This document provides information on vibro replacement stone columns. It discusses the differences between stone columns and piles, describing how stone columns transmit loads through soil by stimulating horizontal earth pressure without displacement, while piles transfer loads through toe resistance and friction. It then covers various aspects of vibro stone column installation methods, materials, failure mechanisms, and design parameters.
This document provides information on vibro replacement stone columns. It discusses the differences between stone columns and piles, describing how stone columns transmit loads through soil by stimulating horizontal earth pressure without displacement, while piles transfer loads through toe resistance and friction. It then covers various aspects of vibro stone column installation methods, materials, failure mechanisms, and design parameters.
This document provides information on vibro replacement stone columns. It discusses the differences between stone columns and piles, describing how stone columns transmit loads through soil by stimulating horizontal earth pressure without displacement, while piles transfer loads through toe resistance and friction. It then covers various aspects of vibro stone column installation methods, materials, failure mechanisms, and design parameters.
This document provides information on vibro replacement stone columns. It discusses the differences between stone columns and piles, describing how stone columns transmit loads through soil by stimulating horizontal earth pressure without displacement, while piles transfer loads through toe resistance and friction. It then covers various aspects of vibro stone column installation methods, materials, failure mechanisms, and design parameters.
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VIBRO REPLACEMENT
STONE COLUMN
Vibro vs Pile Pile, where the load transfer into the ground is by toe
resistance and friction at the pile perimeter.
Stone columns transmit their load into the soil by stimulating its horizontal earth pressure without relative displacement between column and soil The stone column, which is characterised by high density and
stiffness, will ultimately fail by bulging as a result of the high column
load and the minimal supporting capacity of the surrounding soil.
Vibro vs Pile Horizontal load carrying layers consisting of a combination
of coarse granular material and special geotextiles are
used, particularly below embankments and similar structures, where horizontal forces need to be controlled.
Vibro Stone Columns
Vibro stone columns improve the foundation ground
because they are stiffer and of higher strength than the
soil which they have replaced. They are generally installed with centre spacing of 1.53.5 m, in rows below strip footings and in triangular or square patterns below single footings and widespread loaded areas. The upper 0.30.5 m of a stone column are generally less well compacted as a result of vibrator shape and missing lateral support from the surrounding soil.
Vibro Stone Columns
Because the column material is considerably more
permeable than the soil, stone columns act as drains
when constructed and loaded in water-bearing soils, reducing consolidation time substantially. The fill material also has a much higher shear strength compared to the original soil therefore also increasing its bearing capacity.
Vibro Stone Columns
In saturated soils, the existence of stone columns reduces
the liquefaction potential of silt and sand deposits during
dynamic loading or earthquakes.
Special Equipment When working in cohesive soils, the water management
and sludge handling on site requires special attention.
Silt and clay particles in suspension cannot be completely or easily
removed from the water before it is released into natural or artificial
recipients.
Very often when soil conditions prevail where layers of
sand alternate with cohesive soils, the use of highamplitude, low-frequency vibrators is advisable
Deep Vibro Technique
Two Methods: Wet method Dry displacement method
Wet Method
Dry Displacement
Employed in water bearing soft soils
(Cu 10-30kN/m2)
In more stable insensitive cohesive
soils (cu = 3050 kN/m2)
Sinks by its own weight
penetrates by vibratory impact and
by its own weight and always helped by compressed air emanating through the bottom jets of the machine
Collapsing soil from the side walls
of the hole is transported in the water flow to the surface
The compressed air is used
primarily to prevent the bore from collapsing as a result of the suction developing when the vibrator is withdrawn, as it is generally in a tight fit in the ground.
When the design depth is reached,
it is always necessary to extract the vibrator completely from the ground to allow coarse backfill material to be introduced in small quantities into the bore.
On reaching the desired depth,
the vibrator is often completely withdrawn from the bore before it is allowed to re-penetrate rapidly allowing the bore to be cleaned from loosened soil material and its diameter to increase
Wet Method
Dry Displacement
Slight up-and downward motion with
amplitude of generally not more than a metre, cause the backfill to be compacted and rammed into the sides of the bore.
coarse backfill is compacted and displaced
laterally and downwards forming in this way a tightly compacted stone column of about 0.50.6 m diameter which is well interlocked with the surrounding sheared soil.
Stone (12-75mm)
Stone (2-45mm)
The resulting shear stresses may cause the
soil to collapse leading to a further increased bore diameter as the continuing water flow, movement of the vibrator and of the backfill transports this fine material to the surface.
wet system primarily replaces native soil by
coarse backfill with relatively little lateral displacement
Dry system is, in contrast, in the first place
a displacement method
Rising resistance indicated by slowing down the sinking
rate of the machine, accompanied by increased power
consumption of the vibrator motor, is a sign that column building is completed at this level and that repetition of this procedure should start at the next higher level.
Dry Method 1 Hydraulic power pack on the rear of the crawler crane,
produces a moderate airflow, just strong enough to avoid
suction developing when the vibrator is withdrawn from the ground. Too strong an airflow at too high pressure should be avoided as it often does more damage to the fabric of soft soils than helping to remove the vibrator from the bore hole Pull down force up to 200kN
Dry Method 2 Equipped with a gravel hopper which is filled with stone
backfill at ground level and which slides up the vertical
leader to the top of the extension/ gravel container pipe. The hopper is emptied via an airlock into the gravel container with a capacity of approximately 0.1 m3 /m of extension tube, allowing the stone column construction to continue, usually without any interruption.
Dry Method Open Water
For stone columns deeper than 20 m, and for columns to
be constructed over open waters, the crane-hung bottom
feed method can be used. For such applications special pneumatic or hydraulic transport systems for the gravel were developed which replace mechanical stone delivery by hoppers.
Vibrocats Vibrocats and develop considerable pull-down forces to
compensate the increased depth vibrator cross-section
A continuous column is formed by pulling the vibrator in steps of 0.51.0 m within the ground, in this way allowing the backfill to flow into the bore hole, helped by a moderate flow of compressed air.
Materials The material itself should be of sufficient hardness and
strength to resist the strong abrasive forces resulting from
the vibratory action of the depth vibrator. It should not contain any organic and other deleterious material. chemically inert and should resist in cases of aggressive
groundwater conditions any potential ion attack during the
lifetime of the foundations
Guidance The special rigs are generally equipped with vertical
leaders providing excellent guidance to the vibrator in all
working phases. Varying soil strengths during penetration, and obstructions, may cause the vibrator to depart from its vertical position.
Failure Foundation stresses acting on the improved soil lead to a
stress concentration in the material of higher stiffness, i.e.
in the stone columns, which results in a stress relief of the soft surrounding soil.
Failure: Bulging Bulging of the column is the main load-carrying
mechanism of a stone column, which will fail when the
surrounding soil cannot lend any further lateral support. In homogeneous soil conditions, bulging is concentrated within a region between the column head and a depth of about four times the column diameter.
Failure Short columns with lengths below four column diameters
may fail by sinking into the soil.
Design Parameters Stone column diameter Diameter is usually from 800-1500mm Pattern arrangement Installed in equilateral triangle which gives the densest packing
Spacing Replacement ratio Quantify the amount of soil to be replaced y the stone as=0.907 (D/S^2) Stress concentration factor N=s/g
Settlement
Design Parameters The equivalent diameter of the circular unit cell de as a
function of the column distance b can be calculated as
de = C b C = 1.05 for the triangular pattern C = 1.13 for the square pattern.
