Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
72 views

"C" Programming Language

C is a middle-level programming language that was developed in the early 1970s at Bell Labs. It stands between high-level languages and low-level machine languages. C was created to be efficient and portable while still providing high-level constructs. It is widely used for system programming tasks like operating systems, language compilers, and device drivers due to its efficiency and ability to generate code close to the underlying hardware. The document provides an overview of C's history, characteristics, applications, and basic execution process.

Uploaded by

Mohammad Sadik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
72 views

"C" Programming Language

C is a middle-level programming language that was developed in the early 1970s at Bell Labs. It stands between high-level languages and low-level machine languages. C was created to be efficient and portable while still providing high-level constructs. It is widely used for system programming tasks like operating systems, language compilers, and device drivers due to its efficiency and ability to generate code close to the underlying hardware. The document provides an overview of C's history, characteristics, applications, and basic execution process.

Uploaded by

Mohammad Sadik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

C Programming Language

What is language ?
Language is medium of communication.
If two persons want to communicate with each other , they
have to use a common language.
Like Hindi, English, Punjabi .

What is Programming Language ?


Much in the same way when a user wants to communicate with a computer
,the language that he/she uses for this purpose is known as programming
language .
Like BASIC, COBOL, C, C++, JAVA
At the same time we know that computer understands only one language
that is MACHINE LANGUAGE.
This language comprises of only 0 & 1. Its very difficult for us to learn
this language.
For Example two persons belonging to two different countries , want to
communicate then there may be a problem of common communication
medium.
To solve this problem there is a requirement of translator.

Types of Programming language


Basically there are two types of Programming languages.
Programming. Language

Low Level Languages

High Level Languages


C

Machine Language
Assembly language

C++
JAVA
:.NET

Programming languages
Various programming languages
Some understandable directly by computers
Others require translation steps
Machine language
Natural language of a particular computer
Consists of strings of numbers(1s, 0s)
Instruct computer to perform elementary operations
one at a time
Machine dependant

Programming languages
Assembly Language
English like abbreviations
Translators programs called Assemblers to convert
assembly language programs to machine language.
E.g. add overtime to base pay and store result in gross pay
LOAD

BASEPAY

ADD

OVERPAY

STORE

GROSSPAY

Programming languages
High-level languages
To speed up programming even further
Single statements for accomplishing substantial tasks
Translator programs called Compilers to convert highlevel programs into machine language
E.g. add overtime to base pay and store result in gross pay
grossPay = basePay + overtimePay

Types of Translator
SOURCE
CODE

SOURCE
CODE

SOURCE
CODE

Compiler

OBJECT
CODE

Interpreter

OBJECT
CODE

Assembler

OBJECT
CODE

Basics of C

Why use C?
Mainly because it produces code that runs nearly as fast as
code written in assembly language. Some examples of the use
of C might be:
Operating Systems
Language Compilers
Assemblers
Text Editors
Print Spoolers
Network Drivers
Modern Programs
Data Bases
Language Interpreters
Utilities

Why C Still Useful?


C provides:
Efficiency, high performance and high quality
flexibility and power
many high-level and low-level operations middle level
Stability and small size code
Provide functionality through rich set of function libraries
Gateway for other professional languages like C C++ Java
C is used:
System software Compilers, Editors, embedded systems
data compression, graphics and computational geometry, utility
programs
databases, operating systems, device drivers, system level
routines
there are zillions of lines of C legacy code
Also used in application programs

Software Development Method


Requirement Specification
Problem Definition
Analysis
Refine, Generalize, Decompose the problem definition
Design
Develop Algorithm
Implementation
Write Code
Verification and Testing

Test and Debug the code

Development with C
Four stages
Editing: Writing the source code by using some IDE or editor
Preprocessing or libraries: Already available routines
compiling: translates or converts source to object code for a
specific platform
source code -> object code
linking: resolves external references and produces the
executable module
Portable programs will run on any machine but..
Program correctness and robustness are most important than
program efficiency

History
In 1972 Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs writes C and in 1978 the
publication of The C Programming Language by Kernighan
& Ritchie caused a revolution in the computing world
In 1983, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
established a committee to provide a modern, comprehensive
definition of C. The resulting definition, the ANSI standard, or
"ANSI C", was completed late 1988.

The Beginning of C
BCPL B

Martin Richards
-

Ken Thompson

Dennis Ritchie

History of C
Evolved from two previous languages
BCPL , B
BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) used for
writing OS & compilers
B used for creating early versions of UNIX OS
Both were typeless languages
C language evolved from B (Dennis Ritchie Bell labs)
C was developed by Dennis Ritchie at AT & T bell laboratory
of USA in 1972.

History of C
Hardware independent
Programs portable to most computers
Dialects of C
Common C
ANSI C
ANSI/ ISO 9899: 1990
Called American National Standards Institute ANSI C
Case-sensitive

C A Middle Level Language


High-Level Language
+

Low Level Language

C is Middle Level Language


C stands in between these two categories.
Since it was designed to have both:
A relatively good programming efficiency as compared to
Machine Oriented Languages .
A relatively good Machine efficiency as compared to
Problem Oriented Languages .

Thats WHY it is called a Middle Level Language.

Application Areas Of C
C was initially used for systems programming.
A system program forms a portion of the operating
system of the computer or its support utilities.
Operating Systems, Interpreters, Editors, Assembly
programs are usually called system programs.
The UNIX operating system was developed using C.
There are C compilers available for almost all types
of PCs.

A simple Program of C
/* Write a program to print a message */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
printf( C Programming);
getch( );
}

Comment about the program should be enclosed within /* &


*/.
printf() is a function which is used to print messages on the
screen.
main() is a function from which execution of the program
starts.
Here stdio.h is a library file which contains standard
input/output functions , keywords etc.
#include<> is used to define the library file that is to be used
in the program for compiler information.

Compilation & Execution of a Program


C Source Code
C Preprocessor
Expanded C Source Code
C Compiler
Target Assembly Code
Linker
Executable Code
Loader
Output

Basics of C Environment
C systems consist of 3 parts
Environment
Language
C Standard Library
Development environment has 6 phases
Edit
Pre-processor
Compile
Link
Load
Execute

Basics of C Environment
Phase 1

Editor

Phase 2 Preprocessor

Phase 3

Phase 4

Compiler

Linker

Disk

Program edited in
Editor and stored
on disk

Disk

Preprocessor
program processes
the code

Disk

Disk

Creates object code


and stores on disk
Links object code
with libraries and
stores on disk

Basics of C Environment
Primary memory
Phase 5

Loader

Primary memory
Phase 6

CPU

Puts program in
memory

Takes each instruction


and executes it storing
new data values

Execution Process of a Program


PROCESS

SHORT CUT

FILE NAME

Save
Compile

F2
Alt + F9

abc.c
abc.obj

Execute

Ctrl + F9

abc.exe

Back up

Again F2

abc.bak

Escape Sequence

\n
\t
\r
\a
\\
\

new line
tab
carriage return
alert
backslash
double quote

Thanks

You might also like