The document provides an overview of concrete structures and design methods. It discusses concrete as a material, stresses in bending, reinforced vs prestressed concrete, and two design methods using bending moment diagrams and the strut-and-tie method. It also examines the environmental impact of concrete, how its use can be made more sustainable through practices like using fly ash and designing to reduce waste, and concludes that concrete will remain widely used while its durability and environmental footprint can be improved.
The document provides an overview of concrete structures and design methods. It discusses concrete as a material, stresses in bending, reinforced vs prestressed concrete, and two design methods using bending moment diagrams and the strut-and-tie method. It also examines the environmental impact of concrete, how its use can be made more sustainable through practices like using fly ash and designing to reduce waste, and concludes that concrete will remain widely used while its durability and environmental footprint can be improved.
The document provides an overview of concrete structures and design methods. It discusses concrete as a material, stresses in bending, reinforced vs prestressed concrete, and two design methods using bending moment diagrams and the strut-and-tie method. It also examines the environmental impact of concrete, how its use can be made more sustainable through practices like using fly ash and designing to reduce waste, and concludes that concrete will remain widely used while its durability and environmental footprint can be improved.
The document provides an overview of concrete structures and design methods. It discusses concrete as a material, stresses in bending, reinforced vs prestressed concrete, and two design methods using bending moment diagrams and the strut-and-tie method. It also examines the environmental impact of concrete, how its use can be made more sustainable through practices like using fly ash and designing to reduce waste, and concludes that concrete will remain widely used while its durability and environmental footprint can be improved.
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Concrete Structures
Introduction to design methods in reinforced
concrete Sustainable construction is concrete green? Possibilities in concrete structure Technical concepts: -
Bending moment diagrams
Reinforced vs. prestressed concrete Strut and tie method of design
Outline
Introduction to concrete as a material
Stresses in bending
Reinforced concrete vs. prestressed concrete
Design methods
Environmental issues
Design possibilities
Conclusions
Unreinforced Concrete
Same as masonry: it must act in compression
(no resistance to tension)
Roman Pantheon, 126 AD
Beginnings of Reinforced Concrete
Bending Stresses in a Beam
Steel Reinforcing in Concrete
Design Basis for Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced vs. Prestressed Concrete
Principles of Reinforcing
Two design methods for concrete
Conventional design: -
Determine moment diagram
Specify steel in areas of tension
Strut and tie models:
-
Define internal forces in tension and
compression (ties and struts) Specify steel in areas of tension
Strut and Tie Modeling
Strut and Tie Modeling
Strut and Tie Modeling
Strut and Tie Modeling
What is concrete?
Is concrete a green material?
Construction and the Environment
In the United States, buildings account for: 36% of total energy use (65% of electricity consumption) 30% of greenhouse gas emissions 30% of raw materials use 30% of waste output (136 million tons/year) 12% of potable water consumption -US Green Building Council (2001)
Construction Waste
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that 136 million tons of waste is generated by construction each year
Most results from
demolition/renovation and nearly half the weight is concrete
Embodied Energy per Stiffness
Energy required for concrete
Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced Concrete Corrosion
Corrosion of RC
In the United States, the overall costs of
reinforcing steel corrosion have been estimated at more than $150 billion per year.
A particular problem for highway bridges
due to de-icing salts
Corrosion Prevention of RC
Simplest method: Maintain concrete in
compression and provide greater cover of concrete over rebar More complicated and more expensive: -
Protect steel (with epoxy coating) or by using
stainless steel rebar Use non-metallic reinforcing, such as carbon or kevlar, but these materials are expensive and energy-intensive
Structural Design in RC
Maintain concrete in compression as much
as possible Follow moment diagram to minimize material use Detailed design -
Prevent water infiltration
Protect steel Specify use of fly ash Recycle old concrete
Fly Ash in Concrete
Fly ash is a byproduct of coal burning: 600
million tons are produced per year and over 80% goes to the landfill
Up to 50% of cement (by volume) can be
replaced with fly ash (15-35% is typical)
Today only about 10% of available fly ashis
used in concrete
Why use fly ash in concrete?
Reduce environmental impact
Improve workability (better finish)
Increase corrosion resistance
Improve long term concrete strength
Good practice in concrete design
Consider pre-cast concrete systems which can use
considerably less concrete. Specify fly ash, which can improve workability and strength, as well as help to recycle waste. Use concrete waste as fill whenever possible around buildings or as aggregate under parking lots and driveways. Reduce waste through design by eliminating unnecessary concrete (i.e. use smaller transfer beams in the Stata Center)
Precast Planks in Concrete
Tilt-Up Concrete Construction
Hanging Model by Heinz Isler
Tension Model by Heinz Isler
Compression Model by Heinz Isler
Post-tensioned Box Grider
Greater Depth Gives Greater Stiffness
Conclusions
Concrete will continue to be a dominant
construction material Reinforced concrete must crack in order for reinforcing to work lower durability because steel can corrode Prestressed concrete prevents cracking Two powerful design methods: moment diagrams or strut and tie models Environmental impact can be reduced through design
Experimental Study On The Structural Retrofitting of RC Beam Using Synthetic Steel Mesh Fiber and High Strength Aramid Kevlar Fiber Reinforced in Concrete Beam
Experimental Study On The Structural Retrofitting of RC Beam Using Synthetic Steel Mesh Fiber and High Strength Aramid Kevlar Fiber Reinforced in Concrete Beam
