/155

Three Phase Buck IPQC

va
vb
vc

ia La
ib Lb

idc

Ld
a

Cd

Load

vdc

ic Lc
Ca Cb Cc

GTO Based Three-Phase Bidirectional Buck Converter.

138/155

Three Phase Buck IPQC

va
vb
vc

ia La
ib Lb
ic Lc

idc

Ld

Cd

vdc

Load

Ca Cb Cc

IGBT Based Three-Phase Bidirectional Buck Converter.

139/155

Three Phase Buck IPQC

va
vb
vc

ia La
ib Lb
ic Lc

idc

Ld
a

n Cd

vdc

Load

Ca Cb Cc

Four Pole Three-Phase Bidirectional Buck Converter.

140/155

Three Phase Buck-Boost

IPQC
va
vb
vc

idc

ia La
ib Lb

Cd

vdc

Load

ic Lc

Three-Phase Four Switch Unidirectional Buck-Boost Converter.

141/155

Three Phase Buck-Boost

IPQC
va
vb
vc

ia La1

La2

ib Lb1

Lb2

ic Lc1

Lc2

Cs
b

Ts

Ds
Ls Cd

idc
vdc

Load

Ca Cb Cc

Three-Phase SEPIC Derived Unidirectional Buck-Boost Converter.

142/155

Three Phase Buck-Boost

IPQC
idc
va
vb
vc

ia La
ib Lb

Cd

Load

vdc

ic Lc
Ca Cb C c

Three-Phase Flyback Derived Unidirectional Buck-Boost Converter

143/155

Three Phase Buck-Boost

IPQC
va
vb
vc

ia

La

ib

Lb

ic

Lc

Ca Cb Cc

C1

C2

Ts

Ld

idc

vdc

Load

High
Frequency Transformer

Three-Phase Isolated Cuk Derived Unidirectional Buck-Boost Converter

144/155

Three Phase Buck-Boost

IPQC
idc

Ld
va
vb
vc

ia La

Ca

ib Lb C
b

Cc
Cd

vdc

Load

ic Lc

Matrix Converter Based Three-Phase Bidirectional Buck-Boost Converter.

145/155

Three Phase Multilevel IPQC

idc
va
vb
vc

ia La

C1

ib Lb
vdc

ic Lc

Load

C2

Three Switch Three-Phase Unidirectional Three Level Converter.

146/155

Three Phase Multilevel IPQC

idc
va
vb
vc

Cd1
ia La

Load

ib Lb
ic Lc

Cd2

vdc

Six Switch Three-Phase Three Level Unidirectional Converter.

147/155

Three Phase Multilevel IPQC

idc
Cd1
Cd2

va
vb
vc

ia La
ib Lb

Cd3

Load

vdc

ic Lc
Cd4

Three-Phase Unidirectional Five Level Converter.

148/155

Three Phase Multilevel IPQC

idc
va
vb
vc

Cd1
ia La
ib Lb
ic Lc

Load

vdc
Cd2

Three-Phase Three Level Diode Clamped Bidirectional Converter.

149/155

Three Phase Multilevel IPQC

idc
Cd1

va
vb
vc

ia

La

ib

Lb

ic

Lc

Cd2
a

Load

0
Cd3

vdc

Cd4

Three-Phase Five Level Diode Clamped Bidirectional Converter.

150/155

Three Phase Multilevel IPQC

idc
Cd1

va
vb
vc

Cd2

ia La
ib Lb
ic Lc

Load

a
Cd3

vdc

Cd4

Three-Phase Five Level Flying Capacitor Bidirectional Converter.

151/155

Selection Criterion of IPQC

Number of phases in AC mains (Single-Phase, ThreePhase)
Required level of power quality in input (permitted PF,
CF, THD)
Type of output DC voltage (constant, variable, etc.)
Power-flow (unidirectional and bi-directional)
Number of quadrants (one, two or four)
Nature of DC output (isolated, non-isolated)
Requirement of DC output (buck, boost and buck-boost)
Required level of power quality in DC output (voltage
ripple, voltage regulation, sag and swell)
Type of DC loads (linear, nonlinear, etc.)
152/155

Selection Criterion of IPQC

Cost
Size
Weight
Efficiency
Noise level (EMI, RFI, etc.)
Rating (W, kW, MW, etc.)
Reliability
Number of DC outputs
Environment (ambient temperature, altitude,
pollution level, humidity, types of cooling, etc.)
153/155

References

H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, A. Nabae, "Instantaneous Reactive Power

Compensators Comprising Switching Devices Without Energy Storage
Components", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol.IA-20, No.3,
May/June 1984, pp.625-630.
Bhim Singh, Kamal-Al-Haddad and Ambrish Chandra, A review of active
filters
for power quality Improvement, IEEE Trans. on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 46, no. 5, Oct. 1999. pp 960-970.
Ambrish Chandra, Bhim Singh, B.N. Singh and Kamal-Al-Haddad and An
improved control algorithm of shunt active filter for voltage regulation,
harmonic elimination, power-factor correction, and balancing of nonlinear
loads IEEE Trans on Power Electronics Vol. 15, no 3, pp 495 507, May
2000.

B. Singh, V. Verma, A. Chandra and K. Al-Haddad. Hybrid filters for power

quality improvement IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 152, No. 3, pp.
365-378,May 2005

El-Habrouk, M., Darwish, M.K., and Mehta, P.: Active power filters: A
review, IEE Proc., Electr. Power Appl. vol. 147, pp. 493413, 2000.
154/155

References

Arindam Ghosh, and Gerard Ledwich Power Quality Enhancement

using custom power devices, Kluwers Power Electronics and Power
System series, U.S.A, 2002.

A. Ghosh, and G. Ledwich, Compensation of distribution system

voltage using DVR, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 17, pp. 1030
1036, Oct. 2002.

A. Ghosh, K. Jindal, A. Joshi, Design of a capacitor-supported dynamic

voltage restorer (DVR) for unbalanced and distorted loads,IEEE Trans.
Power Electron., vol.19, pp. 405-413, Jan. 2004.

I. Etxeberria-Otadui, U. Viscarret, S. Bacha, M. Caballero, and R.

Reyero, Evaluation of different strategies for series voltage sag
compensation, in Proc. IEEE PESC02, vol. 4, 2002, pp. 1797 1802.

Chi-Jen Huang, Shyh-Jier Huang, and Fu-Sheng Pai, Design of

dynamic voltage restorer with disturbance-filtering enhancement, IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 18, pp. 1202 1210, Sept. 2003.
155/155

References

IEEE Guide for harmonic control and reactive compensation of Static Power
Converters, IEEE Std. 519-1992.

G. T. Heydt, Electric Power Quality, Stars in a Circle Publications, second

edition, 1994, Avarua, Rarotonga, Cook Islands.

R. C. Duagan, M. F. Mcgranaghan and H. W. Beaty, Electric Power System

Quality, McGraw-Hill, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020

M. H. J. Bollen, Understanding Power Quality Problems, Standard

Publishers Distributors, First Indian Edition, 2001, Delhi.

C. Sankaran, Power Quality CRC Press, New York, 2002,

R. C. Duagan, M. F. Mcgranaghan and H. W. Beaty, Electric Power System

Quality, McGraw-Hill, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, ISBN07803-3464-7, 1996.
156/155

References

G. J. Porter and J. A. V. Sciver, Power Quality Solutions: Case Study for

Troubleshooters, Fairmont Press, Inc., 1999.

J. Arrillaga, N. R. Watson and S. Chen, Power System Quality

Assessment, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2000.

M. H. J. Bollen, Understanding Power Quality Problems, Standard

Publishers Distributors, First Indian Edition, 2001, Delhi.

J. Schlabbach, D. Blume and T. Stephanblome, Voltage Quality in

Electrical Power Systems, 2001, U. K. ISBN 0-85296-975-9.

IEEE Guide for Application and Specification of Harmonic Filters, IEEE

Standard 1573, 2003.

157/155

References

D. Borojevic, Analog vs. digital design Three-phase power factor

correction-Part 2, in Proc. HFPC94, 1994, pp. 322-348.

D. Boroyevich and S. Hiti, Three-phase PWM converter: Modeling and

Control Design. Seminar 9, IEEE-APEC96, 1996.

P. Enjeti and I. Pitel, Design of Three-Phase Rectifier Systems with

Clean Power Characteristics, Tutorial, PESC99, 1999.

J. W. Kolar and J. Sun, Three-Phase Power Factor Correction

Technology, Seminar 1& 4, PESC01, 2001.

H. Mao, F. C. Y. Lee, D. Boroyevich, Review of high-performance

three-phase power-factor correction circuits, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 44, pp. 437-446, August 1997.
158/155

References
J. W. Kolar and H. Ertl, Status of the techniques of threephase rectifier systems with low effects on the mains, in
Proc. IEEE INTELEC99, 1999.
B. Singh, B.N. Singh, A. Chandra, K. Al-Haddad, A. Pandey,
and D.P. Kothari, A review of single-phase improved power
quality AC-DC converters, IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 962 - 981, October 2003.
B. Singh, B.N. Singh, A. Chandra, K. Al-Haddad, A. Pandey,
and D.P. Kothari, A Review of Three-Phase Improved Power
Quality ACDC Converters, IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 641 - 660, June 2004.
159/155

160/155