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    Band Theory 1

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    Achmad Ariebyo
    Electrons in solids occupy energy bands rather than discrete energy levels. Materials are classified based on whether their bands are filled or partially filled. Conductors have partially filled bands, allowing electrons to move freely. Insulators have filled or empty bands, prohibiting electron movement. Semiconductors have a small band gap that can be overcome by thermal excitation or doping to allow some conduction. The Kronig-Penney model describes how periodic potentials in solids create allowed and forbidden energy bands.

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    Band Theory 1

    Uploaded by

    Achmad Ariebyo
    88 views26 pages
    Electrons in solids occupy energy bands rather than discrete energy levels. Materials are classified based on whether their bands are filled or partially filled. Conductors have partially filled bands, allowing electrons to move freely. Insulators have filled or empty bands, prohibiting electron movement. Semiconductors have a small band gap that can be overcome by thermal excitation or doping to allow some conduction. The Kronig-Penney model describes how periodic potentials in solids create allowed and forbidden energy bands.

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    Electrons in solids occupy energy bands rather than discrete energy levels. Materials are classified based on whether their bands are filled or partially filled. Conductors have partially filled bands, allowing electrons to move freely. Insulators have filled or empty bands, prohibiting electron movement. Semiconductors have a small band gap that can be overcome by thermal excitation or doping to allow some conduction. The Kronig-Penney model describes how periodic potentials in solids create allowed and forbidden energy bands.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    88 views26 pages

    Band Theory 1

    Uploaded by

    Achmad Ariebyo
    Electrons in solids occupy energy bands rather than discrete energy levels. Materials are classified based on whether their bands are filled or partially filled. Conductors have partially filled bands, allowing electrons to move freely. Insulators have filled or empty bands, prohibiting electron movement. Semiconductors have a small band gap that can be overcome by thermal excitation or doping to allow some conduction. The Kronig-Penney model describes how periodic potentials in solids create allowed and forbidden energy bands.

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    Physics 355

    Energy Bands in Solids

    Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors


    Consider the available energies for electrons in the materials.

    As two atoms are brought


    close together, electrons
    must occupy different
    energies due to Pauli
    Exclusion principle.

    Instead of having discrete


    energies as in the case of
    free atoms, the available
    energy states form bands.

    Free Electron Fermi Gas

    For free electrons, the


    wavefunctions are plane
    waves:

    (r) e

    i ( k r )

    2k 2
    E

    2m

    Band Gap
    zone boundary

    thermally
    excited

    doped

    Origin of the Band Gap


    To get a standing wave at the boundaries, you can
    take a linear combination of two plane waves:
    1 2 e

    ix / a

    ix / a

    x
    2 cos

    a
    1 eikx eix /+

    x / a
    2 e ikx e i

    1 2 e

    i x / a

    i x / a

    x
    2i sin

    Origin of the Band Gap


    Electron Density

    Origin of the Band Gap

    Bloch Functions
    Felix Bloch showed that the actual
    solutions to the Schrdinger equation for
    electrons in a periodic potential must have
    the special form:

    k ( r ) uk ( r )e

    i ( k r )

    where u has the period of the lattice, that


    is


    uk ( r ) uk ( r T )

    Kronig-Penney Model
    U(x)
    U0

    (a+b)

    a+b

    The wave equation can be solved when the potential is


    simple... such as a periodic square well.

    Kronig-Penney Model
    2 d 2

    U ( x )
    2
    2m dx
    Region I - where 0 < x < a and U = 0
    The eigenfunction is a linear combination of plane waves
    traveling both left and right:

    AeiKx Be iKx
    The energy eignevalue is:

    2K 2

    2m

    Kronig-Penney Model
    2 d 2

    U ( x )
    2
    2m dx
    Region II - where b < x < 0 and U = U0
    Within the barrier, the eigenfunction looks like this

    CeQx De Qx
    and
    2

    Q
    U0
    2m

    Kronig-Penney Model
    U(x)
    U0

    II
    (a+b)

    I
    0

    III
    a

    a+b

    To satisfy Mr. Bloch, the solution in region III


    must also be related to the solution in region II.

    III II eik ( a b)

    Kronig-Penney Model
    A,B,C, and D are chosen so that both the wavefunction
    and its derivative with respect to x are continuous at
    the x = 0 and a.
    At x = 0...

    At x = a...

    A B C D
    iK ( A B ) Q (C D )

    III II eik ( a b)

    Ae iKa Be iKa (CeQb De Qb )eik ( a b)

    iK AeiKa Be iKa Q Ce Qb DeQb eik ( a b)

    Kronig-Penney Model
    Result for E < U0:

    Q2 K 2
    sinh Qb sin Ka cosh Qb cos Ka cos k ( a b)
    2QK
    To obtain a more convenient form Kronig and Penney considered the
    case where the potential barrier becomes a delta function, that is, the
    case where U0 is infinitely large, over an infinitesimal distance b, but the
    product U0b remains finite and constant.

    Q2 U0
    and also goes to infinity as U0. Therefore:

    Lim (Q 2 K 2 ) Q 2

    U 0

    Kronig-Penney Model
    What happens to the product Qb as U0 goes to infinity?
    b becomes infinitesimal as U0 becomes infinite.
    However, since Q is only proportional to the square
    root of U0, it does not go to infinity as fast as b goes to
    zero.
    So, the product Qb goes to zero as U0 becomes
    infinite.
    As a results of all of this...

    sin Qb Qb 1
    cos Qb 1
    Q K

    Kronig-Penney Model
    Q 2ba
    P

    P
    sin Ka cos Ka cos ka
    Ka

    Kronig-Penney Model

    Plot of energy versus


    wavenumber for the
    Kronig-Penney Potential,
    with P = 3/2.

    ka
    0

    ka

    Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors

    Crucial to the
    conduction process
    is whether or not
    there are electrons
    available for
    conduction.

    Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors

    Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors

    Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors

    thermally
    excited

    doped

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