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Analytical and Numerical Methods of Structural Analysis

The document discusses analytical and numerical methods for structural analysis. It provides examples comparing the analytical and finite element methods. Analytical methods are best for design calculations but have limitations, while numerical methods using finite element analysis (FEA) are best for checking calculations and are more versatile. The finite element method involves dividing a structure into small elements and calculating stresses using basic functions on a mesh. Proper modeling technique and understanding limitations are important for obtaining reliable results from FEA.

Uploaded by

Luis Montoya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1K views

Analytical and Numerical Methods of Structural Analysis

The document discusses analytical and numerical methods for structural analysis. It provides examples comparing the analytical and finite element methods. Analytical methods are best for design calculations but have limitations, while numerical methods using finite element analysis (FEA) are best for checking calculations and are more versatile. The finite element method involves dividing a structure into small elements and calculating stresses using basic functions on a mesh. Proper modeling technique and understanding limitations are important for obtaining reliable results from FEA.

Uploaded by

Luis Montoya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture #4

Analytical and Numerical Methods


of Structural Analysis

FLOWCHART OF STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
Real object
Structural
layout
Design model
Results of
analysis
Implementation
on real object

Only load-carrying structure


is kept
Assumptions and simplifications
are applied, loads are calculated
according to the problem
Structural analysis
This step is beyond the scope
of structural analysis
2

FLOWCHART OF STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
Real object
Structural
layout
Design model
Results of
analysis
Implementation
on real object

FLOWCHART OF STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
Real object
Structural
layout
Design model
Results of
analysis
Implementation
on real object

FLOWCHART OF STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
Real object
Structural
layout

Depending on the kind of


problem which is solved, the
design model could be either as
detailed as structural layout, or
as generalized as below:

Design model
Results of
analysis
Implementation
on real object

METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS


Analytical methods

Numerical methods

Best for designing


calculations, suit for
checking calculations with
certain limitations

Best for checking


calculations, practically
effete for designing
calculations

Solutions exist for partial


cases (specific objects)

Versatile and flexible

Need much work to be


developed, but only
simple software for
application

Need expensive and


complex software and
hardware
6

ANALYTICAL METHODS OF
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Widely used nowadays:
methods of Mechanics of Materials;
methods for statically indeterminate structures:
method of forces;
method of displacements;
beam theory for thin-walled structures;
method of reduction coefficients.
Rarely used nowadays (mostly due to the progress
of numerical methods):
methods based on Calculus of Variations;
methods of Theory of Elasticity.
7

EXAMPLE TO COMPARE ANALYTICAL


AND NUMERICAL METHODS
Aim:
Design the steel
bracket to minimize
the self-weight
displacement of the
load.

base
L 2, D2, 2

Given data:
D2=80 mm;
L2=500 mm;
L1=200 mm;
mload=0.5 kg.
Objectives:
D1, 1, 2.

L 1, D1, 1
load
8

BASIC EQUATIONS OF SOLID


MECHANICS
Equilibrium
equations

This is not only the sum of


forces or moments, but applies
for elementary volume as well

Constitutive
equations

Physical law, expresses


the relation between
stress and strain

Compatibility
equations

Solid body should


remain continuous
while being deformed
9

BASIC EQUATIONS OF SOLID


MECHANICS
Equilibrium
equations

Constitutive
equations

Compatibility
equations

This is not only the sum of forces


or moments, but applies for
elementary volume as well.

x xy xz

X 0,
x
y
z
xy y yz

Y 0,
x
y
z
xz yz z

Z 0,
x
y
z
where X ,Y ,Z external forces.
10

BASIC EQUATIONS OF SOLID


MECHANICS
Equilibrium
equations

Constitutive
equations

Compatibility
equations

Physical law, expresses the


relation between stress and strain.

1
x x y z ,
E
1
y y x z ,
E
1
z z x y ,
E
xy
yz
xz
xy
, xz
, yz
G
G
G
11

BASIC EQUATIONS OF SOLID


MECHANICS
Equilibrium
equations

Solid body should remain


continuous while being deformed.
2
2
2 x y xy 2 x 2 z 2 xz
2
,
2
,
2
2
y
x
x y z
x
x z

2 y

Constitutive
equations

Compatibility
equations

z 2

2 yz

,
2
y
y z
2

2 x
yz xz xy

,

2
x
x
y
z
y z
2 y
yz xz xy

2
y x
y
z
x z
yz xz xy
2 z

2
z x
y
z
x y

12

BASIC EQUATIONS OF SOLID


MECHANICS

From analytical point of view, every design model can


be expressed as a set of three basic equations with
corresponding boundary conditions.
Equilibrium
equations
Constitutive
equations
Compatibility
equations

Boundary
conditions:
geometrical
features;
supports and
other means of
fixation;
applied
displacements
and forces.

Design
model

13

WAYS TO SOLVE A SOLID MECHANICS


PROBLEM
Displacements
are set as
unknowns
Strains are
derived
Stresses are
derived
Equilibrium
equations are
solved

Compatibility
equations
Constitutive
equations
Equilibrium
equations

Stresses are
set as
unknowns
Strains are
derived

Constitutive
equations
Equilibrium
equations
Compatibility
equations

Compatibility
equations are
solved

14

EXAMPLE TO COMPARE ANALYTICAL


AND NUMERICAL METHODS
Analytical methods
used:
Methods of
Mechanics of
Materials;
Mohrs integral to
calculate
displacements.

base
L 2, D2, 2

Software used:
MathCAD V14.0

L 1, D1, 1
load
15

EXAMPLE TO COMPARE ANALYTICAL AND


NUMERICAL METHODS

16

EXAMPLE TO COMPARE ANALYTICAL AND


NUMERICAL METHODS

17

EXAMPLE TO COMPARE ANALYTICAL AND


NUMERICAL METHODS

18

EXAMPLE TO COMPARE ANALYTICAL AND


NUMERICAL METHODS

19

EXAMPLE TO COMPARE ANALYTICAL AND


NUMERICAL METHODS

20

EXAMPLE TO COMPARE ANALYTICAL AND


NUMERICAL METHODS

21

EXAMPLE TO COMPARE ANALYTICAL AND


NUMERICAL METHODS

22

EXAMPLE TO COMPARE ANALYTICAL AND


NUMERICAL METHODS

23

EXAMPLE TO COMPARE ANALYTICAL AND


NUMERICAL METHODS

24

EXAMPLE TO COMPARE ANALYTICAL AND


NUMERICAL METHODS

25

METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS


Analytical methods

Numerical methods

Best for designing


calculations, suit for
checking calculations with
certain limitations

Best for checking


calculations, practically
effete for designing
calculations

Solutions exist for partial


cases (specific objects)

Versatile and flexible

Need much work to be


developed, but only
simple software for
application

Need expensive and


complex software and
hardware
26

NUMERICAL METHODS OF
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Most widely used nowadays is
Finite Element Method (FEM).
The structural analysis using FEM is called finite
element analysis (FEA).

Generally, FEM is just a method to solve


differential equations.
The physical background of FEM is the same as in
analytical methods.
27

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD


The smooth field of stresses is calculated using the combination
of basic functions, which are constructed on a mesh.

28

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD


Software work on principle GIGO: garbage in garbage out

29

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD


Software work on principle GIGO: garbage in garbage out

30

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD


Software work on principle GIGO: garbage in garbage out

31

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD


Even if the result is realistic,
you should always check it.
Its not a big problem
to create a nice picture using FEA.
The problem is to get the reliable and verified result.
Thats a difference between professional and
beginner.
FEA is a way to find a stress state,
but not the way to design or to check the strength!
32

EXAMPLE TO COMPARE ANALYTICAL AND


NUMERICAL METHODS

Object

FEM model

base

load

33

EXAMPLE TO COMPARE ANALYTICAL AND


NUMERICAL METHODS

Assignment
of parameters

34

EXAMPLE TO COMPARE ANALYTICAL AND


NUMERICAL METHODS
35 finite elements
in model

Deformed
shape
35

EXAMPLE TO COMPARE ANALYTICAL AND


NUMERICAL METHODS

Optimization
took 7
minutes on
average
office PC.
990 points
were studied.

36

EXAMPLE TO COMPARE ANALYTICAL AND


NUMERICAL METHODS

Analytical method

Finite element analysis

Displacement is 7.66 m
(or 8.07 m in FEA)

Displacement is 7.81 m
(or 8.22 m in FEA)

D1=67 m, 1=2 m,

D1=58 m, 1=2 m,

2= 11.23 mm

2= 13 mm

Need only simple


software for application

Need expensive and


complex software
37

METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS


Analytical methods

Numerical methods

Best for designing


calculations, suit for
checking calculations with
certain limitations

Best for checking


calculations, practically
effete for designing
calculations

Solutions exist for partial


cases (specific objects)

Versatile and flexible

Need much work to be


developed, but only
simple software for
application

Need expensive and


complex software and
hardware
38

EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATING THE DESIGN OF FINITE


ELEMENT MODEL
Shell model.
12K elements in
model, around 5
minutes to solve
on poor office PC

39

EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATING THE DESIGN OF FINITE


ELEMENT MODEL
Solid model.
250K elements, around 20
minutes to solve on powerful PC
(4x4.2GHz processor,
16 GB memory).

40

EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATING THE DESIGN OF FINITE


ELEMENT MODEL

Difference?

Certain there is a difference, but for some results it is negligible.


Thus, the model should be built according to problem,
as in analytical methods

41

FINITE ELEMENT SOFTWARE


Widely used nowadays:
ANSYS;
Patran/Nastran;
ABAQUS;
Solidworks Simulation (former COSMOS);
And many-many others, freeware and proprietary
Any difference? Generally, no difference. FEA
packages are often customized to be more convenient
for some specific problems. But for most cases,
differences between packages and limitations have
marketing but not the technical reason.
42

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD HISTORICAL


PROGRESS
1940

Theoretical aspects were developed for the


first time

1950,
1960

Theoretical background was developed, the


rise of computer power allowed to make first
specific software

1970

Large general-purpose packages appeared


(ANSYS, NASTRAN)

1980

Graphical pre- and post-processing

1990

Rise of the role of automatic meshing, and


thus the model scale

2000

Multi-disciplinary and large-scale problems

43

PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS OF FEA


SOTWARE
Pre-processor

Construction of the model, setting


the properties, loads, constraints
etc.

Solver

Solution itself. Two main types of


solvers are iterative or sparse .

Post-precessor

Looking on results, processing of


results, generating nice figures
44

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD OLD


INTERFACE

45

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD MODERN


INTERFACE

46

CONCLUSIONS
Analytical method does not mean by hand or on
paper, modern software can give large benefits.
Numerical methods are very exacting in terms of
software and hardware.
FEA is not a magic key that opens every door. Its
just a versatile and effective tool to calculate stresses.
Deep insight is required for successful structural
analysis, no matter is it analytics of FEA.
Generally, analytical methods are good for
designing, FEA for checking. However, in many
cases both of methods can be used for both phases of
analysis.
47

CONCLUSIONS
What does it mean to be a professional in structural
analysis?
Knowledge of complex formulas? Usage of modern
software?
Neither of it is an answer. Answer is a deep
understanding of how the structure works, and
application of proper methods according to the given
problem.
Analytical and numerical methods loss their
disadvantages when they are combined together.
48

WHERE TO FIND MORE INFORMATION?


BOOKS AND USEFUL LINKS
Good book about structural analysis and Ansys is
E. Madenci, I.Guven. The Finite Element Method and Applications in
Engineering Using ANSYS, 2006

Very useful links are:


Official website resource library ansys.com
Resourse for Ansys users ansys.net
Perfect forum (not for beginners, though) xansys.org
Youtube (its not a joke, search Ansys for amazing training
videos) youtube.com
Internet is boundless

49

TOPIC OF THE NEXT LECTURE

Statically determinate trusses

All materials of our course are available


at department website k102.khai.edu
1. Go to the page
2. Press Structural Mechanics (lecturer Vakulenko S.V.)
50

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