1 Introduction

Mesin konversi energi
Introduction:
Energy Conversion
Attendance: 75%
Kuis: 20%
Proyek: 20%
UTS: 30%
UAS: 30%
Literatur:
1. Culp,A.: Principles of Energy Conversion, McGrawHill, 1991
2. Y. Goswami, D. Keith, F.: Energy Conversion, CRC Press, 2007
Energy Conversion
The field of energy conversion is broad and there
are many disciplines involved. Without any
doubt that energy is currently a very important
factor in our daily life.
First of all the most important energy form is the
electrical energy, however, it must be produced
or converted from any other kinds of energy
sources.
6
Daily power produced in Karlsruhe, Germany, 1967
Beban Jawa-Bali
Three types of power system:

1) base-load: 5000 full-power hours per year (capacity factor >
57%), high rated output, high capital costs, and low-operating
costs (coal-fired, nuclear and hydro power plant)
2) intermediate-load: < 5000 full-power hours per year
(23% < capacity factor < 57%), uses less-efficient oil-fired and
new combined-cycle power system.
3) peaking units: < 2000 full-power hours/year (capacity factor <
23%), low capital cost but high operating cost (Gas turbines,
Diesel genset, pump storage unit)
Plant performance indicator is Capacity factor = average power
generated/rated power over a given time interval.
Load factor = average power/max. power over a given time period.
9
After the use of fire had been found out by human

being, the development of their quality of life was
very fast. The fire or heat was not only for their
daily cooking or warming and light but also for the
usage in the field of material engineering.
With better material for their tools and other utilities
the more efficient and effective they could manage
their life.
Due to the necessity for the need of energy and the
environmental protection it is important to study
about the conversion and the conservation of
energy.
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The 1st law of thermodynamics stated that energy

must be conserved in any process and it can be
neither created nor destroyed.
In 1922 Albert Einstein hypothesized that energy
and mass are actually related according to the
following relationship: E = mc2.
E in Joule is the energy released, m is the actual
mass in kg converted into energy and c is the
velocity of light (3108 m/s).
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Energy types:
a. stored: exist as mass, position of a substance in a
force field etc.
b. transitional: energy in motion, can move across
system boundary
Energy form classifications:
1. mechanical
2. electrical
3. electromagnetic
4. chemical
5. nuclear
6. thermal
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The following examples show that the stored energy in a

very small amount of mass could produce huge amounts of
energy.
A coal fired power plant consumes about 220 t coal/h and
produces 600 MWel, it means the actual fuel mass converted
into energy is around 640 g/a.
A nuclear power plant produces the same electrical power,
consumes about 1 t of Uranium fuel per year.
Any stored energy is converted into transitional energy, as in
a nuclear reaction, there must be a corresponding decrease
in mass accompanying the process.
Nuclear reactions are the only reactions in which the
decrease in mass can be measured when stored energy is
released.
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Energy and power

a. transitional form of energy is called work
b. stored energy form may be termed as potential
energy
Subgroup of Potential energy associated with:
1. the substances position in a gravitational force
field = potential energy in classical definition
2. kinetic energy
3. compressed fluid
4. elastic-strain field
5. ferromagnetic field
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Other kinds of stored energy:

- elevated weights
- flywheels
- compressed air
- springs and torsion bars
- magnetic attraction of iron bodies
Mechanical energy can be converted efficiently
into any other forms of energy.
The SI unit of energy is J = Nm, cal, BTU, etc.
15
Electrical energy:
associated with the accumulation or flow of electrons.
Electrical energy may be stored as either electrostaticfield energy or as inductive-field energy.
Electrostatic-field energy is associated with the
accumulation of charge (electrons) on the plates of a
capacitor.
Inductive-field energy is also called electromagneticfield energy, it is associated with the magnet field
established by the flow of electrons through an
induction coil.
Electrical energy could be easily and efficiently
converted into other forms of energy, whose unit
normally used is power and time kWh.
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PLN charge:
1 Wh = 1 J/sh3600 s/h = 3600 J =
3,6 kJ 1 kWh = 3600 kJ Rp
/kWh
PLN charges the energy used per
month in kWh. Power can not be
charged due to its specific
magnitude (energy per time).
The statement of power in
publication is only for the installed
17
Electromagnetic energy
is a form of pure energy because there is no mass
associated with it.
It is the only major energy classification that cannot
exists as a stored energy form as it is pure transitional
energy traveling at the speed of light, c.
Radiation energy is usually reported in terms of very
small energy units called electron volts (eV) or (MeV).
Electromagnetic wave c = where
: wavelength [m] and : frequency of the wave [Hz]
Energy E = h = hc/ with h = 6,62610-32 Js as
Plancks const.
18
Chemical energy
it will be released as the result of electron interactions in
which two or more atoms (or molecules) combine to
produce a more stable chemical compound chemical
reaction (exothermic or endothermic).
It exists only as stored-energy form.
Combustion is releasing the stored chemical energy
which was produced in the endothermic heliochemical
reaction called photosynthesis.
Heliochemical reaction is a chemical reaction by means
of sun light.
19
Nuclear energy
energy is released as the result of particle interactions
with or within the atomic nucleus to form a more stable
configuration.
Three types of nuclear reactions:
1. radioactive decay
2. fission
3. fusion
Radioactive decay process in which is only one unstable
nucleus, a radioisotope, randomly decays to a more
stable configurations, with the release of particles and
energy.
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Fision
21
Fussion
22
The fission reaction

occurs in a reactor when a heavy-mass nucleus absorbs
a neutron and the resulting excited compound nucleus
splits into two or more light-mass nuclei with the
release of energy. Example: uranium U
The fusion reaction
two light-mass nuclei combine to produce a more stable
configuration with the release of energy.
Example: hydrogen H2 fusion
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Thermal energy
associated with atomic and molecular vibration. It is the basic
energy form, in which all other energy forms can be completely
converted into thermal energy but the conversion of thermal energy
into other energy form is severely limited by the second law of
thermodynamics.
It can be stored in almost any media in the form of either sensible
heat or latent heat.
Sensible-heat-storage is accompanied by an increase in temp.
while latent-heat storage is an isothermal process associated with a
change of phase in the storage medium.
The transitional form of thermal energy is heat, which is
commonly expressed in units of Joule, calories or BTUs.
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Mesin konversi energi

Daily power produced in Karlsruhe, Germany, 1967

Three types of power system:

After the use of fire had been found out by human

The 1st law of thermodynamics stated that energy

The following examples show that the stored energy in a

Energy and power

Other kinds of stored energy:

The fission reaction

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