Fins
Fins
Fins
1. General Considerations
Extended Surface refers to a solid material in which energy is
transferred by conduction within its boundaries and by
convection/radiation between its boundaries and the surroundings
Fins are extended surfaces used primarily to enhance the heat
transfer rate between the solid fins and an adjoining fluid
For a constant surface temperature Ts , heat transfer rate can be
increased by increasing h or reducing the temperature T of the
surroundings. None of these measures is usually practicable
Heat transfer rate is usually increased by employing extended
surfaces to increase the heat transfer area by convection
Fin material should have high k to limit temperature variation from
its base to the tip (want T=Tbase)
T, h
T, h
A
q = hA (Ts - T)
Bare Surface
Ts, A
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Finned Surface
Ts
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Fin Examples
Liquid Flow
Gas Flow
Liquid Flow
Gas Flow
t
w
r
x
x
Annular fin
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Pin fin
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dqconv
qx+dx
qx
dAs
dx
Ac(x)
Assumptions
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qx qx dx dqconv
where
dqconv h dA s (Ts T )
Substituting
kA c
dT
dT
d
dT
kA c
k A c
dx hdA s TS T
dx
dx
dx
dx
or
d2T
1 dA c dT 1 h dA s
(Ts T ) 0
2 A dx dx A k dx
dx
c
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d2T
1 dA c dT 1 h dA s
(Ts T ) 0
2 A dx dx A k dx
dx
c
Since Ac = constant dA c 0
dx
Surface area As = P x , where P is the Perimeter
dA
s P
dx
d2T hP
T T 0
(1)
Heat equation reduces to:
2 kA
dx
c
Assumptions:
= 0), and
1-D, S.S. conduction, no energy generation ( g
constant Ac
To simply (1), Define excess temperature as:
d dT
T=Constant and
dx dx
( x ) T( x ) T
d2
dx
m 0
(2)
where
m2
hP
kA c
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Hyperbolic functions
1 x
sinh( x ) e e x
2
cosh( x )
e x e x
sinh( x )
tanh( x ) x
x
cosh( x )
e e
1 x
e e x
2
B.C.s 1. (x=0) = Tb - T = b
2. at x = L (tip condition)
This corresponds to any of the following four physical
conditions (Cases A to D):
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Tb
qf = qb
dT
dx
hA c T(L ) T
T, h
b
x=0
dT
kA c
hA c T(L ) T
dx x L
x=L
or
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d
k
h (L )
dx x L
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(3)
(4)
Equations (3) and (4) are then solved to obtain C1 and C2.
C1 and C2 are substituted to obtain the general solution:
cosh m(L x ) h mk sinh m(L x )
b
cosh mL h mk sinh m(L x )
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d
qf qb kA c
dx x 0
Knowing (x), qf is estimated to be:
sinh mL h mk cosh mL
qf hPkA c b
cosh mL h mk sinh mL
or
qf M
sinh mL h mk cosh mL
cosh mL h mk sinh mL
where
M hPkA c b
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b
cosh mL
qf
qL
and
x=0
qf M tanh(mL )
x=L
d
0
dx
L
where
M hPkA c b
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and
qf M
sinh(mL )
cosh mL L
sinh mL
b
b
qf
x=0
x=L
= L
where
M hPkA c b
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e mx
b
L , (L ) 0
T T
and
qf M
where
x=0
b
T T 0
M hPkA c b
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Fin Performance
1. Fin Effectiveness (f)
f = ____Fin Heat Transfer Rate____
Heat Transfer Rate Without Fin
f
qf
hA c,b b
b= Tb-T
qf
Ac
f 0, typically 2
Etc...
hA c,b b
hA c,b b
hA c
qf
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1
2
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hPkA C b kP
hA c,b b
hA c,b b
hA c
qf
1
2
Typical h values
Process
h (W / m2 K)
Free Convection
Gases
2 -25
Liquids
50 -1000
Forced Convection
Gases
35 -250
Liquids
50 -20,000
2500 -100,000
hP
kA c
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Tb T
b
qf
R t,f
R t,f
qf
Tb
R t,f
and
b
qb
R t,b
q
f f
qb
1
R t,b
hA c,b
qb
R t,b
f
R t,f
Tb
R t,b
T
1
hA c,b
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3. Fin Efficiency
q
qf
f f
qmax hA f b
b
qf
R t,f
R t,f
1
hA f f
qf
Tb
T
R t,f
For theMadiabatic
tanh mLtip condition,
f
M hPkA c b
where
hPLb
or
tanh mL
f
mL
sinh mL h mk cosh mL
Use simple
M
tanhfins
mL with
For straight
active
tip (convection
tip) mL h mk sinh mL
c
form and
Lc qf at thecosh
f
f
mL c
qmax
hPLb
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3.18
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3.19
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T T 0
2 r dr
kt
dr
where
m2 2h
kt
d2 1 d
2
m
0
2 r dr
dr
or
and
T T
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d
0
With (r1) = b and adiabatic tip such that
dr r2
C1 and C2 are determined and the temperature distribution
is:
I0 (mr1)K1(mr2 ) K 0 (mr1)I1(mr2 )
b I0 (mr1)K1(mr2 ) K 0 (mr1)I1(mr2 )
Where
dI0 (mr )
I1(mr )
d(mr )
dK 0 (mr )
K1(mr )
d(mr )
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qf kA c,b
dT
dr r r1
qf k 2r1t
d
dr r r1
qf
2h r22
r12 b
R t,f
1
h A f f
Table 3-5 shows the efficiency and surface area for common fin
geometries. Profile area and Volume are also shown.
V wA p
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qmax hA t b
Where qt hA b,bare b NhA f f b = Total heat transfer rate
and
N Af
o 1
1 f
At
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r2
t
S
r1
t
S
w
L
T, h
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3. 2 long rods of same diameter, one made of brass (k=85W/mK) and other
made of copper (k=375W/mK) have one of their ends inserted into the
furnace. Both the rods are exposed to same environment. At a distance of
105mm away from the furnace end, the temperature of the brass rod is
120oC. At what distance from the furnace end the same temperature would
be reached in the copper rod.
4. A motor body is 360mm in diameter (outside) and 240 mm long. Its surface
temperature should not exceed 55o C when dissipating 340 W. Longitudinal
fins of 15mm thickness and 40 mm height are proposed. The convection
heat transfer co-efficient is 40 W/m2K. Determine the number of fins
required. Take k= 40W/mK. Ambient air temperature = 30oC.
5. A turbine blade made of stainless steel (k= 29 W/mK) is 60 mm long. 500
mm2 cross sectional area, and 120 mm perimeter. The temperature of the
root of the blade is 480o C and it is exposed to products of combustion
passing through the turbine at 820o Cf the film co-efficient between the
blade and the combustion gases is 320 W/m2K, determine: (1) temperature
at the middle of the blade, (2) The rate of heat flow from the blade.
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6. A fin 5mm thick and 45 mm long has its base on a plane plate
which is maintained at 125oC. The ambient temperature is 25oC.
The conductivity of fin material is 55W/mK and the heat transfer
co-efficient is 145W/m2K. Determine the temperature at the end
of the fin, middle of the fin and heat dissipated by the fin (per
meter width)
7. Find the amount of heat transferred through an iron fin of length
50mm, width 100 mm and thickness 5mm. Assume k= 210
kJ/mhK, and h= 42 kJ/m2 hK for the material of the fin and the
temperature at the base of fin as 80oC. Also determine the
temperature at tip of the fin, if the atmosphere is 20oC and the tip
of the fin is insulated.
8. A longitudinal copper fin (k=380 W/mk) 600 mm long and 5 mm in
dia is exposed to air stream at 20oC. If the fin base temperature
is 150oC, and convective heat transfer co-efficient is 20 W/m2K,
determine (i) heat transferred and (ii) fin efficiency.
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