Material Science

An Introduction

Engr. Mario T. De Vera

B. S. in Petroleum Engineering, 2014

Palawan State University
B. S. In Agricultural Engineering, 1998
Western Philippines University

COURSE SYLLABUS

Attendance is your job come to class!

Schedule: WS 7:30 10:00
Schedule: WS 10:00 12:30
Schedule: F 12:30 3:00

COURSE SYLLABUS

Attendance is your job come to class!

Schedule: WS 7:30 10:00
Schedule: WS 10:00 12:30
Schedule: F 12:30 3:00

COURSE SYLLABUS

Attendance is your job come to class!

Schedule: WS 7:30 10:00
Schedule: WS 10:00 12:30
Schedule: F 12:30 3:00

COURSE SYLLABUS
Course Description:
The course presents the fundamental
properties and applications of
materials. Their behavior is explained
throughout the semester as well as the
characteristics, advantages, and
limitations that influence the choice of
materials in the design and
manufacture of products.

COURSE SYLLABUS
Course Outcomes:
At the end of the semester, the student should be
able to:
Know the types of engineering materials
Be familiar with structure of materials
Be familiar with materials mechanical properties
Be familiar with physical and chemical properties
Understand how property modification works
Explain how to select and use materials for the
desired design

COURSE SYLLABUS
Topics to be covered:
Introduction to materials and processes in manufacturing
Properties of materials
Nature of metals and alloys
Equilibrium phase diagram and Iron-Carbon System
Heat Treatment
Ferrous Metals and Alloys
Non-ferrous metals and alloys
Non-metallic materials: plastics, elastomers, ceramics and
composites
Materials selection
Measurement and inspection and testing
Fundamentals of casting
Expendable-mold casting process
Multi-use-mold casting process
Fabrication of plastics, ceramics and composites

COURSE SYLLABUS
Required Reading (Textbook/s)
De Garmos MATERIALS AND PROCESSES IN
MANUFACTURING
by J.T. Black and Ronald A. Kosher, 10th Edition

Suggested Readings and References

Fundamentals of Materials Science and
Engineering
by William D. Callister, 5th or 7th Edition

COURSE SYLLABUS
Grading System:
Major Exam
50%
Assignments/Quizzes 20%
Recitation/Project
30%
----------------------------------------------------Total

100%

MTG = MTE(0.5)+A/Q(0.20)+R/P(0.30)
FTG = FTE(0.5)+A/Q(0.20)+R/P(0.30)
Final Grade = 50%MTG + 50% FTG
Passing Grade: 75% or 3.0

COURSE SYLLABUS
Classroom Policies:
No uniform-no entry (considered absent)
15 minutes late is considered absent
No cellphones during exams (quizzes,
midterm, finals)
No food and beverages inside classroom
during class hours
Annoying acts of student is prohibited
(noisy, changing of seats, walking
around, playing electronic gadgets, etc)
the student would be ushered outside the
classroom

Introduction to
MATERIAL SCIENCE

Materials Science and

Engineering
Materials Science
The discipline of investigating the relationships that exist
between the structures and properties of materials.

Materials Engineering
The discipline of designing or engineering the structure of a
material to produce a predetermined set of properties based
on established structure-property correlation.

Four Major Components of Material Science

and Engineering:

Structure of Materials
Properties of Materials
Processing of Materials
Performance of Materials

 Materials scientist is to develop or

synthesize new materials
Materials engineer is called upon
to create new products or systems
using existing materials, and/or to
develop techniques for processing
materials

Materials Science and

Engineering
Its all about the raw materials and
how they are processed
Thats why we call it materials
ENGINEERING
Minor differences in Raw materials
or processing parameters can mean
major changes in the
performance of the final material
or product

Importance of Materials
Four Fundamental Tenets (principle) Guide Materials
Science
1. The principles governing the behavior of materials are
grounded in science and are understandable
2. The properties of a given material are determined by its
structure. Processing can alter the structure in specific and
predictable ways
3. Properties of all materials change over time with use and
exposure to environmental conditions
4 .When selecting a material for a specific application, sufficient
and appropriate testing must be performed to ensure that the
material will remain suitable for its intended application
throughout the intended life of the product

Historical Perspective
Materials are so important in the development
of civilization that we associate ages with them.
In the origin of human life on earth, the Stone
Age, people used only natural materials like
stone, clay, skins, and wood. When people
found copper and how to make it harder by
alloying, the Bronze Age started about 3000
BC. The use of iron and steel, stronger
materials that gave advantage in wars started
at about 1200 BC. The next big step was the
discovery of a cheap process to make steel
around 1850, which enabled the railroads and
the building of the modern infrastructure of the
industrial world.

Remember:

Materials Drives Our

Society!

Ages of Man we survive based on the materials we control

Stone Age naturally occurring materials
Special rocks, skins, wood
Bronze Age (3000 BC)
Casting and forging
Iron Age (1200 BC)
High Temperature furnaces
Steel Age (1850)
High Strength Alloys
Non-Ferrous and Polymer Age
Aluminum, Titanium and Nickel (superalloys) aerospace
Silicon Information
Plastics and Composites food preservation, housing,
aerospace and higher speeds
Exotic Materials Age?
Nano-Material and bio-Materials they are coming and then

Why Study Materials Science and

Engineering?
To be able to select a material for a given use
based on considerations of cost and performance.
To understand the limits of materials and the
change of their properties with use.
To be able to create a new material that will have
some desirable properties.

All engineering disciplines need to know about materials. Even the

most immaterial like software or system engineering depend on
the development of new materials, which in turn alter the
economics, like software-hardware trade-offs. Increasing
applications of system engineering are in materials manufacturing
(industrial engineering) and complex environmental systems.

Four components that are involved

in the design, production, and
utilization of materials:
1) Structure
2) Properties
3) Processing
4) Performance

Structure of a material usually relates to

the arrangement of its internal
components:
Subatomic structure involves electrons within the
individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei.
Atomic structure encompasses the organization of
atoms or molecules relative to one another.
Miscroscopic structure contains large groups of
atoms that are normally agglomerated together,
meaning that which is subject to direct observation
using some type of microscope.
Macroscopic structure structural elements that may
be viewed with the naked eye.

Structure
Sub atomic electrons and nuclei
(protons and neutrons)
Atomic organization of atoms or
molecules
Microscopic groups of atoms that
are normally agglomerated together
Macroscopic viewable with the unaided eye

Property is a material trait in terms of

the kind and magnitude of response
to a specific imposed stimulus.
Properties of solid materials may be grouped
into six different categories:
1) Mechanical
2) Electrical
3) Thermal
4) Magnetic
5) Optical
6) Deteriorative

For each (of the six) there is a characteristic

type of stimulus capable of provoking
different responses:
Mechanical properties relate deformation
to an applied load or force; examples
include elastic modulus and strength.
Electrical properties, such as electrical
conductivity and dielectric constant, the
stimulus is an electric field.

 Thermal properties of solids can be represented

in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity.
Magnetic properties demonstrate the response
of a material to the application of a magnetic field.
Optical properties, the stimulus is
electromagnetic or light radiation; index of
refraction and reflectivity are representative
optical properties.

Deteriorative properties relate to the chemical

reactivity of materials.

Processing and Performance (of

materials and its interrelationship
with material structure and property)
The structure of a material will
depend on how it is processed,
A materials performance will be a
function of its properties

The four components of the discipline of

materials science and engineering and
their interrelationship

The four components of the discipline of

materials science and engineering and
their interrelationship

(Example)
processing-structure-propertiesperformance principles
A photograph
showing three thin
disk specimens
placed over some
printed matter.

It is obvious that the optical properties

(i.e., the light transmittance) of each of
the three materials are different:
the one on the left is transparent (i.e.,
virtually all of the reflected light passes
through it),
the one in the center is translucent
(transmitting and diffusing light so that
objects beyond cannot be seen clearly)
the one on the right is opaque
(blocking the passage of radiant
energy and especially light)

All of these specimens are of the same material,

aluminum oxide,

the leftmost one is what we call a single crystal

that is, it is highly perfectwhich gives rise to
its transparency.

the center one is composed of numerous and

very small single crystals that are all
connected; the boundaries between these small
crystals scatter a portion of the light reflected
from the printed page, which makes this material
optically translucent.

the specimen on the right is composed not only

of many small, interconnected crystals, but
also of a large number of very small pores
or void spaces. These pores also effectively
scatter the reflected light and render this material
opaque.

Single
crystal

Poly-crystal,
low porosity

Poly-crystal,
high
porosity

 The structures of these three

specimens are different in terms of
crystal boundaries and pores, which
affect the optical transmittance
properties.
Each material was produced using a
different processing technique.
If optical transmittance is an
important parameter relative to the
ultimate in-service application, the
performance of each material will be
different.

On the metal case:

Classification of Materials
Like many other things, materials
are classified in groups, so that
our brain can handle the complexity.
One could classify them according to
structure, or properties, or use. The
one that we will use is according to
the way the atoms are bound
together:

Classification of Materials
Metals: The valence electrons are
detached from atoms, and spread in an
'electron sea' that "glues" the ions
together. Metals are usually strong,
conduct electricity and heat well and are
opaque to light (shiny if polished).
Examples: aluminum, steel, brass, gold.

Classification of Materials
Metals

Familiar objects
that are made of
metals and
metal alloys:
(from left to
right) silverware
(fork and knife),
scissors, coins, a
gear, a wedding
ring, and a nut
and bolt.
(Photograpy by
S. Tanner.)

Classification of Materials
Semiconductors: The bonding is covalent
(electrons are shared between atoms). Their
electrical properties depend extremely strongly on
minute proportions of contaminants. They are
opaque to visible light but transparent to the
infrared. Examples: Si, Ge, GaAs

Classification of Materials
Ceramics: Atoms behave mostly like either
positive or negative ions, and are bound by
Coulomb forces between them. They are usually
combinations of metals or semiconductors with
oxygen, nitrogen or carbon (oxides, nitrides,
and carbides). Examples: glass, porcelain, many
minerals.

Classification of Materials
Ceramics

Classification of Materials
Ceramics
Common
objects that
are made of
ceramic
materials:
scissors, a
china tea
cup, a
building
brick, a floor
tile, and a
glass vase.
(Photography
by S. Tanner.)

Classification of Materials
Polymers: are bound by covalent forces and also by
weak van der Waals forces, and usually based on H,
C and other non-metallic elements. They decompose
at moderate temperatures (100 400 C), and are
lightweight. Other properties vary greatly. Examples:
plastics (nylon, teflon, polyester) and rubber.

Classification of Materials
Polymers
Several common
objects that are made
of polymeric
materials: plastic
tableware (spoon,
fork, and knife),
billiard balls, a bicycle
helmet, two dice, a
lawnmower wheel
(plastic hub and
rubber tire), and a
plastic milk carton.
(Photography by S.
Tanner.)

Classification of Materials
Composites: Composites made of
different materials in intimate
contact (example: fiberglass,
concrete, wood) to achieve specific
properties. Biomaterials can be any
type of material that is biocompatible
and used, for instance, to replace
human body parts.

Classification of Materials
(thought about these fundamental materials)
Metals: strong, ductile, tough, high density,
conductors.
Ceramics: strong, brittle, low density, insulators.
Polymers: weak, ductile, low density, insulators.
Semiconductors: weak, brittle, low density,
semi-conductors.
Composites: strong, ductile, low density,
conductors, insulators.

Advanced Materials
Materials used in "High-Tec"
applications, usually designed for
maximum performance, and
normally expensive. Examples are
titanium alloys for supersonic
airplanes, magnetic alloys for
computer disks, special ceramics
for the heat shield of the space
shuttle, etc.

Modern Materials Needs

Engine efficiency increases at high temperatures:
requires high temperature withstanding
materials
Use of nuclear energy requires solving problem
with residues, or advances in nuclear waste
processing.
Hypersonic flight requires materials that are
light, strong and resist high temperatures.
Optical communications require optical fibers
that absorb light negligibly.
Civil construction materials for unbreakable
windows.
Structures: materials that are strong like metals
and resist corrosion like plastics.

Course Goal is to make you

aware of the importance of
Material Selection by:

 End

To be continue......
NEXT
Manufacturing and processes

Materials Science and

Engineering
What is Materials Science and
Engineering?
Materials science - also commonly known
as materials science and engineering, is an
interdisciplinary field which deals with the
discovery and design of new materials.
This relatively new scientific field involves
studying materials through the materials
paradigm (synthesis/processing, structure,
properties and performance)

Sometimes it is useful to subdivide the discipline of

materials science and engineering into materials
science and materials engineering subdisciplines.
Strictly speaking, materials science involves
investigating the relationships that exist between
the structures and properties of materials.

In contrast, materials engineering is, on the

basis of these structureproperty
correlations, designing or engineering the
structure of a material to produce a
predetermined set of properties.

Materials Science and

Engineering
What is Materials Science and
Engineering?
Materials science - also commonly known
as materials science and engineering, is an
interdisciplinary field which deals with the
discovery and design of new materials.
This relatively new scientific field involves
studying materials through the materials
paradigm (synthesis/processing, structure,
properties and performance)

Future materials scientist or engineer must

be able to:
Understand the properties associated with
various classes of materials
Know why these properties exist and how they
can be altered to make a material more suitable
for a given application
Be able to measure important properties of
materials and how those properties will impact
performance
Evaluate the economic considerations that
ultimately govern most material issues
Consider the long-term effects of using a
material on the environment

Fundamental types of materials important

to engineering:
Crystals -Engineering metals and alloys
Systemic, regular pattern, minimize volume
Engineering Ceramics (including glass)
High viscosity at liquid-solid point prevents
crystallization. These materials are usually amorphous
Polymers
Long chains of simple, molecular structures. Plastics
and living things
Elastomers
Long chain polymers which fold or coil. Natural and
artificial rubber. Enormous extensions associated with
folding and unfolding of chains.

SUMMARY
Use the right material for the job.

Understand the relation between

properties,
structure, and processing.
Recognize new design opportunities
offered
by materials selection.

THERMAL

Importance of Materials
Four Fundamental Tenets (principle) Guide
Materials Science
The principles governing the behavior of materials
are grounded in science and are understandable
The properties of a given material are determined by
its structure. Processing can alter the structure in
specific and predictable ways
Properties of all materials change over time with use
and exposure to environmental conditions
When selecting a material for a specific application,
sufficient and appropriate testing must be performed
to ensure that the material will remain suitable for its
intended application throughout the intended life of
the product

A materials scientist or engineer must be able to:

Understand the properties associated with various
classes of materials
Know why these properties exist and how they can be
altered to make a material more suitable for a given
application
Be able to measure important properties of materials
and how those properties will impact performance
Evaluate the economic considerations that ultimately
govern most material issues
Consider the long-term effects of using a material on
the environment

Fundamental types of materials important to

engineering:
Crystals -Engineering metals and alloys
Systemic, regular pattern, minimize volume
Engineering Ceramics (including glass)
High viscosity at liquid-solid point prevents crystallization.
These materials are usually amorphous
Polymers
Long chains of simple, molecular structures. Plastics and
living things
Elastomers
Long chain polymers which fold or coil. Natural and
artificial rubber. Enormous extensions associated with
folding and unfolding of chains.

Historical Perspective
Materials are so important in the development of
civilization that we associate ages with them. In the
origin of human life on earth, the Stone Age, people
used only natural materials like stone, clay, skins,
and wood. When people found copper and how to
make it harder by alloying, the Bronze Age started
about 3000 BC. The use of iron and steel, stronger
materials that gave advantage in wars started at
about 1200 BC. The next big step was the discovery
of a cheap process to make steel around 1850,
which enabled the railroads and the building of the
modern infrastructure of the industrial world.

Why Study Materials Science and Engineering?

To be able to select a material for a given use based on
considerations of cost and performance.
To understand the limits of materials and the change of their
properties with use.
To be able to create a new material that will have some
desirable properties.

All engineering disciplines need to know about materials. Even

the most immaterial like software or system engineering
depend on the development of new materials, which in
turn alter the economics, like software-hardware trade-offs.
Increasing applications of system engineering are in
materials manufacturing (industrial engineering) and
complex environmental systems.

Types of Materials
Let us classify materials according to the way the atoms are bound
together:
Metals: valence electrons are detached from atoms, and spread in an
'electron sea' that "glues" the ions together. Strong, ductile, conduct
electricity and heat well, are shiny if polished.
Semiconductors: the bonding is covalent (electrons are shared
between atoms). Their electrical properties depend strongly on
minute proportions of contaminants. Examples: Si, Ge.
Ceramics: atoms behave like either positive or negative ions, and are
bound by Coulomb forces. They are usually combinations of metals
or semiconductors with oxygen, nitrogen or carbon (oxides, nitrides,
and carbides). Hard, brittle, insulators. Examples: glass, porcelain.
Polymers: are bound by covalent forces and also by weak van der
Waals forces, and usually based on C and H. They decompose at
moderate temperatures (100 400 C), and are lightweight.
Examples: plastics rubber.

Materials Science and Engineering

Materials Science Investigating
relationships that exist between the
structure and properties of materials
Materials Engineering Is, on the basis
of these structure-property
correlations, designing or engineering
the structure of a material to produce a
pre-determined set of properties

Structure
Sub atomic electrons and nuclei (protons and
neutrons)
Atomic organization of atoms or molecules
Microscopic groups of atoms that are normally
agglomerated together
Macroscopic viewable with the un-aided eye

Familiar objects
that are made of
metals and
metal alloys:
(from left to
right) silverware
(fork and knife),
scissors, coins, a
gear, a wedding
ring, and a nut
and bolt.
(Photograpy by
S. Tanner.)

Common
objects that
are made of
ceramic
materials:
scissors, a
china tea
cup, a
building
brick, a floor
tile, and a
glass vase.
(Photography
by S. Tanner.)

Several common
objects that are made
of polymeric
materials: plastic
tableware (spoon,
fork, and knife),
billiard balls, a bicycle
helmet, two dice, a
lawnmower wheel
(plastic hub and
rubber tire), and a
plastic milk carton.
(Photography by S.
Tanner.)