WELCOME TO

TOTALINE UNIVERSITY

ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS

INSTRUCTOR
DEAN RICHARDSON
AGENDA

Electrical Theory
Ohm’s Law
Resistors
Capacitors
Meter Types
Meter Usage
Harmonic Distortion
Schematic Symbols
Electrical Components
Microprocessors
ESD
ATOMIC STRUCTURE

SHELLS

NUCLEUS
(PROTONS+NEUTRONS)

ELECTRONS
 VALENCE ELECTRONS

THE FEWER THE ELECTRONS: THE MORE THE ELECTRONS:

THE BETTER A CONDUCTOR THE BETTER THE INSULATOR
 VALENCE
ELEMENT ELECTRONS GROUP
SILVER 1
COPPER 1
GOLD 1 CONDUCTORS
ALUMINUM 3
IRON 2

CARBON 4 SEMI-
SILICON 4 CONDUCTORS
GERMANIUM 4

HELIUM 8 INERT
NEON 8 GASES
 ELECTRONS MOVE IN THIS DIRECTION

- 1 2

18
3 4 5 6
+
_ +
6.28 X 10 ELECTRONS/SEC = 1 AMP
 Electrical Terms
Term Abb Description Unit--Abb

Voltage E Force Volts V

Current I Rate Amps A

Resistance R Opposition Ohms

Power P Work Watts W

Electrical Water

Wires Hose

Voltage Pressure

Current Water

Resistance Kink
 E

I R

I=E/R E=IR R=E/I

OHM’S LAW
E = VOLTAGE IS MEASURED IN VOLTS

E = IR I = CURRENT IS MEASURED IN AMPS

R = RESISTANCE IS MEASURED IN OHMS

E=IR
 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
3 -3
10 = 1,000 = K 10 = .001 = m

6 -6
10 = 1,000,000 = M 10 = .000001 = u

3
3300 = 3.3 X 1000 = 3.3 X 10 = 3.3K 120u = .000120

47K = 47 X 1,000 = 47,000 .004 = 4m

5,600,000 = .083 =
 Electrical Safety
1,100 People Are Killed Each Year In The United States Due To Electrocutions

The Current Of A 100 Watt Light Bulb Has 8 To 10 Times More Current
Than Is Necessary To Kill A Person

P = IE THEREFOR I = P\E I = 100\120 = .833 AMPS

.833\10 = .083 AMPS OR 83 MILLIAMPS

Voltage Across Body

Current Through The Body Is Equal To:
Body Resistance

Body Resistance Is Determined By

Area Of Contact
Pressure Of Contact
Skin Resistance
 BODY RESISTANCE
Dry Skin: 100,000 to 600,000 Ohms

Wet Skin: 1,000 Ohms

Internal Body: 400 To 600 Ohms

Ear to Ear: 100 Ohms

E = I\R I = E\R 120 volts\1,000 ohms = .120A or 120ma

83ma
RIP
1/2 ma NO SENSATION

2 - 10 ma MUSCULAR CONTRACTION

5 - 25 ma PAINFUL SHOCK
CAN’T LET GO CURRENT = 16 ma

25 - 50 ma VIOLENT MUSCULAR CONTRACTION

50 - 200 ma HEART CONVULSION

VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
DEATH

OVER 100 ma PARALYSIS OF BREATHING

SEVERE BURNS TO BODY
 SERIES CIRCUIT

120 V R1 60

E = IR

I = E/R I=
R = E/I
 R1 = 30

120 V
R2 = 30

R = R1 + R2 I = E/R
T
= 30 + 30

= 60
 PARALLEL CIRCUITS

120 V
R1 R2

EACH RESISTOR IS 60 OHMS

R = R1 X R2 60 X 60 3600
T = = 30 OHMS
R1 + R2 60 + 60 120
 PARALLEL CIRCUITS

R1 R2
120 V
IOO ohms 50 ohms

RT = R1 X R2 = 100 X 50 = 5000 = 33.3 ohms

R1 + R2 100 + 50 150
 PARALLEL CIRCUITS

R1 R2
120 V
1K ohms 10K ohms

R = R1 X R2 = 1K X10K = 10,000,000 = 909 ohms

T R1 + R2 1K + 10K 11,000
RESISTORS

* No 5 th
Band = +/- 20%
GREEN BLUE YELLOW

BROWN GREY VIOLET

BLACK YELLOW RED

SILVER SILVER
RESISTORS
 Multimeters

V Voltmeter

A Ammeter

Ohmmeter
Electrical Measuring Instruments
 TWO TYPE OF METERS
ANALOG DIGITAL
 CLAMP ON
DIGITAL STYLE
AMMETER

ANALOG
DC Amps
AC Amps
T
 Circular Mils

10 Ga A= r2

= 7,850
100 Mils 10 GA wire has 4
times the cross
section area of
16 GA wire
16 Ga A= r2

50 Mils = 1,962
 How Many Ohms In A Piece Of Wire ?

R= Kx L
CM
WHERE K = OHMS PER MIL-FOOT
L = LENGTH and CM = CIRCULAR MIL AREA

K for Copper is 10.4 CM for 20 Gauge wire is 520

300 Feet of wire used for a contactor coil

10.4 x 300 3120

R= = = 6.0 ohms
520 520
 Max 50 feet of 20ga copper wire
1 ohm
24 volts

8 volts

12 ohms
300 feet
6 ohms
Total Resistance = 18 ohms 16 volts
Capacitors
 Run Capacitor

• Two aluminum foils separated by an

insulation - dielectric oil
Run - Oil • Continuous duty - series start winding
• Improves motor running efficiency
• Pre 1978 polychlorinated biphenyl oil
(Carcinogen & also causes birth defects)
• Post 1978 phlate ester - non PCB
• Phlate ester (non PCB) combustible
• Phlate ester not as good a dielectric
as a PCB capacitor - physically larger
• Internal pressure interrupter
• Low µF rating - physically large
• Metal casing - conductive to ground
• Metal casing & oil help to dissipate heat
 Start Capacitor

Start - Paper • Two strips of aluminum foil separated

by paper containing pure water
• Pure water is an insulator
• High purity aluminum foil
• Foil etched & roughened to increase
the surface area & increase µF rating
• Short time in circuit - centrifugal switch
or potential type start relay (3 seconds)
• Series with start winding
• High µF rating - physically small
• High starting torque for motor
• Bakelite casing (non-conductive)
 Capacitors
2 Plates of Metal
Separated by
Insulator (Dielectric)

Symbol

Rating Microfarads and Voltage

Capacitors

cathode

Create time delays

Limits current
 Size of Drum
Water Flow Rate

55 Gallon Drum
 RC CIRCUITS

R C

T = RC 1 MEG x 1 uF =
 Generating AC
N

210 240 270 300 330 360

0 30 60 90 120 150 180

S
 AC

Time for Period = Time in seconds

1 cycle
1/15 Second
Frequency = 60 Hz
 AC
---------------------------
Peak
Average RMS
0 volts Peak
to
RMS = Peak x .707 Peak
Average = Peak x .636
 TRMS
Average 21.21
19.08
20amp
Circuit
Breaker

Comp

TRMS
Average

19.08 21.21
 Harmonics
& Distortion
Any voltage distortion or deviation from the fundamental
frequency.

60 Hz = Fundamental
120 Hz = 2/nd Harmonic
180 Hz = 3/rd Harmonic
 Harmonics
& Distortion
Next Characteristic is MAGNITUDE
Each Harmonic is represented by a percentage
of the RMS of the fundamental frequency
2nd Harmonic - 50%
3rd Harmonic - 25%
Harmonics
Sources of Distortion
* Battery Chargers
* Large Computers
* Variable Speed Drives
* Arc Welders
* Fluorescent Lights
Total Harmonic
Distortion
 Total Harmonic
Distortion
240v

180v
200v
120v

60v

0v
ELECTRICAL
COMPONENTS
Heating Thermostat Defrost Thermostat

Return Water
Temperature
Controller

Cooling Thermostat

Over Temperature Discharge

Limit Switch Gas Thermostat
 Freeze Protection
Thermostat

SPDT
Low Water Temperature
Cutout Control

Klixon®
Over Temperature
Cut Out Control
 Air Pressure Switch

Fan Cycling Pressure Switch

High Pressure Switch

Low Pressure Switch

Differential Air Pressure Switch

 SPDT
Differential Oil Pressure
Switch
 Differential Oil Pressure
Switch

SPDT Low Pressure Switch

SPDT High Pressure Switch

Momentary Normally Open
Push Button

Momentary Normally Closed

Push Button

Foot Pedal Normally Open

Foot Pedal Normally Closed

SPST Switch
 Fan Switch

SPDT Switch

1 Disconnect

DPST Switch

Single Function

DPDT Switch
Four Pole Double Throw
Switch

Triple Pole Single Throw

 Humidstat

De-Humidstat

Flow Switch

Sail Switch
Enthalpy Control

Float Switch

Float Switch
End Drive Limit
Switch

Rotary Switch
 230 VAC

24 VAC

Fused & Non Fused

Secondary

COMM NF F

24 VAC

Multi Tap Primary

575 480 380 230 200 C

Dual Secondary
Transformer

Dual Secondary
With
Center Tapped
Transformer
 Normally Closed
&
Normally Open
Contacts

Time Delay
Relay
TDR (Solid State)
TDR

Time Delay Relay

(Solid State)

Time Delay Relay

(Mechanical)
 Time Delay Relay
(Thermal)
Sequencer
Controller

Time Delay Relay

(Thermal)
 Magnetism
(Coil Wire)

Magnetism
(Magnetic Overload)

Single Pole
Magnetic Circuit
Breaker
 Thermal

Single Pole
Thermal
Circuit Breaker

One Time Fuse

One Time Fuse
(Fusible Link)

Replaceable
Cartridge
Fuse
Current Transformers
(Induction Loops)
Current Transformers
(Induction Loops)
32 3.553 16,348
SCHEMATICS
50, 62

50, 62
50

62
 ESD
Electro Static Discharge
 STATIC ELECTRICITY
Defined as an electrical charge caused by an imbalance
of electrons on the surface of a material

ELECTRO STATIC DISCHARGE

Defined as the transfer of charge between bodies at
different electrical potentials
If you can feel it, there is 4,000 V on your body
For an ESD to jump 1/4 inch, 25,000 Volts are Required
 TYPICAL VOLTAGE LEVELS

Means of Generation 10 - 25% RH 65 - 90%RH

Walking across carpet 35,000 V 1,500 V
Walking across vinyl tile 12,000 V 250 V
Worker at bench 6,000 V 100 V
Polybag picked up at bench 20,000 V 1,200 V
Chair with urethane arm 18,000 V 1,500 V
 Susceptibility of Electronic
Components to ESD
Device Type ESD Susceptibility Volts
CMOS 30 - 1,200
JFET 150 - 7,000
OP AMP 190 - 2,500
SCHOTTKY DIODES 300 - 2,500
FILM RESISTORS 300 - 3,000
EPROMS 100 - 300
SCHOTTKY TTL 1,000 - 2,500
TWO TYPES OF DAMAGE CAN OCCUR

CATASTROPHIC
Permanently Damaged
RIP

LATENT
Device Degradation
 ESD PREVENTION
Use wrist straps when ever working on or near SSD’s

Keep SSD’s in their protective packages

Remove non-conductive materials from work area

If in doubt, consider it static sensitive

Minimize handling of SSD’s

ESD