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    Physical Properties of Alkanes & Cycloalkanes: Boiling Point

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    WanM.Syamim
    1) Alkanes have higher boiling points as molecular weight increases due to stronger London dispersion forces between larger molecules. Branching decreases boiling points by making molecules more compact. 2) Cycloalkanes have higher boiling points than n-alkanes of similar molecular weight due to their planar, symmetrical shape which maximizes intermolecular forces. 3) Alkanes and cycloalkanes are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents due to their non-polar nature.

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    Physical Properties of Alkanes & Cycloalkanes: Boiling Point

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    WanM.Syamim
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    1) Alkanes have higher boiling points as molecular weight increases due to stronger London dispersion forces between larger molecules. Branching decreases boiling points by making molecules more compact. 2) Cycloalkanes have higher boiling points than n-alkanes of similar molecular weight due to their planar, symmetrical shape which maximizes intermolecular forces. 3) Alkanes and cycloalkanes are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents due to their non-polar nature.

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    1) Alkanes have higher boiling points as molecular weight increases due to stronger London dispersion forces between larger molecules. Branching decreases boiling points by making molecules more compact. 2) Cycloalkanes have higher boiling points than n-alkanes of similar molecular weight due to their planar, symmetrical shape which maximizes intermolecular forces. 3) Alkanes and cycloalkanes are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents due to their non-polar nature.

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    24 views15 pages

    Physical Properties of Alkanes & Cycloalkanes: Boiling Point

    Uploaded by

    WanM.Syamim
    1) Alkanes have higher boiling points as molecular weight increases due to stronger London dispersion forces between larger molecules. Branching decreases boiling points by making molecules more compact. 2) Cycloalkanes have higher boiling points than n-alkanes of similar molecular weight due to their planar, symmetrical shape which maximizes intermolecular forces. 3) Alkanes and cycloalkanes are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents due to their non-polar nature.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Physical properties of alkanes & cycloalkane

    Boiling
    Point

    Physical
    state

    Solubility

    Physical state
    At room temperature (25oC) and atmospheric
    pressure (1 atm), for unbranched alkanes,
    C1 C4 : gases
    C5 C17 : liquids
    C18 - more : solids

    Boiling points
    The boiling points of the straight
    alkanes show a regular increase with
    increasing molecular weight.
    Branching of the alkanes chain, lower
    the boiling point.

    Mr boiling point
    VIDEO3

    C-H is non polar bond


    Intermolecular forces exist London
    dispersion
    The London dispersion forces increase :
    As molecular weight increases,
    Molecular size increases
    Molecular surface area increase
    Therefore, more energy is required to
    separate molecules from one another
    Result - a higher boiling point.

    Mr boiling point

    Chain branching :
    makes a molecule more compact
    Surface area reduces
    The strength of the London
    dispersion forces reduce
    Lower boiling points.

    VIDEO4

    Isomeric Alkanes
    Have different boiling point due to branching
    Pentane

    2-methylbutane

    CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

    CH3CHCH2CH3
    CH3

    2,2dimethylpropane
    CH3
    CH3CCH3
    CH3

    37 C
    o

    28.5oC

    9oC

    For example, butane and 2-methylpropane


    both have a molecular formula C4H10, but the
    atoms are arranged differently
    CH3CH2CH2CH3

    butane

    CH3CH2CH2CH3

    CH3CHCH3
    CH3

    CH3CHCH3

    2-methylpropane

    CH3

    In butane the C atoms are arranged in a


    single chain, but 2-methylpropane is a
    shorter chain with a branch

    Name

    Molecular structure

    Boiling point

    Butane has a higher boiling point because the dispersion


    forces are greater.
    The molecules are longer (and so set up bigger temporary
    dipoles) and can lie closer together than the shorter, fatter
    2-methylpropane molecules.

    Cycloalkanes
    The boiling points of cycloalkanes are
    10oC to 15oC higher than the corresponding
    straight chain alkanes.
    Cycloalkane
    Boiling
    alkane
    Boiling
    point
    point
    Cyclobutane

    13oC

    Butane

    -0.5oC

    Cyclopentane

    49oC

    Pentane

    36.3oC

    - Cycloalkane have higher boiling point than


    alkane with the same molecular weight or
    number of carbon atoms because they are
    planar and their shapes are symmetrical
    - Thus, the surface area increase, the van
    de waals forces become stronger.
    - So, higher boiling point.
    Cycloalkane > straight chain > branched

    alkane

    Solubility

    Alkanes less dense than water

    Alkanes and cycloalkanes are almost


    totally insoluble in water
    They are non-polar molecule
    Unable to form hydrogen bond with
    H2O

    VIDEO5

    Liquid alkanes and cycloalkanes are


    soluble in one another, and they
    generally dissolve in non-polar
    solvents.
    Good solvents for alkanes are benzene,
    carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and
    other hydrocarbons.

    Exercise
    The structure of compounds I, II and III are
    shown as below.
    CH 3 H
    CH 3

    C
    H

    C
    H
    I

    CH 3 H

    H
    CH 3
    H

    CH 3

    CH 3

    CH 3CH 2CH 2CH2CH 2CH 33

    CH 3

    H
    II

    Arrange them in order of decreasing boiling


    point. Explain your answer.

    III

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