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    Lab 9

    Uploaded by

    Vineet Joshi
    The document describes the journey of a packet through the Linux network stack. It discusses how packets are received by the network card and passed to the network layer. It then explains how packets are routed, forwarded if needed, and placed in priority queues for transmission. The lab assignment tasks involve modifying the kernel's TCP scheduling to give it higher priority over UDP for bandwidth on a congested link.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lab 9

    Uploaded by

    Vineet Joshi
    86 views29 pages
    The document describes the journey of a packet through the Linux network stack. It discusses how packets are received by the network card and passed to the network layer. It then explains how packets are routed, forwarded if needed, and placed in priority queues for transmission. The lab assignment tasks involve modifying the kernel's TCP scheduling to give it higher priority over UDP for bandwidth on a congested link.

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    lab9

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    Lab9

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    The document describes the journey of a packet through the Linux network stack. It discusses how packets are received by the network card and passed to the network layer. It then explains how packets are routed, forwarded if needed, and placed in priority queues for transmission. The lab assignment tasks involve modifying the kernel's TCP scheduling to give it higher priority over UDP for bandwidth on a congested link.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    86 views29 pages

    Lab 9

    Uploaded by

    Vineet Joshi
    The document describes the journey of a packet through the Linux network stack. It discusses how packets are received by the network card and passed to the network layer. It then explains how packets are routed, forwarded if needed, and placed in priority queues for transmission. The lab assignment tasks involve modifying the kernel's TCP scheduling to give it higher priority over UDP for bandwidth on a congested link.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 29

    The Journey of a Packet Through

    the Linux Network Stack


    plus hints on Lab 9

    Assumptions

    IP version 4
    Codes are from Kernel 2.6.9.EL
    Ideas are similar

    Linux High-Level Network Stack

    Interface to users

    TCP/UDP/IP etc

    Queue for device

    Image from http://affix.sourceforge.net/affix-doc/c190.html

    Receiving a Packet (Device)

    Network card
    receives

    issues an
    interrupt

    a frame

    Driver
    handles

    the interrupt

    Frame RAM
    Allocates sk_buff
    (called skb)
    Frame skb

    Aside: sk_buff (skbuff.h)

    Generic buffer for all packets


    Pointers to skb are passed up/down
    Can be linked together

    Transport Header (TCP/UDP/ICMP)


    Network Header (IPv4/v6/ARP)
    MAC Header
    Raw

    sk_buff (cont.)
    struct sk_buff

    *next

    struct sk_buff

    *prev

    struct sk_buff_head
    struct sock

    *list
    *sk

    union {tcphdr; udphdr; } h;

    Transport Header

    union {iph; ipv6h;arph;} nh;

    Network Header

    union {raw}

    mac;
    .

    MAC Header
    DATA

    sk_buff (cont.)

    Understanding Linux Network Internals, Christian Benvenuti

    Receiving a Packet (Device)

    Driver (cont.)
    calls device independent
    core/dev.c:netif_rx(skb)
    puts skb into CPU queue
    issues a soft interrupt

    CPU
    calls core/dev.c:net_rx_action()
    removes skb from CPU queue
    passes to network layer e.g. ip/arp
    In this case: IPv4 ipv4/ip_input.c:ip_rcv()

    Receiving a Packet (IP)

    ip_input.c:ip_rcv()
    checks
    Length >= IP Header (20 bytes)
    Version == 4
    Checksum
    Check length again

    calls
    ip_rcv_finish()

    calls
    route.c:ip_route_input()

    Receiving a Packet (routing)

    ipv4/route.c:ip_route_input()

    Destination == me?
    ip_input.c:ip_local_deliver()
    YES
    NO
    Calls ip_route_input_slow()

    ipv4/route.c:ip_route_input_slow()
    Can forward?
    Forwarding enabled?
    Know route?
    NO
    Sends ICMP

    Forwarding a Packet

    Forwarding is per-device basis

    Receiving device!

    Enable/Disable forwarding in Linux:


    /proc file system Kernel
    read/write normally (in most cases)

    /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/<device>/forwarding
    /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/default/forwarding
    /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forwarding

    Forwarding a Packet (cont.)

    ipv4/ip_forward.c:ip_forward()
    IP TTL > 1
    YES
    NO

    Decreases TTL
    Sends ICMP

    .... a few more calls


    core/dev.c:dev_queue_xmit()
    Default queue: priority FIFO
    sched/sch_generic.c:pfifo_fast_enqueue()
    Others: FIFO, Stochastic Fair Queuing, etc.

    Priority Based Output Scheduling

    pfifo_fast_enqueue()
    Again, per-device basis
    Queue Discipline (Qdisc: pkt_sched.c)
    Not exactly a priority queue
    Uses three queues (bands)
    0 interactive
    1 best effort
    2 bulk
    Priority is based on IP Type of Service (TOS)

    Normal IP packet 1 best effort

    Queue Discipline: Qdisc

    http://linux-ip.net/articles/Traffic-Control-HOWTO/classless-qdisc.html

    Mapping IP ToS to Queue

    IP ToS: PPPDTRCX
    PPP

    Precedence

    Linux = ignore
    Cisco = Policy-Based Routing (PBR)

    Minimizes Delay
    T Maximizes Throughput
    R Maximizes Reliability
    C Minimizes Cost
    X Reserved

    Mapping IP ToS to Queue (cont.)


    IP ToS

    Linux Priority

    Band

    0x0

    0x2

    0x4

    0x6

    0x8

    0xA

    0xC

    0xE

    0x10

    0x12

    0x14

    0x16

    0x18

    0x1A

    0x1C

    0x1E

    * Linux priority != band

    pfifo_fast_enqueue()
    maps IP ToS to one of
    three queues
    IP ToS: PPPDTRCX
    Mapping array: prior2band

    Queue Selection
    sch_generic.c

    Mapping array

    Band 0 (first in Qdisc)

    Change band

    Queue Selection (cont.)

    Kernel 2.6.9.EL
    Qdisc

    sk_buff_head band 0

    list = ((struct sk_buff_head*)qdiscdata

    sk_buff_head band 1

    +prior2band[skb->priority&TC_PRIOR_MAX]

    sk_buff_head band 2

    Sending Out a Packet

    pfifo_fast_dequeue()
    Removes

    the oldest packet from the


    highest priority band
    The packet that was just enqueued!
    Passes it to the device driver

    Lab 9 Part 1&2

    Setup
    Destination
    Bottleneck link: 10Mbps
    Linux Router
    (Your HDD)

    Virtual 1

    Virtual 2

    Lab 9 Part 2

    Default: no IP forwarding
    Enable IP forwarding /proc/
    Only one router
    Default route on destination

    Lab 9 Part 2
    Route???
    Destination

    ping reply

    Bottleneck link: 10Mbps

    ping echo

    Virtual 1

    Linux Router
    (Your Linux)

    Virtual 2

    Lab 9 Part 3

    Scenario
    Destination
    TCP

    10Mbps

    UDP

    Linux Router
    (Your Linux)

    Virtual 1

    Virtual 2

    Lab 9 Part 3 (cont.)

    Problem with TCP v.s. UDP?


    TCP is too nice
    Proposed solution:
    Modify kernel TCP higher priority

    Lab 9 Part 4

    Goal: compile the modified kernel


    Print out TCP/UDP when sending or
    forwarding a packet
    /proc/sys/kernel/printk
    Start up with the new kernel!
    Press

    any key on boot OS list


    Select 2.6.9

    Lab 9 Part 5

    Goal: change the kernel scheduling


    Idea: place TCP in the higher
    priority band
    pfifo_fast_enqueue()
    Default

    IP ToS
    Change it to TCP v.s. UDP (+others)
    Options: UDP++ or TCP- Do NOT change IP ToS!

    Lab 9 Part 5 (cont.)


    TCP
    UDP

    Lab 9 Part 5 (cont.)

    Lab 9 Part 5 (cont.)

    Remember: take printk() out!


    boot into 2.6.9
    enable forwarding
    What happen? Compare to Part 2?

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