This document provides an overview of magnetic compasses and gyrocompasses. It discusses the different directional reference systems used at sea including true, magnetic, and relative bearings. The magnetic compass is described as using magnets to point towards magnetic north, while being subject to errors from variation and deviation. Gyrocompasses use high-speed spinning gyroscopes to point towards true north and are unaffected by metals or magnetic fields but require power. Key terms are defined for compass course, compass error, gyro error, and applying error corrections. Celestial navigation and visual methods can determine gyro error which is applied using memory aids.
This document provides an overview of magnetic compasses and gyrocompasses. It discusses the different directional reference systems used at sea including true, magnetic, and relative bearings. The magnetic compass is described as using magnets to point towards magnetic north, while being subject to errors from variation and deviation. Gyrocompasses use high-speed spinning gyroscopes to point towards true north and are unaffected by metals or magnetic fields but require power. Key terms are defined for compass course, compass error, gyro error, and applying error corrections. Celestial navigation and visual methods can determine gyro error which is applied using memory aids.
This document provides an overview of magnetic compasses and gyrocompasses. It discusses the different directional reference systems used at sea including true, magnetic, and relative bearings. The magnetic compass is described as using magnets to point towards magnetic north, while being subject to errors from variation and deviation. Gyrocompasses use high-speed spinning gyroscopes to point towards true north and are unaffected by metals or magnetic fields but require power. Key terms are defined for compass course, compass error, gyro error, and applying error corrections. Celestial navigation and visual methods can determine gyro error which is applied using memory aids.
This document provides an overview of magnetic compasses and gyrocompasses. It discusses the different directional reference systems used at sea including true, magnetic, and relative bearings. The magnetic compass is described as using magnets to point towards magnetic north, while being subject to errors from variation and deviation. Gyrocompasses use high-speed spinning gyroscopes to point towards true north and are unaffected by metals or magnetic fields but require power. Key terms are defined for compass course, compass error, gyro error, and applying error corrections. Celestial navigation and visual methods can determine gyro error which is applied using memory aids.
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Lesson 6: Magnetic and
Gyrocompasses
Lesson 9: Magnetic and
Gyrocompasses
AGENDA:
Directional reference systems
The Magnetic Compass Digital Flux Gate Magnetic Compass Magnetic Error (Variation and Deviation) Compass Conversion (T M) The Gyrocompass Gyrocompass Error
Applicable reading: Hobbs pg. 148-165.
Directional Reference Systems
Directional References Relative Bearings (R) = bearings measured with reference to the ships longitudinal axis Magnetic Bearings (M) = bearings measured with respect to magnetic north. True Bearings (T) = bearings measured with respect to true of geographic north.
Ships Head (or heading)
a special bearing denoting the direction in which the ship is pointing.
000 T 270 T
090 T 180 T
270 R
000 R
180 R
090 R
Magnetic Compasses
Operation Magnets within the compass tend to align themselves
with the earths magnetic lines of force.
Construction The compass consists of a circular card, graduated with
360 degreed around the face. A pair of magnets is attached to the underside of the card, beneath the north-south axis. The card floats in the fluid to reduce friction and dampen the vibrations caused by ships movement.
Advantages of Magnetic Compasses
Little maintenance required
No power source required Durability
Disadvantages of Magnetic Compasses
Does not seek True North
Affected by surrounding materials Cannot be used near the poles
Magnetic Compass Error:
VARIATION
Variation: the angle between a magnetic
line of force and a geographic (true) meridian at any location on the earth. Causes: Variation exists because the earths magnetic and geographic poles are not co-located. Magnetic anomalies in the earths crust also contribute to variation.
True North Pole
Magnetic North Pole
Notice that the two poles arent together. The magnetic compass points to the magnetic pole, and this gives us VARIATION.
COMPASS ROSE Used to Determine Magnetic and True Courses. Outer ring is in True. Inner Ring is in Magnetic.
Variation for any given locality is shown on the
compass rose of the chart for that area, together with the amount of annual increase or decrease.
Variation changes from year to year as the earths magnetic poles tend to wander.
ALWAYS use the
compass rose nearest your current DR position.
2.2-8
Magnetic Compass Error:
DEVIATION
Deviation: the angle between
the actual magnetic meridian and the north line on the compass card. Causes: Deviation is caused by the interaction of the ships metallic structure and electrical systems with the earths magnetic field.
Magnetic Compass Error: Deviation
Deviation can be compensated for but
never eliminated. A compass table is used, which provides the value of deviation for every 15 degrees of ships head. Entering argument for the table is oM and degaussing on or off (DG ON/DG OFF)
Magnetic Compass Error: Deviation
Digital Flux Gate
Digital Compass System MV-103AC Junction Box/ Control Unit
Remote Display 2.3-26
Digital Flux Gate Compass:
Antennae is located at the top of the mast to remove metallic effects of the hull. Allows Deviation to be Zeroed by auto-compensation Guides to Magnetic North Variation may be manually or automatically entered.
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ADD EAST (SUBRACT WEST)
C D M V T ADD WEST (SUBRACT EAST)
Timely Vessels make Distance Countat War
Timely Vessels Make Distance Countat War
ADD WEST (SUBRACT EAST)
T V M D C T R U E
V A R I A T I O N
M A G N E T I C
D E V I A T I O N
C O M P A S S
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ADD EAST (SUBRACT WEST)
C D M V T C O M P A S S
D E V I A T I O N
M A G N E T I C
V A R I A T I O N
T R U E
Magnetic/Gyro Compass Practical Problems G
E T V M 172 12E 160 #1 170.5 1.5E 1W 068 12E 056 #2 069 1W 338 12E 326 #3 339 #4 347.5 1.5E 349 12E 337 1.5E 031.5 12E 019.5 #5 030 Compass Error for #1= 12E Compass Error for #2= 11.5E Compass Error for #3= 13E Compass Error for #4= 11E Compass Error for #5= 13.5E
160 0 0.5W 056.5 1E 325 1W 338 1.5E
018
THE GYRO COMPASS
USS O'Flaherty DE 340 IC Room
Gyrocompasses
A true north-seeking gyroscope
The gyro spins at a very high velocity, and its spin axis remains aligned with terrestrial meridians. The gyro has three axes: spin axis torque axis precession axis
Gyroscope Theory
The Gyrocompass Repeater
Gyrocompass Pros and Cons Advantages:
Disadvantages
Seeks geographic (true) north
instead of magnetic.
Intricate electronic instrument.
Can be used near the earths
magnetic poles, where magnetic compass is useless.
Unaffected by surrounding metals.
Requires a constant source
of electrical power and is sensitive to power fluctuations.
Requires periodic maintenance by qualified technicians.
Signal can be fed to other
systems (weapons, nav).
Terms Compass course: The heading indicated by the magnetic compass toward where the ship is traveling.
Compass Error (CE):
The Sum of Variation and Deviation
Compass Heading: The Course That the Ship Is Steering, Using the Ships Magnetic Compass
- This Heading Includes the Compass Error
Terms Associated With the
Gyro Compass
True North: Direction referenced to True North, measured clockwise from 000 to 359
Gyro Error (East or West):
The Difference between True North and the Gyro Compass Reading
Gyro Repeater Error:
The Difference between the Gyro Compass and Gyro Repeater
Gyrocompass Error
Although the gyrocompass is a very
accurate instrument, it normally has a small error associated with its readings. (normally less than 1o) Like the magnetic compass, this error is expressed as east or west.
Determining Gyro Error
Methods of determining gyro error:
Celestial Methods (to be discussed later) Observing a visual range Observing bearing to an object while at a known location Heading while pierside Trial and error adjustment of three or more simultaneous LOPs Compare to gyrocompass of known error
Gyrocompass Error
To remember how to use the gyro error,
two memory aids are commonly used: If Gyro is best (higher), error is west; If Gyro is least (lower), error is east.
REVIEW Relative Bearings (R) = bearings measured with reference to the ships longitudinal axis Magnetic Bearings (M) = bearings measured with respect to magnetic north. True Bearings (T) = bearings measured with respect to true of geographic north. Be able to apply Gyro Error Be able to compensate for variation and deviation using C D M V T
