Reinforced Concrete Design-8

Design of 2 way Slabs

By
Dr. Attaullah Shah

Swedish College of Engineering and Technology

Wah Cantt.

One way vs Two way slab system

L>2S
As Temp. steel
Min. Spacing main steel 4/3 max agg. 2.5 cm (1in)
Max. Spacing 3 t 45 cm (17in)

Min slab thickness =

Shear Strength of Slabs

In two-way floor systems, the slab must have adequate
thickness to resist both bending moments and shear
forces at critical section. There are three cases to look at
for shear.
1. Two-way Slabs supported on beams
2. Two-Way Slabs without beams
3. Shear Reinforcement in two-way slabs
without beams.

Shear Strength of Slabs

Two-way slabs supported on beams
The critical location is found at d distance from the
column, where

Vc 2 f c bd

The supporting beams are stiff and are capable of

transmitting floor loads to the columns.

Shear Strength of Slabs

The shear force is calculated using the triangular and
trapezoidal areas. If no shear reinforcement is provided,
the shear force at a distance d from the beam must equal

Vud Vc 2 f c bd
where,

Vud wu

l2

Shear Strength of Slabs

Two-Way Slabs without beams
There are two types of shear that need to be addressed
1. One-way shear or beam shear at distance d
from the column
2. Two-way or punch out shear which occurs
along a truncated cone.

Shear Strength of Slabs

1. One-way shear or beam shear at distance d from

the column
2. Two-way or punch out shear which occurs along a
truncated cone.

Shear Strength of Slabs

One-way shear considers critical section a distance d

from the column and the slab is considered as a wide
beam spanning between supports.

Vud Vc 2 f c bd

Shear Strength of Slabs

Two-way shear fails along a a truncated cone or pyramid
around the column. The critical section is located d/2 from
the column face, column capital, or drop panel.

Shear Strength of Slabs

If shear reinforcement is not provided, the shear strength
of concrete is the smaller of:

Vc

4
2
c

f c bo d 4 f c bo d

bo = perimeter of the critical section

c = ratio of long side of column to short side

Shear Strength of Slabs

If shear reinforcement is not provided, the shear
strength of concrete is the smaller of:

d
s

Vc

bo

f c bo d

s is 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge

columns, and 20 for corner columns.

Shear Strength of Slabs

Shear Reinforcement in two-way slabs without beams.
For plates and flat slabs, which do not meet the condition
for shear, one can either
- Increase slab thickness
- Add reinforcement
Reinforcement can be done by shearheads, anchor bars,
conventional stirrup cages and studded steel strips.

Shear Strength of Slabs

Shearhead consists of steel I-beams or channel welded
into four cross arms to be placed in slab above
a column. Does not apply to external columns
due to lateral loads and torsion.

Shear Strength of Slabs

Anchor bars consists of steel reinforcement rods or
bent bar reinforcement

Shear Strength of Slabs

Conventional stirrup cages

Shear Strength of Slabs

Studded steel strips

Shear Strength of Slabs

The reinforced slab follows section 11.12.4 in the
ACI Code, where Vn can not

Vn Vc Vs 6 f c bo d

Vc 4 f c bo d
Vs

The spacing, s, can not exceed d/2.

If a shearhead reinforcement is provided

Vn 7 f c bo d

Av f y d
s

Example Problem

Determine the shear

reinforcement required for an
interior flat panel considering
the following: Vu= 195k, slab
thickness = 9 in., d = 7.5 in.,
fc = 3 ksi, fy= 60 ksi, and
column is 20 x 20 in.

Example Problem

Compute the shear terms find b0 for

Vc 4 f c b0 d
column
b0 4
d 4 20 in. 7.5 in.
width

110 in.

Example Problem
Compute the maximum allowable shear

Vc 4 f c b0 d
0.75 4

1k
3000 110 in. 7.5 in.

1000 lbs

135.6 k
Vu =195 k > 135.6 k Shear reinforcement is need!

Example Problem
Compute the maximum allowable shear

Vc 6 f c b0 d
0.75 6

1k
3000 110 in. 7.5 in.

1000
lbs

203.3 k
So Vn >Vu Can use shear reinforcement

Example Problem

Use a shear head or studs as

in inexpensive spacing.
Determine the a for

Vc 2 f c b0 d
column

b0 4
2a
width

Example Problem
Determine the a for

Vu 2 f c b0 d

19500 lb 0.75 2 3000 4 20 in. 2a

7.5 in.

a 41.8 in.
The depth = a+d
= 41.8 in. +7.5 in. = 49.3 in. 50 in.

Example Problem
Determine shear reinforcement

Vs Vu Vc
195 k 135.6 k
59.4 k
The Vs per side is Vs / 4 = 14.85 k

Example Problem
Determine shear reinforcement

14.85 k
Vs
19.8 k
0.75
Use a #3 stirrup Av = 2(0.11 in2) = 0.22 in2

Vs

Av f y d
s

Av f y d
Vs

Example Problem
Determine shear reinforcement spacing

Av f y d
Vs

2
0.22
in

60 ksi 7.5 in.

19.8 k

5.0 in.
Maximum allowable spacing is

d 7.5 in.

3.75 in.
2
2

Example Problem
Use s = 3.5 in.

50 in.
# of stirrups
14.3 Use 15 stirrups
3.5 in.
The total distance is 15(3.5 in.)= 52.5 in.

Example Problem
The final result:
15 stirrups at total distance of
52.5 in. So that a = 45 in. and
c = 20 in.

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Method of dividing total static moment Mo into
positive and negative moments.
Limitations on use of Direct Design method
1.Minimum of 3 continuous spans in each direction.
(3 x 3 panel)
2.Rectangular panels with long span/short span 2

Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab

Limitations on use of Direct Design method
3. Successive span in each direction shall not differ by
more than 1/3 the longer span.
4. Columns may be offset from
the basic rectangular grid of
the building by up to 0.1
times the span parallel to the
offset.

Direct Design Method for Two-way

Slab
Limitations on use of Direct Design method
5. All loads must be due to gravity only (N/A to
unbraced laterally loaded frames, from mats or
pre-stressed slabs)
6. Service (unfactored) live load 2 service dead
load

Direct Design Method for Two-way

Slab
Limitations on use of Direct Design method
7. For panels with beams between supports on all
sides, relative stiffness of the beams in the 2
perpendicular directions.

2
1 2

2
2 1

Shall not be less than 0.2 nor greater than 5.0

Definition of Beam-to-Slab Stiffness Ratio,

Accounts for stiffness effect of beams located along
slab edge
reduces deflections of panel
adjacent to beams.

flexural stiffness of beam

flexural stiffness of slab

Definition of Beam-to-Slab Stiffness Ratio,

4E cb I b / l
4E cs I s / l

4E cb I b
4E cs I s

E cb Modulus of elasticity of beam concrete

E sb Modulus of elasticity of slab concrete
I b Moment of inertia of uncracked beam
Is Moment of inertia of uncracked slab
With width bounded laterally by centerline of adjacent
panels on each side of the beam.

Two-Way Slab Design

Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs

Analogy of two-way slab to plank and beam floor

Section A-A:

Moment per ft width in planks

Total Moment

M f wl2

l12
8

k - ft

wl12
8

k - ft/ft

Two-Way Slab Design

Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs

Analogy of two-way slab to plank and beam floor

Uniform load on each beam
Moment in one beam (Sec: B-B)

wl1
2

k/ft
wl1 l22

M lb
k - ft

2 8

Two-Way Slab Design

Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs

Total Moment in both beams

M wl1

l22

k - ft

Full load was transferred east-west by the planks and then was transferred north-south by
the beams;
The same is true for a two-way slab or any other floor system.

Basic Steps in Two-way Slab Design

1. Choose layout and type of slab.

2. Choose slab thickness to control deflection. Also,
check if thickness is adequate for shear.
3.
Choose Design method
Equivalent Frame Method- use elastic frame analysis to compute
positive and negative moments
Direct Design Method - uses coefficients to compute positive and
negative slab moments

Basic Steps in Two-way Slab

Design
4. Calculate positive and negative moments in the slab.
5. Determine distribution of moments across the width of
the slab. - Based on geometry and beam stiffness.

6.
Assign a portion of moment to beams, if present.
7.
8. Design reinforcement for moments from steps 5 and 6.
Check shear strengths at the columns

Minimum Slab Thickness for two-way construction

Maximum Spacing of Reinforcement

At points of max. +/- M:

s 2t ACI 13.3.2
and s 18 in. ACI 7.12.3

Min Reinforcement Requirements

As min As T&S from ACI 7.12

ACI

13.3.1

Distribution of Moments
Slab is considered to be a series of frames in two
directions:

Distribution of Moments
Slab is considered to be a series of frames in two
directions:

Distribution of Moments
Total static Moment, Mo

M0

wu l2ln2
8

ACI 13 - 3

where wu factored load per unit area

l2 transverse width of the strip
ln clear span between columns

for circular columns, calc. ln using h 0.886d c

Column Strips and Middle Strips

Moments vary across width of slab panel

Design moments are averaged over the

width of column strips over the
columns & middle strips between
column strips.

Column Strips and Middle Strips

Column strips Design w/width on
either side of a column centerline
equal to smaller of

0.25 l2

0.25 l1
l1= length of span in direction
moments are being determined.
l2= length of span transverse to
l1

Column Strips and Middle Strips

Middle strips: Design
strip bounded by two
column strips.

Positive and Negative Moments in Panels

M0 is divided into + M and -M Rules given in ACI
sec. 13.6.3

Moment Distribution

Positive and Negative Moments in

Panels
M0 is divided into + M and -M Rules given in ACI
sec. 13.6.3

M u M u avg M 0

wu l2ln2
8

Longitudinal Distribution of Moments

in Slabs
For a typical interior panel, the total static moment is
divided into positive moment 0.35 Mo and negative
moment of 0.65 Mo.
For an exterior panel, the total static moment is
dependent on the type of reinforcement at the outside
edge.

Distribution of M0

Moment Distribution

The factored components

of the moment for the
beam.

Transverse Distribution of Moments

The longitudinal moment values mentioned are for the
entire width of the equivalent building frame. The
width of two half column strips and two half-middle
stripes of adjacent panels.

Transverse Distribution of Moments

Transverse distribution
of the longitudinal
moments to middle and
column strips is a
function of the ratio of
length l2/l1,1, and t.

Transverse Distribution of Moments

Transverse distribution of the longitudinal moments to
middle and column strips is a function of the ratio of
length l2/l1,1, and t.

Ecb I b
Ecs I s

EcbC
2 Ecs I s

0.63 x x y

C 1

y 3

torsional constant

Distribution of M0
ACI Sec 13.6.3.4
For spans framing into a common support negative
moment sections shall be designed to resist the larger
of the 2 interior Mus
ACI Sec. 13.6.3.5
Edge beams or edges of slab shall be proportioned to
resist in torsion their share of exterior negative
factored moments

Factored Moment in Column Strip

Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam to stiffness of
slab in direction l1.
t Ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam to
flexural stiffness of slab(width= to beam length)

Factored Moment in an Interior Strip

Factored Moment in an Exterior Panel

Factored Moment in an Exterior Panel

Factored Moment in Column Strip

Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam to stiffness of
slab in direction l1.
t Ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam to
flexural stiffness of slab(width= to beam length)

Factored Moment in Column Strip

Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam to stiffness of
slab in direction l1.
t Ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam to
flexural stiffness of slab(width= to beam length)

Factored Moment in Column Strip

Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam to stiffness of
slab in direction l1.
t Ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam to
flexural stiffness of slab(width= to beam length)

Factored Moments

Factored Moments in beams (ACI Sec. 13.6.3)

Resist a percentage of column strip moment plus
moments due to loads applied directly to beams.

Factored Moments
Factored Moments in Middle strips (ACI Sec. 13.6.3)
The portion of the + Mu and - Mu not resisted
by column strips shall be proportionately
assigned to corresponding half middle strips.
Each middle strip shall be proportioned to
resist the sum of the moments assigned to its 2
half middle strips.

ACI Provisions for Effects of

Pattern Loads
The maximum and minimum bending moments at
the critical sections are obtained by placing the live
load in specific patterns to produce the extreme
values. Placing the live load on all spans will not
produce either the maximum positive or negative
bending moments.

ACI Provisions for Effects of

Pattern Loads
1. The ratio of live to dead load. A high ratio will
increase the effect of pattern loadings.
2. The ratio of column to beam stiffness. A low ratio
will increase the effect of pattern loadings.
3. Pattern loadings. Maximum positive moments
within the spans are less affected by pattern loadings.

Reinforcement Details Loads

After all percentages of the static moments in the
column and middle strip are determined, the steel
reinforcement can be calculated for negative and
positive moments in each strip.

M u As f y d
Ru bd

Reinforcement Details Loads

Calculate Ru and determine the steel ratio , where
=0.9. As = bd. Calculate the minimum As from
ACI codes. Figure 13.3.8 is used to determine the
minimum development length of the bars.

Ru wu f c 1 0.59 wu
wu

fy
fc

Minimum extension for

reinforcement in slabs without
beams(Fig. 13.3.8)

Moment Distribution

The factored components

of the moment for the
beam.

Transverse Distribution of Moments

The longitudinal moment values mentioned are for the

entire width of the equivalent building frame. The
width of two half column strips and two half-middle
stripes of adjacent panels.

Limitations of Direct Design Method